r. azmi

Genetic diversity in strawberry is low due to its asexual propagation. One method of increasing genetic diversity, as an important tool in plant breeding, is the use of gamma rays to induce mutation. In order to determine the appropriate dosage of gamma irradiation for genetic diversity creation by mutation in strawberry, Kurdistan cultivar, and to study the influence of various doses of gamma ray (zero (control), 15, 30, 60 and 90 gray) on different traits of strawbery, this research was conducted in Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, in 2012-2013. Results showed that irradiated plants had a lower rates in comparison to the control plants for most of the studied characteristics, except for number of leaves, fruit sugar and anthocyanin. Leaf area, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit fresh and dried weight, and fruit volume, shape, and juice decreased with an increase in the gamma irradiation dosage. Moreover, multifoliate and dwarfism were increased in the irradiated plants. The appropriate dosage of gamma irradiation for mutation induction in strawberry, Kurdistan cultivar, for threshold 50% plants mortality (LD50) treated by gamma ray, was approximately 65-70 gray. Therefore, gamma ray intensity in the recommended limit could be used for the highest genetic diversity creation with the lowest plant mortality in strawberry breeding programs such as in fruit quality improvement.

A front tracking/ghost fluid method was used to simulate fluid interfaces in a shock–bubble interaction problem. The method captures fluid interfaces, using explicit front-tracking and defines interface conditions, using the ghost-fluid method. In order to demonstrate the accuracy and the capability tracking of the approach used, an air-helium and anair-R22 shock-bubble interaction cases were simulated. The computational results were compared with reliable experimental and computational studies, showing close agreements.

Climate change and recent drought combined with the high use of groundwater resources by the agricultural sector, has led to a major water crisis in Iran. In this conditioin, farmers should use optimal water management techniques. Effective planning and action in this field requires better understanding of the factors affecting farmer's behavior. In the present study, using a descriptive-correlation method, this issue was investigated among the fruit farmers. The statistical population of the study was all the fruit farmers in Maragheh Township (11742 people). According to the Cochran sampling formula and using randomized multistage sampling method, 228 of the fruit farmers were selected and studied. The majority of apple gardens in Maragheh, are located in the Urmia lake basin, and the fruit farmers of this Township, produce an important part of the apple of the province and the country. The tool used to collect data was a questionnaire whose content validity was confirmed by experts in this field. A preliminary study was carried out on 30 fruit farmers and Cronbach's alpha of 0.85 was obtained. The results of this study showed that the majority of fruit farmers (97.7%) used the optimal water resources management methods at moderate level. Multiple regression analysis showed that variables such as level of educational needs, amount of water consumed, age, amount of information received from mass media, total area of ??the garden and fruit farmers 's perception of reducing water resources explained 30% of changes in the level of use of optimal water resources management methods.

Neospora caninum et Toxoplasma gondii sont deux parents protozoaires intracellulaires constituant un risque sanitaire majeur en raison desavortementsqu’ils peuvent engendrés chez les vaches laitières. Cette étude avait pour objectif la détection des anticorps spécifiques aux antigènes de Neospora caninum et Toxoplasma gondii dans le laitprovenant des réservoirs des fermes laitières dans la ville de Mechhed en Iran. Pour ce faire des prélèvements de lait ont été effectués à partir desréservoirsdes fermes laitières de Mechhed entre juillet 2014 et juin 2015 et ont été soumis à un test dELISA afin de détecter les anticorps spécifiques aux antigènes de Neospora et de Toxoplasma. Sur un total de 123 prélèvements , 44 (35%), 14 (11,38%) et 3 (2,4%)échantillons étaient respectivement positifs au Neospora caninum, auToxoplasma gondii etaux deux espèces simultanément . Nos résultats ont révélé untaux dinfection plus important auxNeospora comparé auxToxoplasma dans les fermes laitières de la ville de Mechhed. Ces résultats ont démontré que le test ELISAsur des échantillons provenant des réservoirs de lait peut être utilisé en tant qu’un test quantitatif approprié afin d’estimer le taux dinfection auxNeospora et Toxoplasma dans les fermes laitières.

Les chiens errants ont été identifiés comme la source principale dela leishmaniose viscérale provoquée par l’espèce Leishmania infantum. Un nombre important de chiens infectés ne présente aucun signe clinique et sont considérés comme des vecteurs potentiels de cette maladie. Cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer par le biais d’examens sérologiques et moléculaires, le taux d’infection par la leishmaniose viscérale chez les chiens errants de la ville de Mechhed . Entre 2011 et 2013, 94 chiens ont été sélectionnés au hasard et des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés pour mener destests dimmunofluorescence indirecte. De plus, une analyse moléculaire par seminested-PCR a été effectuée sur des échantillons de tissus provenant des chiens errants séropositifs.Ces analyses ont révélés que 11 chiens (11,7%) présentaient un sérum positif contre leleishmania infantum.La méthode seminested-PCRP a permi de confirmer linfection par le Leishmania infantumchez 7 des 11 chiens errants séropositifs (63.6%). La présence dADN appartenant au Leishmania infantum a été détectée dans 36% des tissus hépatiques, 27% des tissus de rate et 54,5% des tissus de peau prélevés à partirdes chiens errants séropositifs. Nos analyses sérologiques et moléculaires ont donc confirmés la présence de l’infection au Leishmania Infantum chez les chiens errants de la ville de Mechhed ne présentant aucun symptômeapparent.

The aim of this study was to establish attenuated Neospora caninum (NC-1) tachyzoites through serial passage by J774 cell line. The virulence of attenuated tachyzoites for Balb/c mice was also evaluated. The NC-1 isolates were passaged 90 times in J774 cell line to produce a high-passage or attenuated strain. A total of 35 female BALB/c mice with an average age of six to eight weeks were randomly separated into seven groups. The first group as a control was inoculated subcutaneously with cell culture media and the second, third and fourth groups received low passage or acute NC-1 strain with different doses (5×106, 10×106, 20×106) of tachyzoites. The other three groups were inoculated with high-passage of NC-1 tachyzoites with similar doses. The mortality rate and pathological changes in all groups were noted daily. The cellular and humoral immunity were assessed by Skin test and ELISA, respectively. The results of the present study showed that the groups that received high-passage strain of Nc1 not only survived, but did not show pathological changes of neosporosis. In addition, cellular and humoral immune responses to NC-1 were significantly higher in mice that received high-passage tachyzoites of NC-1. These findings indicated that the serial passages of NC-1 in J774 cell line significantly led to decrease the virulence of NC-1. This attenuated tachyzoite could be used as a candidate for further research to develop live vaccines against Neospora caninum.

Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is one the food and drug products containing different kinds of vitamins and minerals. It is a good supplier of protein and calorie that are required for human nutrition. The high value of mushroom and its cultivation indicate the impact of management of mushroom farms in terms of disease control. A number of diseases cause considerable damage to this product. Therefore, we found it necessary to determine their priorities in combating mushroom pathogens. For this and other reasons, AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) was used to evaluate common disease indices for the two provinces under study (Tehran and Alborz). A questionnaire using criteria such as quality and marketing, storage duration, cost of disease control, possibility of disease control and disease outbreaks and so on was designed. The questionnaires were filled out by mushroom producers, experts and consumers in both Tehran and Alborz provinces. The results showed that, bacterial brown blotch disease with 39% weight and fungal wet bubble disease, with 33% weight receive priority for control, respectively. The bacterial disease mummy with nearly 19 percent and green mold disease with 8 percent of the total weight ranked in descending order. These results indicate that the highest level of damage in the two areas are caused by brown blotch and wet bubble diseases and greater attention should be paid to their control than to the other common diseases. The green mold disease, according to results of AHP, is considered the least important one in the study area.

In this study, a new graphene ceramic composite (GCC) was prepared based on the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) doped in sol-gel derived silica. The GCC was prepared by dispersing rGO nanosheets into the sol-gel precursors containing methyl triethoxysilane, methanol and hydrochloric acid solution. During an acid catalyzed hydrolyze reaction and gelation process, rGO nanosheets were successfully doped into the prepared gel. The fabricated GCC was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge techniques. According to the electrochemical results, the prepared GCC has shown remarkable specific capacitance in comparison with carbon ceramic composite. Due to unique configuration of GCC and large specific surface area of rGO, the resultant GCC shows specific capacitance of 428 F g-1 at current density of 1 A g-1and good cycling stability using three electrode system.

We want to study the perturbation growth of an initial seed of an ellipsoidal shape in Top-Hat collapse model of the structure formation in the Modi ed Chaplygin gas cosmology. Considering reasonable values of the constants and the parameters of the model under study, we can show that a very small deviation from spherical symmetry (ellipsoidal geometry) in the initial seed leads to a nal highly non-spherical structure which can be considered as a candidate for justifying the already known cosmological structures as cosmic walls and laments.

We want to nd the cosmological constant in uence on cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature due to moving linear cosmic strings. Using the space- time metric of a linear cosmic string in an accelerated expanding universe, the Gott- Kaiser-Stebbins (GKS) eect, as an important mechanism in producing temperature discontinuity in the (CMB), is considered; then, its modication due to the eect of the cosmological constant is calculated. The result shows that a positive cosmological constant (i.e. the presence of cosmic strings in an accelerated expanding universe) weakens the discontinuity in temperature so that a stronger resolution is needed to detect the corresponding in uences on the CMB power spectrum and anisotropy.

Seed priming is a method in which the water absorption in a controlled manner is allowed to seed before plantinguntil the first germination activities begin, but without allowing radicle emergence.In order to investigate the possibility for increasing wheat tolerance to water tension by seed priming technique, the present experiments was performed as factorial and as a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Greenhouse Agriculture Faculty of Shiraz University. The experimental treatments included two cultivars of wheat (Azar2 and Shiraz), four levels of priming (non-priming, osmo-priming and phosphopriming and hydropriming) and four levels of water tension (intervals of irrigation 2 (non-tension), 4, 6 and 8 days). For both the two wheat cultivars, the highest tension level (8 days irrigation intervals) caused increasing in catalase amount activity at the probable level of 5 percentage. Increasing in water tension leads to increasing in the amount of catalase at the probable level of 5 percentage. By increasing the water tension, the amount of ascorbic peroxidase and peroxidase enzymes increased significantly. Types of different priming treatments did not result in significant difference at the probable level of 5 percentage in catalase enzyme activity. In this research, Azar2 cultivar compared to Shiraz cultivar was known as the more resistant to water tension. Peroxidase and ascorbic peroxidase enzymes activity is influenced by osmopriming treatment increased by 01/10 and 21.4 percentage respectively, compared to the no-priming. The maximum proline content (13l/68 micromole per gram fresh weight(was related to osmopriming treatment in Azar2 cultivar under the highest tension levels (8 days irrigation intervals). According to the results of this research, it appears that osmopriming treatment by effect on antioxidant defense system of plant, would be involved in the process of increasing drought resistance in wheat seedlings.

Good governance is a new model of sustainable human development with the mechanism of interaction between governmental sector, private sector and civil society in order to use all its capabilities for their comprehensive development. Strong civil society accompanied with modern and developmental-oriented state can create areas of good governance therefore, comprehensive development with the least time and damage. In every society, its members are the most important factor in development. This study emphasized on the importance of human development, searching the requirement of good governance for achieving sustainable human development. Meditation and rethinking on the quality of each governance components and applying appropriate strategies to strengthen them, perhaps is the best model for sustainable human development. The survey results of the good governance components represent deteriorating conditions of these indexes during a period of time starting 1996 and ending 2010. Iran due to many advantages, not only human resources also natural resources, has abundant potential to achieve human development.

Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is one the food and drug products containing different kinds of vitamins and minerals. It is a good supplier of protein and calorie that are required for human nutrition. The high value of mushroom and its cultivation indicate the impact of management of mushroom farms in terms of disease control. A number of diseases cause considerable damage to this product. Therefore, we found it necessary to determine their priorities in combating mushroom pathogens. For this and other reasons, AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) was used to evaluate common disease indices for the two provinces under study (Tehran and Alborz). A questionnaire using criteria such as quality and marketing, storage duration, cost of disease control, possibility of disease control and disease outbreaks and so on was designed. The questionnaires were filled out by mushroom producers, experts and consumers in both Tehran and Alborz provinces. The results showed that, bacterial brown blotch disease with 39% weight and fungal wet bubble disease, with 33% weight receive priority for control, respectively. The bacterial disease mummy with nearly 19 percent and green mold disease with 8 percent of the total weight ranked in descending order. These results indicate that the highest level of damage in the two areas are caused by brown blotch and wet bubble diseases and greater attention should be paid to their control than to the other common diseases. The green mold disease, according to results of AHP, is considered the least important one in the study area.

Explaining the role of tax morale in the relationship between social capital and tax compliance is the most important research area. Because, there are many evidences showing that the decision to pay the taxes to be influenced by factors other than mentioned in the economics of crime approach. The main goal of this research is to investigate the mediator role of tax morale in the relationship between social capital and tax compliance. This is an applied research in terms of aim and descriptive-correlation in terms of data collection. Research population consists of 715 tax payers in fraternity of home appliances and jewelers that 163 of them were selected through random sampling. Data were collected through questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data through LISREL and SPSS software. Results show social capital with standardized coefficient of 0.49 and significance of 5.03 had positive effect on tax morale. Also, tax morale had positive effect on tax compliance with standardized coefficient of 0.86 and significance of 6.16 The present study confirmed the significant effect of social capital on tax compliance and mediator role of tax morale between their relationships.

In order to assess the seed yield stability of 19 late maturing pure lines of soybean, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design in three regions, i.e. Gorgan, Mazandaran and Moghan in 2012-2013. The new lines were made up of 13 combination as well as two controls (Katul and Sari). In this study, the lines were evaluated for seed yield and other agronomic traits in summer sown planting. Seed yield showed significant differences in two years and the highest seed yield (3552 kg/ha) was produced in 2012. In addition, seed yield was considerably different in three locations. The highest yield belonged to Mazandaran region with 3659 kg/ha but in Gorgan and Moghan the seed yield was similar and the average yield of this two regions was 3165 kg/ha. There were highly significant differences for seed yield between various lines in different regions. The line 16 from Accomac ×Yagutsa combination produced the highest seed yield (3728 kg/ha) and the Hamilton x Sahar combination produced the lowest seed yield (2662 kg/ha). Four superior lines were determined for each region based on AMMI analysis for seed yield. The superior lines from this study will be evaluated for zonal approvement on different farm conditions in order to release new variety of soybean if superiority of the lines be approved.

Equine piroplasmosis is a tickborne disease of equids with worldwide distribution، caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. The aim of this study was molecular detection of T. equi and B. caballi in donkeys in northeastern Iran and investigate the association between positivity of piroplasm infection and host-related factors. In the present study، Blood samples were collected from 106 apparently healthy donkeys (Equus asinus) in North Khorasan province، Iran. Blood smears were prepared and stained by giemsa method. DNA was extracted from blood and then multiplex-PCR was done for detection of any piroplasms infection. According to the results، four donkeys showed T. equi in blood smears but B. caballi was not found. Also، fifty four donkeys (50. 94%) showed T. equi infection using multiplex-PCR. No siginificant difference was observed between the frequency of T. equi infection with hostrelated factors in donkeys. This is the first report on the molecular detection of eqiune piroplamosis in donkeys in Iran. Also، no significant association was found between the rate of T. equi infected animals.

Today، possession of new technologies and creation of wealth by these technologies not only affect the economic indicators of the country at international level، but also cause to strengthen and enhance the national security، as well as the country’s regional and global influence. From this perspective، different countries compete with each other for more investment in research and technology development. R&D intensity index reflects the determination of the countries for investment in research and development. Surveying data regarding the investment of various countries in the field of science and technology reveals that more than 50 percent of the total world investments in research and development have been made by the four major economic powers in the world (America، China، Japan and Germany). Despite the emphasis of upstream documents to boost research and development spending share of GDP to about 3%، Iran’s investment in research and development has been less than 1 percent of GDP in recent years. Therefore، the policymakers obliged the government through the main clause of Article 16 of the Fifth Development Plan to set its plans in a way that the R&D spending share of GDP increases 5. 0 percent annually in order to increase investment in research and development. The government required the government agencies through the budget law of the years 2011، 2012 and 2013 to spend a percentage of their funds on research and technology development. The optimized implementation of the policy of assigning a portion of the government agencies funds to research and development is faced with challenges. These challenges could be further classified into two categories; challenges resulting from the ambiguities of the policy’s documents and the challenges resulting from implementing the policy.

Babesiosis and Thosis are parasitic tick-borne diseases that cause a lot of economic loss in livestock Industry. The purpose of the present study was to detect Babesia and Theileria infection in goats and and vector ticks in goats in Mashhad. One hundred blood samples of goats and 246 ticks were collected from some suspected flocks with history of piroplasmosis. The samples were transported to laboratory under cold condition. Blood smears were prepared and stained by Geimsa method and examined with a light microscope at ×1000 magnitude. The collected ticks were separated into tick pools of five according to their species and sex. The blood، salivary gland and ovaries of tick samples were examined using specific primers of Babesia. spp and Theileria. spp by semi nested-PCR. Piroplasm bodies were not observed in any blood samples of goat in Mashhad. In a total of 246 collected ticks، seven species were identified as follows: R. turanicus 127 (51. 6%)، D. marginatus 67 (27. 2%)، Hy. marginatum 44 (17. 9%)، R. sangunincus 4 (1. 6%)، Hy. anatolicum 2 (0. 8%)، Hy. asiaticum 1 (0. 4%) and Heam. sulcata 1 (0. 4%). Dominant tick species of goats in Mashhad suburb were R. turanicus and D. marginatus. The results of PCR showed that none of the blood samples were infected with Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. Also، Theileria infectoin was detected in a sample salivary glands of Hy. marginatum. Based on microscopic and molecular results، no Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. infection were detected in goats. R. turanicus was the dominat tick species and Theileria spp. infection was detected in one sample of Hy. marginatum.

To study the anticoccidial and antioxidant effects of garlic powder (GP) and total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) on growth performance, faecal oocyst output, oxidative stress indicators and antioxidant status markers in broiler chickens, a 2 × 2 × 2 splitplot-factorial arrangement of treatments was used. A total of 480-day-old male broiler chickens were equally assigned to two plots. Two hundred forty chickens were challenged with Eimeria oocysts species mix by oral inoculation at day 34 (infected plot) and the other half was left unchallenged. In each plot, chickens were randomly assigned to four treatments with 5 replicates of 12 birds each, and fed one of the following diets: basal diet, basal diet plus 0.5% GP, basal diet plus 50% more TSAA, basal diet plus 0.5% GP and 50% more TSAA. The results showed that inoculation with 7.5 × 102 oocysts of Eimeria mixed species significantly reduced growth performance (P<0.05) and increased nitric oxide (NO) and malonyldialdehyde (MDA), but did not change the hepatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity. Growth depression and increased NO and MDA were greater in infected than uninfected birds. In the infected birds fed with the basal diet without any supplementation, NO and MDA were significantly greater (P<0.05) in comparison with other groups. Faecal oocyst output significantly decreased with the supplementation of GP and TSAA in infected birds (P<0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of GP and 50% TSAA individually or in combination with the basal diet significantly improved ADG (P<0.05) and decreased OPG, MDA and NO. Moreover, no changes in the antioxidant enzymes were observed in birds infected with Eimeria.

Every organizational entity, whether operated for profit or not, must purchase goods and/or contract for services to meet the needs of its customers, clients, and stakeholders. As a result of the dynamics that occur in this process, the potential for buyer-supplier conflict is extremely high and is in fact a very common occurrence. Proper identification, assessment, and management of buyer-supplier conflict can lower the cost of conflict and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of an alliance. The costs associated with buyer-supplier conflict include lost productivity, strained relationships, poor resource utilization, and unfulfilled potential of the joint activities undertaken by the buyer and supplier in support of the relationship. This paper applying a methodology, extending the concept of TRIZ (XTriz), to discover supply chain conflict before they occur and cause detrimental effects to system performance. The approach involves specifically focus on extending TRIZ with Root Conflict Analysis, which allows us to extract and map the contradictions arising in supply chain that are the root cause of certain problems. We applied the proposed methodology on new product development (NPD) to illustrate the validity of the tool. Although, further research is needed to fully explore this method of conflict detection, we believe that this research does indeed provide some much needed insight into the daunting task of conflict discovery and therefore proactive handling of these potentially negative occurrences in the supply chain.

Abstract Flavonoids play an important role in non-enzymatic reaction against oxidative stress. These are polyphenolic compounds in tea structure that could be reacted with free radicals and neutralized them. In this study، we investigated the anti-oxidant impact of Camellia Sinesis on the liver of thioacetamide -injected male albino mice. In this study، 40 male mice were categorized in five groups of eight. The first group was control. The second and the third group received 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg of thioacetamide، respectively. The fourth group received 100mg/kg thioacetamide followed by black tea (5 gr/100) and the fifth one received 150mg/kg thioacetamide followed by black tea (5 gr/100). Tioacetamide was given via intraperitoneal. After that، for 30 days، they were only fed on black tea (5 gr/100). At the end، catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were measured. Based on the results، catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were significantly increased in the groups of Thioacetamide and black tea compared to those of only Thioacetamide groups (p<0. 05). The increase of these enzymes in tea groups shows the anti-oxidant effect of black tea that can be caused by Catechin.

Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. It is capable of infecting an unusually wide range of warm-blooded animals including most livestock, and humans. Many studies were shown high prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in man and animals in Iran. The present study was conducted to investigate a serological survey of antibodies in Turkoman breed horses in Raz and Jarglan area, the North Khorasan Province. One hundred blood samples were collected with cooperation of the Veterinary Office from 2011 to 2012. The sera samples were tested for antibodies against T. gondii using Indirect Immunoflurescent Antibody Test (IFAT). The seropositive reaction against T. gondii were detected in 41 (41%) sera. The antibodies tites were detected in the range of 1:20 dilution and 1:160 dilution. In the present study, the lowest and highest seroprevalence of T.gondii infection were observed in the age groups of <1 year old and 1 -10 years old, respectively (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection with gender and kind of activity factors in sampled horses. Regards to high seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection in sampled horse; it needs to pay attention to animal health for control and prophylaxis of disease.

Cryptosporidium spp. are common intestinal protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of hosts، including human and animals، worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy calves in Mashhad. Fecal samples were randomly collected from 300 pre-weaned calves (1-30 day-old) from 9 dairy farms located in different regions of Mashhad. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infections in these animals was determined by examining for the presence of oocysts in the fecal samples، using modified Ziehl-Neelson staining method. The overall Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in 28. 3% (85/300) of samples (95% CI، 0. 283±0. 048). Fecal samples were classified according to the consistency as diarrheic (45/300) and non- diarrheic (255/300). Diarrhea was recorded in 45 of the positive samples (100%). Cryptosporidial prevalence was significantly higher in diarrheic (100%) (45/45) versus non-diarrheic (13. 33%) (40/300) calves (p<0. 05). Also the highest rate of infection was in 8-14 day-calves (p<0. 05). Statistically there was difference between sex and infection rate (p>0. 05). This study confirmed that there is a potential risk of zoonotic transmission between dairy calves and humans، and routine fecal examination in dairy calves with persistent diarrhea is important.

The most important side effect of addictive drugs is their interaction with nervous system so that soon after taking the drug، the neurons̉ connections in nervous system are addicted to receiving the drugs frequently. The aim of this study was the effect of memory reinforcement by cholinergic agonist and music on creating morphine dependency. In this research، 110 male mature rats with the weight of 30-35grams were enrolled as the control، witness and experiment groups. The experimental group was included morphine، donepezil، morphine+donepezil، fast music، sedative music1، sedative music2، Morphine+ fast music، Morphine+ sedative music1 and Morphine+ sedative music2. Morphine was used to create dependency and donepezil was used as a memory reinforcement cholinergic factor. In order to estimate the level of dependency was used conditioned place preference (CPP) technique. Results indicate a significant difference between control and morphine groups (p<0. 05) and no significant difference among control group with groups of sham، donepezil and treated with music in the place preference. Also، significant difference between morphine group with groups of morphine+donepezil، morphine+fast music، morphine+sedative music1 and morphine+ sedative music2 in the in the place preference (p<0. 05). Perhaps donepezil، the fast music and sedative music1 cause the reduction of Morphine-dependence CPP and sedative music2 increases Morphine-dependence CPP.

To study the effect of different irrigation regimes on morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivars, this experiment was conducted at Moghan Agricultural Research Center during 2009-2010 in Iran. The experiment was split plot based on randomized complete block design, with 3 replications. The main plots consisted of four irrigation regimes: I1, I2, I3 and I4 indicating irrigation after 60, 100, 140 and 180 mm evaporation from class A pan respectively and 3 soybean cultivars named Linford, L17 and Williams assigned in the sub plots. Results of combined analysis showed that with increasing irrigation intervals from I1 to I4 reduced growth period, plant height and leaf area index (LAI), number of nodes, branches and internodes significantly. Physiologic characteristics such as chlorophyll contain of leaves and relative water content (RWC) were also affected by irrigation regimes. LAI in I1 was 4.94 reduced inI4to 3.70.Plant height of soybean cultivars were declined by 21% in I4 (irrigation after 180 mm evaporation) as compared to I1 (irrigation after 60 mm evaporation). Soluble proline content of the leaves and electric conduction (EC) on the other hand increases significantly. There was significant differences among cultivars concerning the vegetative and physiological characteristics. Willams and L17 cultivars produced the highest numbers of nodes (15.5) and internode length (4.95cm) receptivity. The maximum proline content (65.6 µmol/F.W) and relative water content (67.65%) belonged to Linford cultivar. Interaction of irrigation regimes and cultivars was significant on plant hieght, LAI and proline content. Linford cultivar had more soluble proline under water limited condition and maintained higher LAI and plant height in I4 treatment as compared other treatments.