reza rajabi

Based on the kinesiopathologic concept of movement, the corrective strategies targeting the altered movement and postural patterns can prevent the onset of musculoskeletal pains. Before planning any measure, the specialists need an accurate identification of movement and postural impairments predisposing the individual to a specific musculoskeletal pain. There are conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of a specific corrective intervention for the prevention of low back pain (LBP). There is a classification system named movement system impairment (MSI) developed by Sahrmann. No previous study has been conducted to validate this system for preventive measures of LBP. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the construct validity of this model in females susceptible to LBP. 

 In this study, 250 females aged 18-75 with transient LBP (based on a VAS score >10 during a 30-min prolonged standing procedure), were examined by two corrective exercise specialists. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to derive proposed LBP categories. Factor loadings in the component matrix were assessed to identify the factors for each component. Five configured components were compared with the five LBP categories proposed by the MSI 

The five derived components were extension-rotation, flexion-rotation, flexion, rotation and extension-rotation. These five extracted components explained 87% of the total cumulative variance, equivalent to five MSI-based LBP categories.

 The MSI is a valid classification tool for preventive measures against LBP in females. Specialists can use this model for identification of females susceptible to movement and postural impairments, and take a positive step towards preventing LBP by modifying these impairments before the onset of pain.

In this work, to reduce the harmful effects of the increasing the heat on the surfaces of the ground parts, a new innovative method for lubrication and cooling of the flat grinding process named indirect cooling method (ICG) was studied. To investigate the benefits of this method, M200 and CK45 steels with indirect cooling method and minimum quantity lubricant (MQL) with different cooling rates (15 and 40 cc/s) at different temperatures (-10, 0, and 25 °C) were ground with different cutting depths (0.005, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 mm). Other grinding parameters such as the speed of the wheel and the speed of the longitudinal and transverse movement of the workbench was considered constant in each test. The surface roughness, surface hardness (in terms of Rockwell C), and microstructural evaluations (using scanning electron microscopy) were examined. The results indicated that in M200 steel, the indirect cooling method compared to the minimum quantity lubricant, leading to an increase in surface roughness of about 31.81% and an increase in surface hardness of about 2.96%, and for CK45 steel, an increase in surface roughness of about 31.7% and an increase in surface hardness of about 3.11%. The microstructure of M200 and CK45 steels after grinding with both cooling methods is upper and lower bainite and ferrite-pearlite respectively, which are effective on the surface roughness and hardness. In addition, the indirect cooling method is more suitable for CK45 steel.

 One of the most common sports injuries is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. So far, research has supported the positive effect of training instructions based on an external focus of attention, but no study has been conducted on the effect of a holistic focus of attention in ACL injury prevention. This study aims to compare the effects of holistic and external focus of attention on single-leg jump length and knee flexion range of motion (ROM) of female athletes at risk of ACL injury.

This is a quasi-experimental study. Thirteen female athletes prone to ACL injury (diagnosed the by Tuck jump test) with a mean age of 23.77±4.42 years were selected purposefully. They performed three jumps under each instruction condition (control, external focus, and holistic focus) and nine jumps in total. The single-leg hop test was used to assess the jumping performance of the participants. The effect of the order of conditions was controlled by counterbalancing. Thus, after three jumps in the control condition, group 1 first performed three jumps under the holistic-focus condition and then three jumps under the external-focus condition, while group 2 performed the jumps in the reversed order. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA, followed by pairwise comparisons using the Bonferroni test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

 According to the results of ANOVA, the effect of the focus of attention on the jump distance and knee flexion ROM was significant (P=0.001, P<0.0001, respectively). The pairwise comparisons showed that the jump distance and knee flexion ROM under the external-focus condition were significantly higher than under the control condition (P=0.002), but there was no significant difference between the external- and holistic-focus conditions in the jump distance (P=0.622) and knee flexion ROM (P=0.965). The difference in the jump distance between holistic-focus and control conditions was not significant (P=0.078), but the knee flexion ROM was significantly higher under the holistic-focus condition than under the control attention (P=0.001).

 It seems that the instructions using the external or holistic focus of attention can increase knee flexion ROM, and the external-focus instructions can increase the single-leg jump performance in female athletes prone to ACL injuries.

Ultrasonography can be a suitable tool for measuring the muscle thickness of people with scoliosis. In the present study, the reliability and validity of ultrasonography for measuring the muscle thickness of people with idiopathic scoliosis are investigated.

 The method of this study was a systematic review. Based on this, a search was conducted in scientific databases of SID, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, ISI and PubMed on articles examining ultrasonography’s reliability and validity for measuring muscle thickness in people with idiopathic scoliosis. The search keywords were “Reliability and Validity of Ultrasonography+Validity of Ultrasonography+ Reliability of Ultrasonography+Adolescence Idiopathic Scoliosis+Cross-section Muscles+Muscles.” Finally, the articles were entered into Endnote. In the selected studies, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the reliability and validity of ultrasonography for measuring the thickness of all muscles of people with idiopathic scoliosis were investigated. 

 After reviewing the articles based on the inclusion criteria, 17 articles with 792 samples were selected. The methodological quality of the studied articles was confirmed with a modified criterion taken from Downs and Black (1989). As the findings show, the accepted criteria or level of reliability and validity and corresponding ICC threshold values could be found in most studies but were somewhat heterogeneous. Confidence intervals (CI) (typically 95%) have been reported along with the ICC in all studies.

 According to the results, ultrasonography is a valid and reliable imaging method for evaluating the thickness of the muscles of people with idiopathic scoliosis.

In this research, a new innovative method for lubrication and cooling of the flat grinding process, called immersion cooling, was studied in order to reduce the adverse effects of heat buildup on the surfaces of ground parts. To evaluate the advantages of this method, CK45 steel was ground using two cooling methods, immersion cooling and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), with different cooling flow rates (15 and 40 cc/s) at different temperatures (25, 0, and -10 degrees Celsius) and with different cutting depths (0.005/0, 0.01/0, 0.02/0, and 0.03/0 millimeters). Other parameters such as grinding wheel speed and longitudinal and transverse table feed rates were kept constant in each experiment. The measured quantities included surface roughness, surface hardness (Rockwell C scale), and evaluation of microstructural changes (using scanning electron microscopy) on the sample surfaces. The results indicate that the use of immersion cooling improved the surface roughness by approximately 34% and increased the surface hardness by 6% compared to the minimum quantity lubrication method in CK45 steel. Therefore, the use of the proposed method can be beneficial in reducing the effects of the grinding process on the surface of workpieces made of CK45 steel.

This study compares the effect of postural restoration (PR) exercises with and without core stability exercises on the pain, intensity, function, quality of life (QoL), and passive range of motion (PROM) at lumbo pelvic-femoral complex in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain.

This was an interventional type of randomized clinical trial study. The participants were 45 female patients (48.1±6.11 years, 161.4±5.06 cm height, 65.08±6.9 kg weight, and 24.9±2.8 body mass index). They were randomly divided into three equal groups: Group 1=PR exercises and core exercises, group 2=PR exercises, and group 3=control group. Pain intensity, function, QoL, and PROM were measured with the visual analog scale, Oswestry disability index, short form-36 questionnaire, and goniometer. The analysis of covariance was used to compare the means in the study groups before and after the intervention. The intervention groups performed the exercises for six weeks.

The results showed a significant difference between the QoL, pain intensity, function, and PROM of left hip adduction in the group with PR exercises with and without core exercises and control (P=0.000). In the PR group with core exercises (P=0.001) and without core exercises (P=0.001), a significant increase was observed in the adduction of the left hip. There was no significant difference between the function (P=0.850), pain (P=0.120), QoL (P=0.328), and PROM (P=0.094) in the intervention groups.

PR exercises with and without core stability are equally effective in reducing pain and improving function, QoL, and hip adduction range of motion in women with left anterior interior chain patterns.

Nowadays, lifestyle changes have led to non-structural musculoskeletal disorders. Various methods are used to correct these disorders, such as techniques with a local perspective on the disorder and its correction and techniques focused on the cerebral cortex. This study aims to review the studies that have addressed the role of the cerebral cortex, postural awareness, and used methods in correcting postural disorders.

In this review study, the search was conducted for relevant papers published from 2005 to 2020 in Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, SID, and Academic Search. Of 70 papers found in the initial search, 20 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were reviewed.

In the present study, Some studies examined the cortical map and body representation in the brain (BRIB), muscle behavior, and movement patterns and suggested a reciprocal relationship between BRIB and muscle behavior. According to some studies, the inconsistency of BRIB with the actual state of the body led to improper control of posture and, consequently, poor posture. Some other studies suggested a relationship between postural awareness and muscle dysfunction, followed by poor posture.

Although studies have acknowledged the role of the cerebral cortex and body representation (Homunculus) in correcting and achieving an optimal posture, there are lack of studies on the techniques for improving this representation and its effect on correcting postural abnormalities.

Postural sway is evaluated based on changes in the body's center of pressure and is directly related to postural control and balance. Several factors are involved in the proper control of postural sways and, as a result, proper maintenance of balance, the most important of which is core stability. Weakness of core muscles causes an interruption in the transfer of energy from the trunk and limbs to each other, and this leads to decreased sports performance and increased risk of injury. Hyperlordosis is one of the disorders that can affect the endurance of core muscles. In some sports, such as taekwondo, this is of great importance. The present study aims to assess whether there is any difference in postural sway and core muscle endurance between taekwondo female athletes with or without hyperlordosis in Iran.

The study population consists of all professional Iranian female taekwondo athletes, of whom 60 were purposefully selected and divided into two groups of 30: With hyperlordosis (Mean age: 22.17±2.35 years, mean height: 166±3.95 cm, mean weight: 55.37±5.53 kg) and without hyperlordosis (Mean age: 20.63±2.38 years, mean height: 165±4.23 cm, mean weight: 53.7±4.91 kg). Postural sway was measured by the foot pressure distribution on a single leg. The core muscle endurance was measured by the McGill test. Independent t-test was used for examining the difference in the results. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Independent t-test results showed a significant difference between the two groups only in endurance of abdominal flexor muscles (P=0.013). No significant difference in endurance of other core muscles (P>0.05), postural sway based on two factors of path length (P=0.30) and movement area (P=0.16) were observed between the two groups.

The endurance of the abdominal flexor muscles in taekwondo female athletes with hyperlordosis is poor. Considering the possibility of further changes in the core muscles which can affect other areas of the body, longitudinal and follow-up studies are recommended on this group of athletes.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is one of the spinal deformities with unknown causes that contributes to 80-85% of scoliosis cases. This study aims to evaluate the effect of an integrative corrective exercise program on the severity of scoliosis in girls with AIS.

This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest/posttest/follow-up design. Thirty-two girls (Mean age: 13.97±2.25 years; mean height: 153.97±7.978 cm, mean weight: 52.03±6.23 kg) with AIS (C-shaped thoracic deviation in the frontal plane) participated in the study. They were randomly divided into the exercise and control groups. The Cobb angle was measured by the radiography method. All measurements were performed before, immediately after, and 12 weeks after the exercise. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine within-group differences, and analysis of covariance was used for between-group differences.

The mean Cobb angle at the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases were 15.8, 16.60, and 16.85 degrees in the control group and 16.04, 11.26, and 11.01 degrees in the exercise group, respectively, indicating a significant improvement in the Cobb angle in the exercise group compared to the control group over time (P<0.05); this improvement maintained for 12 weeks.

The integrated corrective exercise program, by using selected exercises, can reduce the degree of Cobb angle in females with AIS. The use of this program is recommended for adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of corrective exercise application and its follow-up on forward head and shoulder angle of smartphone users. So 36 patients with forward head and shoulder posture were selected and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group participated in 24 training sessions, head and shoulder angle were measured using photogrammetry method before and after the exercise period in both groups. Analysis of covariance, bonferroni test and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Performing eight weeks of corrective exercise application made a significant difference in the head and shoulder angle of the experimental group (P < 0.05). While in the control group, no significant difference was observed. Moreover, the effect of corrective exercise could be seen after follow up period (4 weeks) in both untrained group and educated group. According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that this corrective exercise by application will be effective in head and shoulder alignment of smartphone users. Also, this kind of training can have good durability.

The aim of this research is to review the available evidence for the effect of myofascial interventions on range of motion and stress transfer in other parts of the body, derived from the theory of biotensegrity, fasciintegrity and myofascial chains.

The current research is an evidence-based systematic review, in which Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) studies published between 2005 and 2022 were searched in the reliable databases of Pub Med, Scopus, Google Scholar and Science Direct with keywords related to myofascial interventions. The PEDro scale meaning was used for the quality of the selected studies.

The result of the database search was 217 articles, after reading the title and abstract, 10 articles were selected for final review. These studies were conducted on 503 men and women with an age range of 18-40 years. The interventions that were performed on certain parts of the body included stretching, release and contraction, and various methods were used to investigate the transfer of tension in the muscle chains, finally, all articles showed the transfer of tension in the posterior surface chain immediately after the intervention.

All the studies reviewed in this research confirmed the transmission of stress and increased range of motion in the posterior superficial chain. Fascia tissue widely covers the human body and under the influence of things such as age, direction of tissue, exercise, emotions and pathology, they show different reactions and this can challenge the research results.

One of the most significant contributors to lower extremity degeneration alterations and its effects on balance and sports performance is dynamic knee valgus (DKV) as a faulty movement pattern. Different exercise interventions have been conducted to improve DKV. Extensive research and meta-objective analysis were conducted to assess how exercise interventions affected people with lower extremity functional indicators of DKV. 

The electronic databases Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), PubMed, Google Scholar, and Iranian databases SID and Magiran were systematically searched from inception to September 2021. Only full-text articles published in English/Persian peer-reviewed journals that met this study criterion were tracked. Two researchers evaluated the methodological quality of research findings separately, employing the Downs and Black Checklist. After collecting significant data from eligible studies, the results were integrated by applying a random-effects meta-analysis approach. 

The final systematic review and meta-analysis comprised seven of the 3470 papers deemed potentially relevant. The outcome illustrates that different exercise interventions may be effective in improving dynamic balance (SD=0.93 degrees, 95%CI: 0.54-1.32, P<0.001) and functional performance (Hedge’s g=1.695, 95% CI=1.22-2.17, Z=6.99, P<0.001) in 250 DKV participants.

Exercise interventions appear to be an effective method to enhance dynamic balance and functional performance in individuals experiencing DKV; nevertheless, these results should be regarded as preliminary due to the limited number of studies and their limitations.

Ankle sprain is one of the most common sports injuries and many people suffer from chronic ankle instability after ankle sprains. Changes in the function of the lower limbs following chronic ankle instability make a person susceptible to re-injury of ankle sprains. This is a systematic review of studies that investigated the kinematic changes of the lower limbs in people with chronic ankle instability during unilateral jump landing tasks.

Articles in English were searched in Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library databases without a time limit until 2021 with keywords related to “chronic ankle instability,” “kinematics,” and “single-leg jump-landing.” The inclusion criteria included the subjects being male and female with ankle instability and the type of single-leg jump-landing task. The modified checklist of Downs and Black (1998) was used to evaluate the quality of the studies.

Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the study quality review, 15 articles out of 762 studies, which investigated the kinematics of the lower limbs in the performance of unilateral jump landing, were comprehensively examined.

According to the findings of this study, individuals with chronic ankle instability showed kinematic changes in the lower limbs during various unilateral jump landing tasks. These changes are possible factors for the recurrence of ankle sprain injury. The findings show the necessity of developing and creating a rehabilitation program that comprehensively considers the kinematic changes.

unpleasant sensory pain associated with tissue, and Neurological pain in MS is related to the central nervous system. The quality of life is also a multidimensional intrinsic factor that affects a person's physical and mental condition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of exercise in water, land, and the combination of water and land by the Burdenko method on pain and quality of life in women with MS.

In the present clinical trial study, 31 women with MS in the age range of 30-50 years and EDSS < 4.5 were divided into three groups in different training environments by the Burdenko method for 12 weeks. Pain rate was measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and quality of life was measured by the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36). The results of the Kruskal- Wallis test at the error level of 0.05.

Our findings showed no significant difference between the three training intervention groups in the pre- test in the variables of pain and quality of life (P > 0.05). In order to investigate the effectiveness of exercises in reducing pain and increasing the quality of life in different training environments, before and after comparisons were made. The paired Wilcoxon test showed that in each training group, there was a significant decrease in pain and a significant increase in quality of life compared to the pre-test (P < 0.05). Also, post- test demonstratedthat there is no significant difference in pain and quality of life between the three types of training environments using the Kruskal- Wallis’s test (P > 0.05).

All of these training environments including water, land, and water-land combined, can be effective in reducing pain and increasing the physical and mental quality of MS patients. Also, there is no significant difference between various training environments, and patients could benefit from any training environment available for them.

The purpose of this study was to apply Meta SWOT technique in competitiveness and development of professional volleyball club in Payam Mashhad. The study was mixed. The research method was descriptive-analytical and the data collection method was documentary and survey. Meta SWOT analytical technique was used to formulate the strategy of development and to describe goals, resources, capabilities and macro environmental factors. The statistical sample in the qualitative part of the research consisted of 10 persons and in the quantitative part of the research 35 managers, officials and experts in the field of sport tourism were selected, who were purposefully selected.The results showed that severe exchange rate fluctuations, rising inflation rates, government regulations, power of executive agencies, technology and technology, and social culture are the major environmental barriers to the development of Mashhad Payam Volleyball Professional Club. Also among the factors contributing to the development of professional club memberships include attracting sponsors, the presence of the private sector, the availability of appropriate equipment and facilities, the support of government institutions, media coverage, the availability of technical staff and national and international players, research and development programs, Planning for a ticket, paying attention to talent and having a specialized academy, consistent and efficient appraisal programs have the highest strategic fit. Having the right equipment and facilities, research and development programs, the presence of the private sector, attention to talent, the use of specialized and indigenous human resources, media coverage of volleyball and geographic location should be top priority.

One of the main concerns of project based organizations in construction projects is to manage multiple projects in a portfolio simultaneously. Construction Portfolio management determines the best time and condition of starting and selling each project according to the financial need of the stakeholders. This paper aims to optimize the cash flow in construction portfolios considering market indices using meta-heuristic algorithms from the organization’s point of view. In this research, a model was presented to simulate the conditions of the project portfolio and was optimized using genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The inflation rate of construction and real estate during recession and expansion was considered to make the situation more real as well. To evaluate the model, a portfolio including five real selected projects in advance by an organization is optimized by the model. The results showed that the model and the optimization algorithms used in the model had an effective role in the arrangement and balancing of the portfolio. Moreover, conditions of the organization such as cash flow and market indices such as project construction inflation and real estate inflation during periods of recession and boom were also considered, which is almost impossible in traditional project portfolio management. Both algorithms came up with the same solution which showed that the result is valid, but the performance of the particle swarm optimization algorithm was better than the genetic algorithm in terms of program execution speed and speed of the final result. In comparison to an expert decision on balancing the portfolio, the algorithms found the solution with 33% better objective function values.

Functional Movement Screening (FMS) is a tool to determine the individual's potential for the possibility of sports injury.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between functional movement screening scores with flexibility factors, speed and agility in male students in Lorestan province.

370 male volunteer students aged 15 to 17 years participated in this study. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship among flexibility, power, speed and agility.

The present study showed that there were significant relation between scoring screen for functional movement and flexibility of the left leg, long jumping, high jumping in 15- year- old students. There were significant relations between scoring screen for functional movement and flexibility, flexibility of the right leg, flexibility of the left leg, long jumping, high jumping in 16- year- old students. In addition, in the 17- year- old students, there were significant relation between scoring screen for functional movement and flexibility of left leg, flexibility of the right leg and height jumping.

In general, there were significant relation between FMS scores and flexibility and power in three groups of students. The probable cause of this connection can be attributed to in- line lunge tests, Hurdle step, active straight-leg-raise and deep squat, which are directly related to flexibility and power. Therefore, in order to improve the FMS scores of students, it is recommended that students be flexible and able to include in their training program

Tightness of the hamstrings and hip flexors are two well-known disorders in people with Low Back Pain (LBP). According to the kinesiopathological model, these two disorders may have occurred before the onset of pain and may be predisposing factors for LBP. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the tightness of these two muscles in men who were identified as prone to LBP through the Prolonged Standing Protocol (PSP).

Methods and Materials:

 This study was a descriptive comparative cross-sectional study in which the statistical population included men prone to LBP aged between 18 to 75 years. The criterion for identifying men prone to LBP was reporting at least 10 mm of pain on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Thomas test was used to assess hip flexors muscles length. Straight Leg Raise (SLR) test was used to assess hamstring length.

The results of this study showed that hamstring tightness rate among men prone to LBP was 63% and hip flexor muscle tightness in this group was 35%. According to these results, hamstring tightness can be considered as a common disorder in men prone to LBP, and its identification as well as its correction in men can be one of the ways to LBP improvement.

Based on these results, it can be explained that hamstring tightness is one of the most common disorders in men prone to LBP, and its identifying and correcting in time, can prevent and improve LBP.

In this paper, to solve the output tracking problem of a single-link flexible joint manipulator, polytopic linear models (PLMs) of the dynamics are made to take advantage of this method. Although linear control methods are very useful due to their powerful theories and simplicity, they can only be used in a neighborhood of the equilibrium point. One way to solve this problem is a PLMs based method that linearizes the dynamics around several operating points. Therefore, in this paper, after calculating the PLMs of the manipulator, a state feedback control is applied to the derived linear dynamics that are augmented with the dynamics of the output tracking error. For constructing PLMs, an extended method is used to decompose the scheduling space, which is the segregation method improved with an extra aggregation. In order to avoid creating a large number of local models, an axis-oblique decomposition strategy is used instead of an axis-orthogonal decomposition. In addition, the scheduling functions of the PLMs are determined such that overlaps between the regions are avoided. By this selection, the output tracking problem becomes as a Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) problem instead of a bilinear matrix inequality problem which is more difficult to solve and may not lead to an optimal global solution.

Hyper-kyphosis anomalies are common disorders of spine. The aim of this study was to Establishment of dynamic postural assessment indicators in young girls with and without hyper-kyphosis.In the study, 200 girls were selected according to the angle of kyphosis they were divided into two groups comprising of with and without Hyper-kyphosis. Evaluate dynamic posture, the tests back flattening, wall angle position, bilateral forward reach, pelvic tail tuck, head hanging forward, shoulder mobility, shoulder range in internal rotation and external rotation were used. The results showed a significant difference between the partial and general scores of the dynamic body condition assessment test for girls, with and without Hyper-kyphosis. The normal kyphosis group had better dynamic posture than the Hyper-kyphosis group. Dynamic body posture assessment tests can be considered good tool to assess and identify the limitations and movement disorders of people with Hyper-kyphosis.

Measurement of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot is a controversial issue in orthopedics. Using footprint parameters is considered as the most common method to evaluate MLA. Present study aimed to determine validity of footprint indices in measuring medial longitudinal arch in comparison with radiography method. Forty-one subjects were randomly selected. Footprints were recorded in static bipedal standing position using ink and paper. Arch index, footprint index, Chippaux-Smirak index, and Staheli index were calculated from the footprints. Also, calcaneal inclination, calcaneal-first metatarsal, talo-calcaneal angles and navicular height were obtained from lateral feet radiographs as a golden standard method for evaluating the static posture of the foot. All measurements of footprints and radiographs were calculated by a technique in computerized image analysis based on Adobe Photoshop software. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine validation. Results showed a strong relationship between the values of footprint indices and calcaneal inclination angle, calcaneal-first metatarsal angle and talo-calcaneal angle obtained from radiography (r=0.56 to 0.72). The highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.72) was observed between Staheli index and calcaneal inclination angle and the lowest correlation coefficient (r=0.56) was between the arch index and calcaneal inclination angle whereas no significant relationship was found between footprint indices and navicular height obtained from radiography. Analysis of footprint indices had an acceptable validity in measuring the medial longitudinal arch. Therefore, this method is recommended to be used as a valid, non-invasive, quick, cost-effective and accurate method for measuring MLA.

String musicians have the highest number of musculoskeletal disorders among different groups of musicians. Few studies have investigated the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and postural abnormalities in these people comparing to non-musicians. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and postural abnormalities in professional dulcimer and violin players and to compare them to non-musicians. This is a descriptive comparative study. Seventy professional male dulcimer and violin players aged 18 to 40 years, and 35 male non-musicians were participated in this study. Flexible ruler and forward head goniometer were used to measure kyphosis, lordosis and forward head posture. Scoliosis were assessed with photogrammetry. Risk of musculoskeletal disorders for upper limb assessed using photogrammetry and RULA method. For the statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk and U Mann-Whitney tests were used in SPSS version22 with the significance level of 0.05. The results showed that risk of work related musculoskeletal disorders, kyphosis, lordosis, forward head posture and scoliosis were significantly higher in dulcimer players comparing to non-musicians. In violin players, the risk of work related musculoskeletal disorders, kyphosis, lordosis and forward head posture were significantly higher comparing to non-musicians as well, but no significant difference were in their scoliosis. According to the findings of the study, it can be said that the dulcimer and violin players are more vulnerable to work related musculoskeletal disorders and postural abnormalities compared to non-musicians and the corrective strategies are suggested for these disorders.

Occurrence of injury following sports participation is unavoidable. . Using sport injury surveillance systems is a suitable tool in injury recording. The present study aimed to design and implement a sport injury surveillance system.

following designing the sport injury application, data was collected as a pilot according to injury surveillance method. Software engineers designed Sport injury recording application for cellphones with android operating system. Athletic trainers were trained to work with the application. In a pilot implementation in Alborz province, athletic trainers recorded athlete`s sport injuries in soccer, volleyball, handball, taekwondo and wrestling in a period of 6 months via their user account.

81 sport injuries were reported in the pilot implementation of sport injury surveillance system in 6 months. Incidence rate of 1.39 injury per 1000 athletes registered was calculated. Contusion and bruising (37%) was the most common type of injury. Furthermore, fingers (18.5%) and knee were the most common body parts injured.

Sport injury record was done comprehensively web based without paper form involvement. Designing and implementing cellphone based sport injury application was an important outcome of the present study. Present of a specific definition of injury and use of available and user friendly tool may become effective in recording injuries especially mild ones.

The purpose of this study was to examine the inter- and intra-rater reliability of corrective exercise specialist raters assessing movement and postural impairments of transient Low Back Pain (LBP) developers during Prolonged Standing Protocol (PSP) which called Pain Developers (PDs).

Method and Materials:

Twenty-four subjects developing transient LBP during prolonged standing (9males, 15females) between 17-85 years of age, were examined by 2 corrective exercise specialists. In order to control the effect of repeated testing on intra-rater reliability, both raters assessed the subjects at the same time. To assess inter-rater reliability, one of the raters assessed the subjects one week later. Examination findings were recorded independently, without discussion. Inter- and intra-rater reliability were indexed by the percent of agreement and kappa coefficient.

Overall, the kappa values for intra- and inter-rater reliability of the items ranged from 0.12 - 0.86 and 62.5 - 1.00, respectively.

The results of the present study indicate these clinical test items as a reliable tool for corrective exercise specialists. They can reliably utilize these test items for identification of movement and alignment impairments that need to be modified in order to prevent the onset of LBP in in healthy-back PDs.