seyed keyvan marashi

In order to evaluate the effect of zinc sulfate fertilizer on quality characteristics, yield and yield components of barley cultivars under irrigation water salinity (salinity over 6 dS/m), this research was conducted as split-plots in randomized complete blocks design with three replicates in Kabutarabad Agricultural Research Station in Isfahan. Foliar application of zinc sulfate concentration at three levels (0, 0.5 and 1%) was considered as main factor and three cultivars of Armaghan (stress sensitivity), Goharan (drought tolerant), and Mehr (salinity tolerant) were considered as sub-factors. The results demonstrated that foliar application of zinc sulfate at concentration of 1% significantly increased the chlorophyll b content by 14.8% compared to a lower concentration (0.5%). The highest chlorophyll a content (1.85 mg/g), leaf content (45.9 mg/kg), and grains/spike (37.2) with foliar application of 1% zinc sulfate was observed in Mehr cultivar. Given foliar application of 1% zinc sulfate, Mehr and Goharan cultivars had 21.3% and 15.3% higher leaf proline than Armaghan cultivar, respectively. Foliar application of zinc sulfate at concentration of 1% in Mehr, Goharan, and Armaghan cultivars significantly increased grain yield by 22.2%, 25.7% and 29.0%, respectively, compared to the non-foliar application of sulfate fertilizer. Generally, the results of the present study suggested that under irrigation water salinity conditions, Mehr cultivar is superior to Goharan and Armaghan cultivars in response to foliar application of zinc sulfate and the photosynthetic pigments produced higher yield and yield components.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of salicylic acid (Sa) and jasmonic acid (Ja) pretreatment hormones on germination and seedling growth of Chamran and Karkheh wheat cultivars under drought stress (St). The cultivars seeds were primed with Ja (100 μM) and Sa (10 mM). St was applied using polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000). The data were analyzed based on a factorial experiment with three replications in a randomized complete block design. The use of Ja and Sa reduced the effects of St on wheat germination indices and the use of Ja was more effective. St reduced germination by 33.45%, while the application of Ja and Sa improved it to 22.5%. Germination seedling stress and seed length vigor index were also decreased by 23.7 and 55% under St compared to the control, but with Ja and Sa application, these indices improved to 20 and 16%, respectively. The sensitivity of Karkheh variety with less accumulation of proline was higher in St conditions and it improved to a great extent with the application of Ja and Sa. It is recommended not to use the Karkheh for the southern and western parts of Khuzestan province, where there is a high probability of St occurrence. Considering the improving effect of Ja and Sa on the germination indices of wheat seeds tested in this study, it is suggested that during additional studies, other seeds of wheat cultivars should also be tested with these hormones for use in tropical areas.

One of the main problems of contaminated soils is the presence of high amounts of heavy and toxic elements, especially lead and nickel, which leads to disruption in the growth and reduction of plant yield. The use of biochar has been proposed as one of the solutions to solve this problem. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sugarcane biochar on accumulation and distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus absorption, root growth, and wheat grain yield in soils contaminated with lead and nickel. This experiment was carried out using factorial design in a completely randomized layout. The studied factors included the amounts of sugarcane biochar in four levels including: zero (control), 2%, 4%, and 6% of soil weight and the type of soil in two levels: contaminated and non-contaminated by lead and nickel. In this experiment, the maximum and minimum nitrogen and phosphorus absorbed in the root, stem, and grain of the plant were observed in contaminated and non-contaminated soil conditions, respectively. Also, with the increase in the use of biochar, there were changes in the accumulation of these elements in order to create suitable conditions for the plant, which subsequently had a significant effect on improving root growth and increasing grain yield. The maximum and minimum grain yield were observed in non-contaminated and contaminated soils, respectively and with increasing biochar consumption, grain yield increased in both contaminated and non- contaminated soils and this increase continued up to 4% biochar. In general, the results of the experiment showed that in the soil contaminated and non-contaminated with lead and nickel, the use of sugarcane bagasse biochar has an effective role in the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in the plant, and to improve yield, the use of biochar up to 4% in the contaminated and non-contaminated soils is recommended.

90% of Iran's land area is in arid and semi-arid areas. It is expected that by 2025, about two-thirds of the world's agricultural lands will face a water deficit. The yield also decreases by 50 to 90% under drought stress conditions compared to non-stressed conditions. Among the different types of stress, drought stress at the end of the season is the most important stress in Mediterranean areas such as many areas of Iran. Therefore, the yield of small grains cultivated in these areas is affected by drought stress at the terminal of the season. Salinity and drought stress increases the concentration of dissolved solutes in the root environment, increases the osmotic potential of the soil, decreases the absorption of nutrients and decreases the mobility of zinc and iron elements in the soil solution. Elements in the plant can be compensated and tolerance to saline conditions can be increased. Researchers reported that the application of zinc increased the grain yield of wheat and barley cultivars. Researchers reported that the application of zinc increased the grain yield of wheat and barley cultivars. In stress conditions due to reduction of stomatal conductance and limited access to CO2 for carboxylation reactions, the rate of photosynthesis decreases and increasing stomatal resistance is a suitable defense strategy for the survival of wheat and barley. Due to the cultivation of barley in these moderate areas and the role of the micronutrient element zinc in reducing the effects of drought and salinity stress, this research was carried out in different varieties of barley using different amounts of zinc sulfate. This research was carried out in November of the agricultural year 2017-2018 in two areas: 1) Kobutrabad Agricultural Research Station (drought stress by removing water after spike emergence); 2) Rudasht Station (rrigation with salt water 10 dS/m). Planting was carried out by machine planter in November in both regions. In the dry area of Kabutrabad, the plots containing 6 rows of 6 meters with the distance between the rows of 20 cm (the planting area of each plot is 7.2 square meters) with a density of 400 grains per square meter were done. Data analysis and step-by-step regression were performed using SAS9.1 software and mean comparison was performed by LSD test at 5% probability level. If the interaction effect is significant, cutting (slicing) and comparison of means was done by Lsmeans test at 5% probability level. The results showed that barley cultivars under drought stress had higher thousand-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield and lower proline content than under salt stress. Drought stress at the end of the season compared to salinity stress during the growing season had higher thousand-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield and lower proline content. Foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate had higher grain yield (4763 kg/ha about 34%) and biological yield (4763 kg/ha about 26%) than without foliar application and is recommended. It should be noted that there was no difference in the amount of proline between cultivars in drought stress, but in salt stress, tolerant and semi-tolerant cultivars had more proline content than the stress-sensitive line. In drought stress, Armaghan (semi drought tolerant) and Goharan (drought tolerant) cultivars had more chlorophyll a in the application of zinc sulfate. It seems that the mechanism of increasing the tolerance and performance of Armaghan and Goharan cultivars under drought stress conditions is the increase in the amount of chlorophyll a due to the application of zinc sulfate. For this purpose, foliar spraying of suitable cultivars (Armaghan and Goharan) is recommended in drought stress conditions.Grain yield had positive correlation with traits of plant height (p = 0.01, r = 0.33), spike length (p = 0.05, r = 0.31), number of grain per spike (p = 0.01, r = 0.35), biological yield (p = 0.01,  r = 0.96), amount of chlorophyll a (p = 0.01, r = 0.44), amount of chlorophyll b (p = 0.05, r = 0.29) and zinc element (p = 0.01, r = 0.39), which is the highest correlation between grain yield and biological yield (r2 = 0.99). In terms of grain and biological yield, Armaghan and Goharan cultivars are recommended under drought stress and Armaghan and Mehr cultivars are recommended under salt stress with a concentration of 0.5% zinc sulfate. In salinity stress, the minimum and maximum grain yield and biological yield were obtained respectively in foliar spraying of 0.1 and 0.5% zinc sulfate in all genotypes. It seems that foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate is sufficient for all barley cultivars under salinity stress, and foliar application with a higher concentration of zinc sulfate is not recommended due to the decrease in grain and biological yield in this stress.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementary irrigation and foliar spraying with salicylic acid and humic acid on the biochemical properties of dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica) under Khorramabad climatic conditions at Visian Research Station. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot-factorial based on a randomized complete block design for two years of 2017- 2018 and 2018-2019 in Khorramabad city.Experimental treatments consisted of supplementary irrigation at four levels (including control, budding stage, flowering stage, and budding stage + flowering stage) as the main factor; foliar spraying with salicylic acid at three levels (including control, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM) as the first subfactor, and foliar spraying with humic acid at two levels (including control and 1 mM) as the second subfactor. In this study, different characteristics such as shoot nitrogen content, shoot phosphorus content, shoot potassium content, shoot copper content, shoot iron content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll total were evaluated. According to the results, various levels of supplementary irrigation and foliar spraying with humic acid and salicylic acid significantly affected the above characteristics. Mean comparison results revealed that the highest nitrogen content in the shoot (3.74%), shoot iron content (182.33 mg g-1), chlorophyll a (5.18 mg g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (5.18 mg g-1 fresh weight) chlorophyll total (5.18 mg g-1 fresh weight) were recorded in the first year under treatment with supplementary irrigation at the budding stage and foliar spraying with salicylic acid (1 mM) and humic acid (1 mM).

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has led to issues regarding health of humans and other organisms. In this framework, this experiment was designed.

The experiment was conducted based on a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The investigated factors included no foliar application of amino acid, 1, 2 and 3 kg/ha and urea fertilizer consumption in 3 levels as 100, 66 and 33% of the locally-recommended rates.

 The results showed that the maximum plant height, leaf area index, total dry matter, crop growth rate, net photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll index and grain yield was achieved under 100% urea fertilization and 3 kg/ha of amino acid application, while the minimum belonged to applying 33% of urea without amino acid foliar application of and the differences between them was significant. The maximum total dry matter and grain yield were observed under simultaneous application of 100% urea and 3 kg/ha amino acid, and the minimum was obtained under no foliar application of amino acid and 33% urea, which did not have a significant difference with 66% urea and the application of 3 kg/ha amino acid. Increasing grain yield, under 100% urea and 3 kg/ha amino acid compared to no foliar application of amino acid and 100% urea fertilizer (control) was equal to 76.8%.

In general, it is possible to achieve a desirable yield in wheat, in addition to saving chemical fertilizers consumption, by applying 66% of urea fertilizer along with 3 kg/ha of amino acids.

The integrated management of plant nutrition is always considered as a solution in sustainable development. In this process, the need for chemical fertilizers is reduced and helps to make the environment healthier.

Current study was done to assess effect of different level of fertilizer and biofertlizer on growth curves and crop production.

This experiment was conducted via randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Shahid Salemi field in south west of Iran-Ahvaz. The studied treatments included urea application only, Nitroxin application only, Nitroxin + 25% nitrogen from urea source, Nitroxin + 50% nitrogen from urea source, Nitroxin + 75% nitrogen from urea source, Azotobacter application only, Azotobacter + 25% nitrogen from urea source, Azotobacter + 50% nitrogen from urea source, Azotobacter + 75% nitrogen from urea source.

The results indicated that the combined application of organic and chemical nitrogen fertilizers had a significant effect on growth indices. The highest values of dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, relative growth rate, crop growth rate, and net assimilation rate were obtained from the Nitroxin + 75% nitrogen from urea source, Azotobacter + 75% nitrogen from urea source, and Nitrogen supply entirely from urea source treatments. The lowest values of growth indices were observed under 100% Nitroxin and 100% Azotobacter nitrogen source treatments. The combined fertilizer treatment significantly influenced grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained from Nitroxin + 75% nitrogen from urea source and Azotobacter + 75% nitrogen from urea source treatments with averages of 3670 and 3500 Kg.ha-1, respectively. The lowest grain yield with average of 2610 Kg.ha-1 was obtained from the treatment using only nitrogen from the Azotobacter source.

Overall, the results of the experiment showed that the simultaneous use of organic and chemical nitrogen fertilizers can have a positive effect on physiological indices and grain yield while reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. This can significantly contribute to environmental sustainability and serves as an important strategy towards sustainable agriculture.

Available water and nutrient management are two important factors that affect yield and quality of wheat production.

Current research was done to assess the effect of chemical and biological potassium fertilizers on growth indices of bread wheat under water stress conditions.

This study was done via factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications during the agricultural year 2015-2016 in Ahvaz region (southwest of Iran). The first factor included irrigation regimes based on the evaporation pan method at 60 (local standard), 90, and 120 mm, and the second factor consisted of the combined use of chemical and biological potassium fertilizers at four levels: 1- 100% chemical fertilizer (potassium sulfate without the use of biological fertilizer) as control, 2- 75% potassium sulfate + Potabarvar2, 3- 50% potassium sulfate + Potabarvar2, and 4- 25% potassium sulfate + Potabarvar2.

The results indicated that irrigation after 60 mm of evaporation increased leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, and net photosynthesis rate, resulting in enhanced yield. The highest grain yield, with an average of 5970 kg.ha-1, was obtained from the irrigation treatment based on 60 mm of evaporation with the consumption of 75% potassium sulfate + Potabarvar2. The lowest grain yield was observed in the treatment with irrigation after 120 mm of evaporation and the use of 25% potassium sulfate + Potabarvar2, with an average of 2994 kg.ha-1.

In general, the study demonstrated that the application of bacteria along with chemical fertilizer influenced plant growth. Moreover, considering the significant increase in grain yield under the conditions of 75% potassium sulfate + Potabarvar2 in all three irrigation regimes compared to the control (no use of biological fertilizers), this fertilizer combination can be recommended under both moisture stress and non-stress conditions in the region.

In order to manage cost reduction in saline land under wheat cultivation, a research was carried out as a split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included three soil moisture percentages during the initial plowing (10, 15, and 20%) and secondary factor was four methods of land preparation and sowings (non application of chisel piler + sowing with flat planter, non application of chisel piler + sowing with furrow planter, application of chisel piler + sowing with flat planter and application of chisel piler + sowing with furrow planter). In this research, before applying the secondary factor, a 24-blade disc was used for the initial plowing of the land. The results showed that the highest weight and volume of clods were found when non application of chisel piler with 20% soil moisture and the lowest one when chisel piler was applied with 10% soil moisture. The highest seed germination was with application of chisel piler + furrow planter and humidity of 20% and the lowest value was with non application of chisel piler + flat planter and soil moisture of 10%. The highest grain yield was obtained with application of chisel piler + furrow planter by 4593 kg/ha and the lowest value was obtained by 2797 kg/ha under non application of chisel piler and flat planter. In general, the results showed that the use of chisel piler and furrow planter with 20% soil moisture had a positive effect on improving germination, physiological and yield characteristics of wheat in saline lands, and it can be taken into consideration by farmers.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of soil moisture and tillage and sowing machinery on yield and yield components of wheat in the saline soils of Mahshahr, Iran. The experiment was carried out as a split-plot according to a randomized complete block design with three replications. Independent variables included soil moisture during tillage at three levels of 10%, 15%, and 20% as the main factor. Sub-factor included the type of tillage and sowing machinery at four levels including 1) without the use of chisel-piler and sowing with flat seeder machine, 2) without the use of chisel-piler and sowing with furrow seeder machine, 3) one time use of chisel-piler to a depth of 20 cm and sowing with flat seeder machine, and 4) one time use of chisel-piler to a depth of 20 cm and sowing with furrow seeder machine. In order to prepare the land, irrigation was done before tillage according to the region's customs to reduce the tensile strength of the soil against tillage machines. After the soil moisture was suitable according to the main factors, the tillage was done with a 24-bladed disk machine once to a depth of 15 cm. The maximum clod weight was obtained in the condition of not using a chisel-piler and soil moisture of 20%, and the lowest was obtained in using a chisel-piler and soil moisture of 10%. The maximum number of tiller/plant, number of spikes/m2, number of spikelet/spike, number of grain/spike, number of grain/spikelet, biological yield, and grain yield was under using chisel-piler and sowing with furrow seeder machine with 20% soil moisture, and the lowest in the treatment with no chisel-piler and sowing with flat seeder machine. In general, the results showed that the use of chisel-piler and sowing with furrow seeder machine under 20% soil moisture had the best results in terms of grain formation and yield in saline soils, which can be suggested to reduce the effects of salinity.

In order to investigate the effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and remobilization of wheat photosynthetic materials under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in field in Ahvaz during two years (2017-19). The main factor of drought stress at the end of the season with two levels of normal irrigation and cessation of irrigation in the post-pollination stage, cycocel with three levels of water as a control, 1.5 g/l, and 3 g/l, and humic acid with three levels of non-foliar application (water as control), 2 liters per hectare, and 4 liters per hectare were factorial sub-factors. Results showed that the interaction of end-of-the-season drought stress and cycocel on grain yield and number of grains per spike was significant. The highest grain yield (4840.5 kg ha-1) was obtained by applying 3 g/l cycocel under normal irrigation conditions, which did not show a statistically significant difference from the application of 3 g/l cycocel under drought stress at the end of the season. Application of humic acid had a positive and significant effect on all test traits. The highest grain yield, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight were obtained from the application of 3 liters per hectare of humic acid under normal irrigation conditions. Under end-of-the season drought stress, the current photosynthesis and the share of current photosynthesis decreased by 29% and 10%, respectively while remobilization and contribution of remobilization increased by 16% and 34%, respectively. In general, to increase the rate of grain yield under optimal conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel by a concentration of 3 g/l and organic acid fertilizer by the concentration of 4 liters per hectare are recommended.

This research was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications. The studied treatments include salinity stress in the form of irrigation with normal water (0.4) and with salinity of 4 and 8 dS/m of NaCl salt and seed priming with hydrogen peroxide, including no priming and seed priming in 25 and 50 mM solutions. In this experiment, the traits of germination percentage, germination rate, root length, stem length, root dry matter, stem dry matter and seed vigor index were investigated. In this research, the effect of salinity stress and hydrogen peroxide was significant on all investigated traits. The interaction effect of salinity stress and hydrogen peroxide on the studied traits was significant except germination rate. The maximum percentage of germination, length and dry matter of root and stem and seed vigor index was obtained under absence of stress (normal water) and application of 50 mM hydrogen peroxide and the minimum was under salinity of 8 dS/m and no application hydrogen peroxide. The maximum germination rate was obtained in the 50 mM hydrogen peroxide and no salt stress. In general, the results showed that the use of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of salinity stress was effective through the improvement of indices, and this can be considered as a strategy for better and proper seedling establishment.

One of the problems of agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions is low soil organic matter. Plant residues are a natural and important renewable source of plant nutrients that can be used together with other inputs to improve soil health and improve production. The method of preserving crop residues on the surface and cultivating directly inside the residues with minimal soil disturbance can be an alternative method for burning the residues, especially in summer cultivation. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of different rice residue managements on the growth and quantitative and qualitative yield of rapeseed cultivars was studied.

The experiment was performed as split plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included the management of rice residues at four levels, including 1- According to conventional cultivation,2- Cultivation in plowed land with rice residues, 3- Cultivation in rice residues with 20 cm height, 4- Cultivation in rice residues with 40 cm height and the secondary factor of three rapeseed cultivars included 401, 4815 and okapi cultivars. In conventional cultivation (control), after harvesting the rice, the field was set on fire and after exposing the ground, plowing, disc and plotting of the land were done and planting according to the custom of the region in a row with distant 20 cm was planted. In the management of cultivation in plowed land with rice residues, after harvesting rice, plowing, disc and plot cultivation were done and planting was done in a row according to the custom of the region in a row with distances between planting lines of 20 cm. In the management of cultivation in rice residues with a height of 20 and 40 cm, rice harvesting from a height of 20 and 40 cm above the ground is done manually and then scattering rapeseed seeds similar to seed density in the custom method cultivation and then with the help of chisel plow rapeseed seeds it was mixed with the soil completely superficially at a depth of about 0.5-1 cm.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of rice residue management on plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, 1000- grain weight, grain yield, oil percentage and grain protein percentage was significant. The effect of cultivar types on number of pods per plant and grain yield was significant but not significant for other traits. Interaction of rice residue management and cultivar type was significant on plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and yield. The maximum grain yield in the cultivation of plowed land with rice residues in cultivar 4815 by 2449.48 kg/ha and the minimum grain yield in the cultivation of rice residues with a height of 40 cm in cultivar 401 by 1187.41 kg/ha was observed. The maximum oil percentage and grain protein percentage in the cultivation of plowed land with rice residues by 21.62 and 48.16 were observed, respectively and regard to other residue managements were not significant.

In general, the results showed that the rapeseed cultivation in plowed bed along with rice residues is effective in improving most of the growth and yield traits of rapeseed. In addition, cultivar 4815 is more suitable than cultivar 401 and okapi in terms of cultivation in plowed land with rice residues and this cultivar can be recommended for farmers and region.

The implementation of irrigation techniques in order to be more productive than water resources is a scientific approach to reducing water consumption.
This research was done with the aim of investigating the effect of different levels of superabsorbent and irrigation management on Cowpea crop production and growth indices in Ahvaz region.
Current study was conducted according strip plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications during 2019-2020 crop season. The first factor was irrigation includes Furrow full irrigation (control), Fixed alternate furrow irrigation and variable alternate furrow irrigation. The second factor included three levels of super absorbent polymer as non-used super absorbent (control), consumption of 75 and 150 kg.ha-1.
The results showed that the effect of super absorption was significant on all measured traits including leaf area index, total dry matter, crop growth rate, seed yield, except net photosynthesis rate. The effect of low irrigation was significant on all traits except crop growth rate and net photosynthesis rate. The interaction effect of low irrigation and superabsorbent on all investigated traits was not significant. The highest and lowest in the examined traits were observed in the field with normal irrigation and fixed furrow irrigation, respectively and among the different amounts of superabsorbent, the highest and lowest values in all examined traits except net photosynthesis rate were observed under the application conditions of 150 kg.ha-1 and non use of super absorbent. In general, the results of the experiment showed that different irrigation methods had an effect on all the morphological, physiological and yield characteristics of cowpea.
The application of superabsorbent improved the physiological and morphological traits in normal irrigation conditions and in fields with low irrigation, it led to the reduction of the effects of drought stress and the improvement of the damages caused by it, which can be of interest to researchers and farmers.

Using plant hormones is an effective way to increase potato yield. Some plant hormones, such as gibberellic acid, cytokinin, and auxin, can stimulate the growth of potato roots and leaves, and among their other effects are regulating plant growth and development.
This experiment was conducted in order to assess the effect of growth regulator (IAA hormone foliar application) and weed control on growth indices, crop production and morphological traits of the potato cultivars during two crop years in Bardsir region.
This research was done at the Bardsir agricultural college, Kerman province(Iran) in 2017-2018 cropping seasons. The study was consisted of a split factorial using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The two potato cultivars (Milva and Sante), as the first factor placed in the main plots, and three levels of foliar spraying of indole acetic acid (IAA) hormone (including of non-use, 200 and 400 ppm), and weed control (including of the pre-emergence application of metribuzin herbicide with an amount of 750 g.ha-1, the two-stage application of metribuzin in the form of split [the pre-emergence application (500 g.ha-1) + the post emergence application (250 g.ha-1)], manual weeding and without weed control were factorially as the secondary factor were also placed in sub-plots.
The results showed that increasing auxin from no consumption to 400 ppm significantly increased dry and fresh weight of potato tuber, tuber diameter, tuber yield, dry biomass and leaf area index. The application of auxin at 400 ppm significantly increased the weed biomass at the time of potato harvest. The highest leaf area index of 3.46 was observed in Milva cultivar when 400 ppm of indole-3-acetic acid was used. Weed control during the two-step application of metribuzin was recorded with an increase ratio of 15 to 39% compared to the control without treatment.
The highest yield of potato tuber was obtained under two-step application conditions of metribuzin and 400 ppm auxin at the rate of 38055.33kg.ha-1.

In order to evaluate the application of auxin hormone and weed management on the performance of physiological and chemical characteristics of potato cultivars, a split factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in two crop years 2016-2016 and 2016-2016 in Bardsir city of Kerman province. Done. The treatments include two potato varieties, Milva and Sante, foliar spraying of auxin hormone at three levels, no hormone consumption, 200 and 400 ppm and weed control, pre-emergence application of metribuzin herbicide with an amount of 750 grams per hectare, two-stage application Metribiozin, one stage of 500 g/ha pre-emergence and the second stage of 250 g/ha 10 to 15 days after potato sprouting, weed control through manual weeding, control without weed control. The results showed that increasing the consumption of auxin hormone significantly increased the diameter, dry weight and tuber performance. Weed control was achieved during the two-step application of Bozin herbicide with an increase ratio of 15 to 39% compared to the control without control. The highest yield of tubers was obtained under the two-stage application of Bozin herbicide and the application of 400 ppm of auxin hormone at the rate of 38055.33 kg per hectare, and the number of tubers in potato was obtained under the two-stage application of Bozin herbicide. The use of different amounts of IAA in this experiment led to an increase in the content of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus compared to not using it.

Experimental treatments include the seed priming including: control (soaking seeds for 24 hours in water), soaking seeds for 8, 16 and 24 hours in seed guard solution was performed in the main plots and three cultivars of rice including: Champa,, Anbarbo and high yielding cultivar i.e. LD-183 were applied in the sub-plots. The results showed that the effect of duration of priming on number of spike per square meter, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and grain protein percentage was significant. The effect of cultivar type was significant in all measurement traits. The interaction effect of seed duration of priming and cultivar type was not significant in terms of grain yield and biological yield and significant in terms of other traits. The maximum grain yield was obtained in Anbarbo cultivar + 24 hours in seed guard solution with an average of 5621.77 and the minimum grain yield in Champa cultivar + 24 hours in normal water with an average of 32264.5 kg/ha. The maximum grain protein was obtained in 24 hours in seed guard solution with an average of 11% and the minimum grain protein in 24 hours in ordinary water with an average of 8.3%. In general, the results of experiment showed that the effect seed priming by seed guard solution with increasing production components could be effective in increasing quantitative and qualitative yield as compared to soaking the seeds in water (local custom) and it can suggested by researchers and farmers.

Zinc is an essential low-use element involved in the activity of various enzymes. Carbonic anhydrase, which catalyzes the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, contains zinc and requires zinc for its activity. Zinc plays a role in protein metabolism, gene expression, structural and functional integrity of biological membranes and photosynthetic carbon metabolism.
The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the foliar application of zinc sulfate fertilizer on the amount of proline and zinc element in leaves and the yield of barley cultivars under saline water irrigation conditions.
This research was done according split plots experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was carried out in the Station of Agricultural Research in Kabutrabad, Isfahan. Zinc sulfate application three levels (0, 0.5 and 1%) as the main factor and three cultivars (Armaghan (sensitive to stress), Goharan (tolerant to drought) and Mehr (tolerant to salinity)) were considered as secondary factor.
The highest content of zinc in leaves (45.9 mg.kg-1) and number of seeds per spike (37.2) was observed with 1% zinc sulfate solution in Mehr cultivar. With 1% zinc sulfate foliar application, Mehr and Goharan cultivars had more leaf proline, 21.3% and 15.3%, respectively, compared to Armaghan cultivar. Foliar appkication of zinc sulfate with a concentration of 1% in Mehr, Goharan and Armaghan cultivars significantly increased seed yield by 22.2, 25.7 and 0.29%, respectively, compared to no foliar application of sulfate fertilizer.
In general, the results of the research showed that under irrigation water salinity conditions, Mehr varieity was superior to Gohran and Armaghan cultivars in terms of seed yield in response to zinc sulfate application.

This research was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design in a pot with four replications. The studied treatments include salinity of irrigation water as irrigation with ordinary water (0.4) (control) and with salinity of 4 and 8 dS/m and seed priming including no priming and seed priming in 25 and 50 mM of hydrogen peroxide solutions. In this experiment, the number of spikes per pot, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spikelet, 1000-grain weight, root dry weight, grain yield and grain protein were investigated. In this study, the effect of salinity of irrigation and hydrogen peroxide on all studied traits were significant. The interaction effect of salinity of irrigation and hydrogen peroxide on the studied traits except grain number per spikelet and grain protein were significant. The maximum root dry matter (0.95 g/pot) and grain yield (7.49 g/pot) were observed under irrigation with normal water and application of 50 mM hydrogen peroxide and the minimum root dry matter (0.82 g/pot) and grain yield (3.17 g/pot) was obtained at salinity of 8 dS/m and non-application of hydrogen peroxide. The maximum grain protein (14.25%) was obtained in the application of 50 mM hydrogen peroxide and the minimum protein percentage (11.05%) was obtained under irrigation with normal water. In general, the application of hydrogen peroxide can be effective in increasing the quantitative and qualitative yield of wheat and reducing the effect of salinity of irrigation water and it can be considered and recommended by researchers and farmers.

Today, the use of unconventional weapons has been done serious damage to the environment. The use of zeolite is one of solutions in managing the pollution of soils. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of natural zeolite on grain protein content, Mg and Zn uptake by wheat in soils contaminated to weapons of war.

The experiment was carried out in factorial arrangement in a randomized complete design with three replications in a pot. The studied treatments included four levels of zeolite as zero, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5% based on weight of soil and two types of soils which were non-contaminated and contaminated by mines and explosives caused by war. Contaminated and non-contaminated soil samples were taken from the southern region of Dehloran city.

The results showed that the amount of grain protein and Mg in contaminated soils was significantly higher than non-contaminated soils and the application of zeolite in both soils caused a significant increase in each of them. In this study, the concentration of Zn in grain in contaminated soils was higher than in non-contaminated soils and with increasing zeolite consumption, the concentration of Zn decreased, significantly.

The results showed that the application of zeolite in contaminated and non-contaminated soils has a positive effect in terms of grain protein and Mg. In addition, the use of zeolite can prevent the excessive increase of Zn due to weapons of war and can be effective in ensuring plant health and thus community health.

To alleviate the negative effect of fertilizers, integrated plant nutrient management is an option as it utilizes available organic and inorganic nutrients to build ecologically sound and economically viable farming system. Research has suggested that integrated nutrient management strategies involving chemical fertilizers and bio-fertilizers enhance the sustainability of crop production. Current research was conducted to investigate the effect of urea chemical fertilizer and sugarcane compost on wheat crop production and growth indices. This study was done according split plots experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included different amounts of sugarcane compost at three levels of zero, 15 and 30 t.ha-1 as the main factor and nitrogen fertilizer from the urea source at three levels of 80, 160 and 240 kg.ha-1 pure nitrogen belonged to secondary factor. The results showed that the difference between the levels of sugarcane compost on the leaf area index, total dry matter plant and seed yield was significant. The difference between nitrogen fertilizer levels was statistically significant in all measured traits. The interaction effect of nitrogen fertilizer and sugarcane compost on the measured traits was not statistically significant. The highest seed yield in 30 t.ha-1 of sugarcane compost and 240 kg.ha-1 of pure nitrogen was 6446 and 6421 kg.ha-1, respectively, and the lowest seed yield in conditions without sugarcane compost and 80 kg.ha-1 was 5166 and 5304 kg.ha-1, respectively. The results of the current study showed that the consumption of sugarcane compost and nitrogen led to an increase in the yield of corn seeds through the improvement of growth characteristics. The highest quantitative yield was obtained under the conditions of application of 30 t.ha-1 of sugarcane compost and 240 kg per hectare of nitrogen fertilizer, which can be considered and suggested by farmers and researchers.

This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different rice residue management on growth parameters of canola. This experiment was performed as a split plot experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the agricultural lands of Izeh city. The studied treatments include rice residue management at four levels (including 1- conventional cultivation (stubble burning), 2- cultivation in plowed land with rice residues, 3- cultivation in rice residues with a height of 20 cm, 4 - cultivation in rice residues with a height of 40 cm) and the second factor was three canola cultivars (including 401, 4815 and okapi). The results showed that the effect of rice residue management on leaf area index, total dry matter, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were significant. The effect of cultivars were significant in all measurement traits. There was no significant difference interaction between rice residue management and cultivar type on all studied traits. The maximum and minimum values in the studied traits were observed in cultivation management in cultivation in plowed land with rice residues and conventional cultivation, respectively and among different canola cultivars, the maximum and minimum values in the traits were observed in cultivar 4815 . In general, the results of the experiment showed that the cultivation in plowed land with rice residues is superior to conventional cultivation and other managements and leads to the improvement of growth parameters. Also, 4815 cultivar is superior to 401 and okapi cultivars.

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) as one of the most important beans, has 20-25% protein and is a protein supplier that is needed by humans and plays an important role in this regard. Increasing yield per unit area is one of the most important factors for increasing production. Planting pattern and plant density per unit area are two important factors affecting the growth and yield of plants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of these parameters on growth and yield characteristics of mung bean under Baghmalek weather conditions

In order to evaluate the effect of plant density and planting pattern on growth and yield characteristics of mung bean under Baghmalek weather conditions, an experiment was carried out as factorial in a randomized complete block design. The studied factors includ, planting density in three levels of 20, 28 and 36 seeds per square meter, and the second factor include, hand scattering of seeds (control), between row distances of 15 cm and 30 cm. In hand scattering of seeds (control) (traditional) and row planting, the seeds were cultivated manually and uniformly in different amounts according to the plant densities. Field preparation included plowing, disks and leveling. After preparation of the field, nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers were mixed with the disk machine at a depth of 15 cm. Nitrogen from the source of urea (46%) was 80 kg nitrogen per hectare, 50% before planting, 25% in stem elongation and 25% in flowering stage and phosphorus fertilizer from the source of triple superphosphate at a rate of 100 kg/ha P (48%) was used. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.2 and comparing of the means was based on Duncan method at 5% probability level.

The results showed that planting pattern with 30 cm spacing compared to hand scattering of seeds improved yield, number of seeds per plant, seeds per pod, pods per plant, 1000-grain weight and plant height. The maximum plant height as 81 cm was obtained from a row planting pattern with a spacing of 30 cm and 28 plants per square meter and the minimum height with an average of 65 cm from density 36 plants per square meter. The maximum grain yield with 2317 kg/ha was obtained from row pattern with 30 cm distance and density of 36 seed per square meter. The minimum grain yield with 1027 kg/ha belonged to hand scattering of seeds and density of 20 seed per square meter.Increasing of 1000-grain weight and number of plants per unit area was the main cause for increasing of grain yield. In other words, the reason for increasing yields in more densities can be attributed to the greater number of plants per unit area and 1000-grain weight. The highest biological yield as 5784 kg/ha was observed from the row planting pattern with a row spacing of 30 cm and a density of 36 plants per square meter, and the lowest biological yield was 3174 kg/ha and a density of 20 plants per square meter. The increase in biological yield at 36 plants per square meter was higher than the density of 20 and 28 plants per square meter due to increase in plant number and also increase in dry matter production per unit area. The maximum percentage of harvest index with an average of 40% was belonged to the interaction of row planting pattern with a distance of 30 cm and density of 28 and 36 plants per square meter.

In general, the results of the experiment showed that in all three planting patterns, the lowest height, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod and seeds per plant were obtained at 36 plants per square meter. The maximum grain yield was obtained at 36 plant density per square meter and the row planting pattern with a distance of 30 cm by 2317.5 kg/ha and the lowest was obtained by 1027.5 kg/ha at a density of 20 plants per square meter and hand scattering of seeds (control). Therefore, this combination of planting pattern and plant density in region can be suggested for optimal use of environmental conditions and maximum grain yield.

Fertilizer management plays an important role for obtaining satisfactory yields and to increase crop productivity. Nutrient management may be achieved by the involvement of organic sources, bio fertilizers, and micro-nutrients. Studies have shown that long-term use of fertilizers reduces crop yields. This decrease is due to the acidification of the soil, the reduction of biological activity of the soil and the inappropriate physical properties of the soil. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different level of growth stage of use seaweed extract and combination of seaweed extract and Urea fertilizer on plant height, leaf area index, biologic yield and nitrogen use efficiency under warm and climate condition in Khuzestan province (Southwest of Iran). Current research was arranged via factorial experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included growth stage of use seaweed extract (G1: 100% at tillering stage, G2: 50% at tillering stage+50% at booting stage, G3: 50% at tillering+25% at booting +25% at beginning at Pollination) and different combination of seaweed extract and Urea fertilizer (S0/N100= Nonuse of seaweed extract + 100% Urea fertilizer, S1.5/N66= 1.5 L.ha-1 seaweed extract + 66% Urea fertilizer, S3/N33= 3 L.ha-1 seaweed extract + 33% Urea fertilizer, S4.5/N0= 4.5 L.ha-1 seaweed extract + Nonuse of Urea fertilizer). According result of analysis of variance effect of growth stage of use seaweed extract and different combination of seaweed extract and Urea fertilizer on all measured traits was significant but interaction effect of treatments was not significant. Mean comparison result the maximum biologic yield was noted for apply seaweed extract at 50% at tillering stage+50% at booting stage and S1.5/N66 treatment. The highest amount of nitrogen use efficiency belonged to S3/N33. Finally use 1.5 L.ha-1 seaweed extract + 66% Urea fertilizer along 50% at tillering +50% at booting stage by improve biologic yield can advised for producers.

Today, heavy metal contamination in soil due to toxicity, stability, high shelf life in soil, and elemental accumulation in foods is considered to hazardous biologically and ecologically. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of lead and nickel in wheat using sugarcane biochar. The experimental design was factorial with a completely randomized design in triplicate, and the factors included sugarcane biochar at four levels of zero (control), 2, 4, and 6% of soil weight and soil type (contaminated and non-contaminated with lead and nickel). Lead (500 mg/kg) and nickel (250 mg/kg) were added to each pot based on the threshold and critical levels of contaminated agricultural soil. The maximum lead in roots (1,771.8 mg/kg), stems (119.73 mg/kg), and grains (32.36 mg/kg) and maximum nickel in roots (562.5 mg/kg), stems (39.54 mg/kg), and grains (9.4 mg/kg) were measured in the contaminated soil. The maximum reduction of lead and nickel in the plants was measured using 6% biochar, and the reduction rate of lead in roots, stems, and grains with 6% biochar was 22.2, 75.7, and 83.3%. The reduction rate of nickel in roots, stems, and grains was 16.9, 81, and 62.8% compared to the biochar absence, respectively. In the contaminated soils, 6% biochar was effective in reducing the lead below the standard level in foods, especially in the grains, while the grain nickel was slightly higher than the food standards, and further investigations should increase food safety.