zade

Proving the principality of existence in Mulla Sadra’s philosophy, which regards both the principality of existence and that of quiddity as invalid, is equal to conventionality of quiddity. However, Mulla Sadra’s arguments in proving the principality of existence go on just up to proving the existence of quiddity in respect of conditional mood of existence, and Mulla Sadra’s statements on the quiddity’s existence are various and sometimes contradictory, which leads to a variety of accounts of conventionality of quiddity for the expositors of Mulla Sadra’s philosophy. Nevertheless, scrutiny of the bases of transcendental philosophy and accepting those bases as the conceptual and affirmative bases effective in the discussion leads to the fact that by conditional mood in subsistence of quiddity for Mulla Sadra, we mean subsistence in the conditional annihilation mood of the existence which enjoys somewhat realization, although non-original realization; and never means absolute mentality of quiddity or existence of quiddity in the inclusive mood of existence.

The two main Islamic denominations agree on the multiplicity of Imam Ali’s virtues, and most Muslims do not deny hundreds of the Prophet’s sayings on Imam Ali. Although most Sunnites disagree with Shiites on the interpretation of those traditions, denying their denotation of those traditions to Imam Ali’s Imamate, few persons had denied, due to certain prejudices, those virtues. Ibn Taymiya Harrani, the founder of Salafism, is one of the best known among them. In addition to denying the rightness of most of those traditions, he has made great effort to show a consensus among his predecessors in denying Imam Ali’s virtues. The important question is whether his claims regarding a consensus among Muslim scholars on the abovementioned issue is true or not. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical method to deal with the subject and relies on the Sunnites’ sources to prove the falsity of those claims.

There are different subtypes of brain tumors, classified according to the origin of the abnormally proliferated glial cells. Glioblastoma multiforma (GBM) is the grade 4 of brain tumors, gliomas, with the least life expectancy. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, single stranded, non-coding RNAs with 20-25 nt length with post-transcriptional gene regulatory activities. An altered expression of miRNAs is linked to developmental disorders and some diseases, most importantly cancers. miR-21 is a well-known microRNA, overexpressed in almost all cancer types, including brain tumors. It targets several genes with vital roles in cellular pathways involve in proliferation, invasion and metastatic behaviors. Exosomes are 30-100 nm extracellular vesicles which are packed with various molecules, including miRNAs. Here, we suppressed miR-21 expression level in HEK-293T cells by transfecting them with the miRZip-21 vector. However, when U87-MG cells were cultured in the presence of exosomes isolated from conditioned medium of engineered HEK-293T cells derived exosomes, we did not observe any suppressing effect on host cells’ miR-21 expression level. Moreover, by analyzing the effects of miRZip-21-enriched cell’s conditioned media on three other brain cell lines including 1321N1, A-172 and DAOY, cell type-specific effects of exocrine miRZip-21 were revealed. These data suggested that cell lines from different brain tumor subtypes could exert different responses to microRNAbased therapies, based on their cellular origin and clinical behaviors.

One of the aspects of the Holy Quran’s teachings is that they invite man to thinking so that the man’s path to pure life is paved.
Therefore, this paper evaluate some concepts of thinking in the Quran. In the first step, the dimensions of thought are examined under two axes: ‘thinking’ and ‘its accessories’. The research method is analysis and conceptual interpretation.
The result indicates that the subjects of thinking include earthly creatures, sea creatures, the creatures of the sky, creatures common in sky and earth, history of nations, one’s self, divine book and the nature of this world and the hereafter; Moreover, the accessories of the thinking include accompaniment of thinking and knowledge, having the scientific spirit, ability to evaluate and judge, freedom from the bonds of the social habits.
Furthermore, this study reveals that the dimensions of thinking can influence intellectual thinking of the children if the verse attitude to the universe is broadened, obtaining the knowledge from the original sources is provided, and language and self-recognition skills are extended.

The present study aims at investigating the efficiency of educational pack foe relational skills based on Islamic teachings in spouses’ satisfaction. This educational pack includes verbal skills (conversation style, listening, self-expression, resolving conflict) and non-verbal skills (cooperation in house, observing respect, cleanliness and hygiene and sexual relations). The statistical sample consisted of 30 couples (60 subjects) from students in Qom university and students in seminary center in Qom, selected through simple random selection and assigned into the control and experimental groups, each consisting of 15 subjects. The study was of semi-experimental type and pretest-posttest model. The research tool included researcher-made educational pack for relational skills of couples and the short questionnaire of marital satisfaction. The result of the study showed that the educational program for relational skills based on Islamic teachings was effective in improving the management of relationship, improving the harmony in religious issues, educational program for resolving conflicts, financial management, sexual relations, free times, personality issues, family and friends, nurturing children, and marital roles. Finally, we can say the educational pack for relational skills of the couples based on Islamic teachings has had a positive and meaningful effect on the couple’s satisfaction.

Today, cancer is the second leading cause of death, and breast cancer is the most common cancer, among women. The levels of apoptotic factors, such as caspases, decrease in tumor, leading to tumor growth. The present study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise on the regulation of caspase-3 and -9 in breast cancer. After familiarization, 20 BALB/c mice received transplants of estrogen receptor–positive MC4-L2 tumor cell line to develop cancer. The animals were then randomized into two groups: control (n = 10) and exercise (n = 10). The exercise group performed incremental endurance training (at 18-22 m/s, equivalent to 55% to 70% of aerobic capacity in mice) for 6 weeks, 5 days per week, while the control group did not exercise. Tumor volume was measured in on a weekly basis with a digital caliper. At the end of the study, mice were sacrificed, and tumor tissues were removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70°C. Tissue levels of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were measured using ELISA kits (catalogue number: SEA626Mu and E03C0551, respectively). The expression of caspase-3 (p = 0.001) and caspase-9 (p = 0.013), and the ratio of heart weight to body weight (p = 0.001) were significantly greater in the exercise group than in controls. On the other hand, the exercise group had a significantly lower rate of tumor growth (p = 0.001) and tumor weight (p = 0.001) compared with the controls. Aerobic exercise can increase the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and reduce tumor growth rate and tumor weight in breast cancer. Therefore, it can be claimed that exercise training can reduce tumor volume, and thus improve the condition of the mice with cancer, by increasing the levels of apoptotic factors.

The present article examines one of the important challenges in the field of moral education, namely the gap between theory and practice in moral education. The main question of the article is as follows: ‘why do, sometimes, individuals not follow the moral rules in spite of knowing them?’
The research method used in this article is an analytical-inferential one. In other words, the inference method has been used to explain the theory of Allamah Tabataba’i’s credentials from the analytical method, and in concluding and discovering the educational implications of this theory in moral education.
The results of this study show that Allamah’s theory of credentials is a different solution to the relation of opinion and practice in ethics and moral education. This fundamental difference can be seen in the separation between intrinsic goodness and virtual goodness and in proving the priority of validity of incumbency over validity of goodness, as there is no dichotomy between the theory and practice in moral education in this view. This is because human desires play their role alongside real knowledge in creating virtual knowledge, and ultimately this virtual knowledge is generated by the incitement of will and as the main cause of the incitement of will, they form a moral act.
This theory, in the educational dimension, also creates a different conception of the process of education, according to which one must prepare the peripheral and mental ground necessary for creating virtual perception along with presenting and explaining true recognition instead of focusing on reinforcement of will

During the last three decades, we have witnessed a reinforcement of self-awareness and an emergence of political-social movements among the nations of the region, especially the Arab Shiites of the Middle East, with dramatic domestic and foreign consequences. One of them is the movement of the Shiites of Yemen in the form of al-Hawthi movement in the early part of the current century. During the last two decades, both the Yemeni government and the Saudi government have used all means, including military invasion, to eradicate the Zaidi combatants. However, they have not achieved their goal. In contrast, the movement has increased its growth by taking proper tactics and policies, in a way that it has turned into the major and influential player in the internal scene of Yemen and an emergent player in the regional scene. The main question of the present article is as follows: “what are the causes for the movement of the Yemeni Shiites and al-Hawthi movement?” Using Hrair Dekmejian’s theory of periodic movements, we may well explain the six causes for that movement.

Currently, cosmetic surgery is spread around the world. Several factors are involved in this rapidly evolving field such as socio-economic development, changes in cultural norms, globalization and the effects of Western culture, advertising, media, and mental disorders. Nowadays the cosmetic surgery is becoming a profitable business, which deals exclusively with human appearance and less from the perspective of beauty based on physical protests and considering factors such as sex, age, and race. The morality of plastic surgery subspecialty has undergone many moral dilemmas in the past few years. The role of the patient regardless of his unrealistic dreams has questionable ethical dimension. The problem is the loss of human values and replacing them with false values, of pride and glory to a charismatic person of higher status, that may underlie some of the posed ethical dilemmas. Cosmetic surgery has huge difference with the general principle of legal liability in professional orientation, because the objective for cosmetic surgeries is different from common therapeutic purposes. To observe excellence in the medical profession, we should always keep in mind that these service providers, often as a therapist (healer) must maintain a commitment and priority for patient safety and prior to any action, a real apply for this service recipient should be present. Also, patient–physician confidentiality is the cornerstone of medical ethics. In this review, we study the issues addressed and the ways that they can be resolved.

The terminology of knowledge and the possibility of its true definition and analysis are among important and difficult discussions in contemporary epistemology, dealt with here. On the one hand, for the Muslim thinkers, an axiomatic concept does not need any definition, and even its true definition is impossible. On the other hand, one may ask the following questions: How have many of those who regard this concept as axiomatic, philosophically define and analyze “knowledge” in their discussion of the “ontology of science”? And is defining the concept of knowledge consistent with regarding it as axiomatic? To answer, we have presented two solutions and, in the selected solution, we conclude that the ontological view of knowledge is different from an epistemological view of it. Those who have regarded the concept of knowledge as axiomatic, and at the same time, have defined it have attempted to explain the truth of knowledge, acquiring its nature as well as its essential components or requisites. In this way, the inconsistency of “regarding the concept of knowledge as axiomatic” and “regarding its nature as theoretical” is resolved.

In the present article, the effect of value on knowledge has been discussed. This can be challenging in its relationship to “objectivity of knowledge” on the one hand, and in its relationship to the indigenous and/ or religious knowledge. Nevertheless, any progress in this domain is contingent to precisely specifying the meeting points and assumed mutual effect of knowledge and value. The definite question of this article is as follows: “is knowledge value-laden?” The article’s answer to the question has been presented with the following approach: no single prescript can be issued on this subject. It means that the answer would be different from one case to the other, and part of this difference is related to the typology of values.

The main purpose of this research was to study the relationship between physical-mental health and spirituality with self-efficacy in the staff members of a military organization. This study was a correlation research. The population of this study included the staff members of one of the Iranian military organizations. Among these staff, 544 members were selected by using cluster proportional with volume sampling. The instruments were Sheer's Self-efficacy Questionnaire, SF36 Questionnaire and Spirituality Questionnaire (SQ). Result were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regressions by SPSS16 software. The results indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between both physical-mental health and self-efficacy, and also spirituality and self-efficacy (P<0/01). Moreover the results of multiple regressions showed that the prediction variants explain the certified variants meaningfully. Physical-mental health has a more share in predicting and explaining self-efficacy. The results showed that the self-efficacy of military staff can be increased by improving physical-mental health and spirituality.

Whereas one group of researchers think of Islam as inherently political in their investigating the proportion of Islam to politics, the other group thinks of the political reading of Islam as a new phenomenon that has resulted from the contact between Islamic world and the West and modernity. Either has presented many proofs and documents, and so far none of them has succeeded in convincing the other. However, based on the fuzzy logic, which shows that any proposition can be either true or false, it can be said that while facing politics and power, Islam has invariably taken a position given its own position, and in fact the position has been with particular political proportion. On the other hand, although the political Islam has been conceptually unprecedented, it is not disproportionate to Islam. More importantly, by using a fuzzy set, it can be seen that scholars and religious authorities have always been political to some extent during the Occultation, and the avoidance of politics under the title of dissimulation, stopping the enforcement of religious punishments during the Occultation according to some religious scholars’ jurisprudential opinion, or the establishment of the Islamic Government with jurists’ guardianship and their governance over all pillars of power, all constitute the zero and one of our fuzzy set, which have the least membership in the fuzzy set, and most scholars, authorities and Shiite thoughts fall within zero and one.

Some believe that a religious government during the Occultation Era does not have the necessary legitimacy. The proponents of the idea have presented reasons most of which refer to the absence of the twelfth Imam per se and the existence of narrations that have pictured any uprisings or restorative movements as useless, inefficient and even illegitimate. The present study is aimed at indicating that the absence of the twelfth Imam per se may not be a reason for the illegitimacy of the religious government but a religious government can set the stage for the messianic culture. It will also show that despite the existence of narrations that reject the legitimacy of an uprising during the Occultation Era, there are genuine narrations in the narrative reference books that refer to the legitimacy of the movement. By drawing a comparison between the two categories of narrations, it may be concluded that some of those uprisings, including Imam Khomeini’s uprising that led to an Islamic government, were legitimate in case of having the conditions of an uprising.

From the later part of Safawid government on, the Russians would think of annexing the Caucasia to their realm, and their wish was somehow realized through the Golestan treaty. The Russians’ attempt to extend their frontiers to Aras River, the effort of a group of courtiers around Abbas Mirza for retaking the lost regions, and the fruitless negotiations prepared the ground for the second period of Iran-Russia wars. To deactivate the group objecting to the war, the proponents of Abbas Mirza tried to give a religious tint to their actions through the clergy. The Shiite clergy who regarded defending Islam and the Shiite king against the infidels as their duty came to the scene, proclaiming war against the Russians and actively taking part in the battlefields. At first, with the Russians’ being rushed and the dominance of Jihadi spirit, Iranians became victorious temporally. But gradually with the Russians’ marshaling, the outbreak of disagreement between the clergy and Abbas Mirza, and the commanders’ laxity in the battlefield, the Iranian army was defeated in different fronts. With the advance of Russian forces to Tabriz, some of the city’s elites headed by Mir Fatah, the prominent clergyman of the city, who were dissenting Qajar yielded the city to the Russians with no resistance. Using the analytical-historical method, the present article states the role of the clerics in starting the war with Russians, their presence in the battlefield, and their function in yielding Tabriz as well as the related consequences.

The present paper answers the following questions: What readings do the political discourses of Principlism and Reformism present about freedom, how do they differ and why does the scope of freedom in either one of the two perspectives seem different? What is the position of freedom in Imam Khomeini’s political discourse?
In the post‐revolutionary Iran, it was the jurisprudential political discourse that could gain the upper hand in presenting its own interpretation of freedom and was accepted by the majority of people, and after its division into the two political discourses of principlism and reformism, it demonstrated two different readings of the issue of freedom.
The first hypothesis and answer by the present paper is that the division depends on the perspective that each of the camps may have on the concept of republic. The perspective, which gives more color to Islamism and Divine legitimacy in the phrase Islamic Republic, naturally pays more attention to the authority of an appointed ruling jurist; in some way, that perspective considers religion as the cornerstone and freedom as resulting from it, and interprets freedom within the framework of Islamic canon law. Contrarily, the other perspective, which seeks to highlight the republic in the phrase, naturally focuses more on the meaning and concept of freedom and deems freedom fundamental and even it explicates the popularity of the canon law on the basis of freedom.

Power, its distribution, and the quality of government relation with citizens and groups and the amount of their influence on the political decision-making processes are of the most fundamental questions encountering politics researchers. The aim of pluralism in status of a theoretical approach toward politics is specification and measurement of these issues; therefore, it defines politics as the arena of competition for different groups who have access to different sources; as a result, no single group can dominate others completely, and political decisions were seen as the outcomes of balance among forces and an open process. After specifying this approach in association with the democratic thought and the comparison of previous and recent conclusions of it, this article reviews its concrete implications in political order so as to assess the accuracy of its analyses in practice; therefore, in answering to this question that do the available political reality assert the theoretical hypotheses of the pluralist approach, it takes an intermediate status (depending on the kind of conclusion from pluralism).

Against predictions and despite the progressive developments in communication technologies, not only contemporary human societies are not becoming completely homogeneous, but also the identities, different life styles and also ethical and religious minorities which were up to some decades ago in danger of extinction and losing their identities forever, they are raising again using today facilities and technologies and attempt to express their modes of distinction for others and hence, they can preserve their right to protect their traditions and act based on them for themselves. In this arena, the quality of interactions and mutual and just relations between identities, cultures, minorities and majorities with each other is an issue for which different theories are provided, most of which are taken from the liberal culture and their normative dimensions is related to society and culture. The current article attempts to understand this issue that which of these theories have more theoretical possibilities to become operational in multi-cultural societies? In this comparative and critical review of the most significant approaches and theories of cultural variety like liberal, postliberal, relativism, and Communitarianism, it seems that Communitarianism approach may have more theoretical possibilities to become operational in multi-cultural societies. The current research applied the descriptive and analytic method and library resources to answer its question.

The Concept of Soft Power introduced by Joseph Nye in late eighties has comprised most parts of works related to immaterial approach toward power (especially in relation to USA). The significant point is that the exclusive position of this kind of “Nye-Based attitude” which caused other ideas and comments related to explicating quality of soft application of power to be neglected and forgotten though they have high priorities in foreign policy (like the theory of just war, the conclusion of democratic peace, Post- Grameci interpretation of Dominance and so on). This study, based on the explication of software dimension along with the Nye ideas, attempts to emphasize this meaning that along the process of theorizing international relations, Nye’s view is just one of the theories which emphasizes the soft mode of power and we must follow an Ultra-Nye sample.

Definition, as the logicians say, is a mechanism for getting the unknown part in imaginations. For knowing something truly, there is no way except resorting to definition. Now the question is where and when definition can have such a usage. Finding a part of the answer will derive us to discussion about the conditions of definition, some of which are the formal conditions. Among the most important formal conditions of definition are the composition and the way the elements of definition are formulated. However, accepting these conditions necessitates more discussions; this shows the complexity of this discussion and leads us to the fact that definition is not just a logical discussion; rather, it has a philosophical and epistemological identity as well as linguistic dimensions.

Pterygium is a common ocular surface disorder. A number of surgical procedures are used to remove it. The purpose of this study was to compare recurrent, visual acuity and intraocular pressure after pterygium surgery using mitomycin C during and after surgery. In this interventional study, 119 patients with indications for pterygium surgery were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups. In the first group, intraoperative 2% mitomycin C was used for 3 min and in the second group, 2% mitomycin C was given four times a day for 2 weeks The patients were followed up for 15 months after the surgery. The data was collected and analyzed by using SPSS software (version 16), and repeated measurement test at a significance level of 0.05. The mean visual acuity showed no significant difference in intraoperative and postoperative mitomycin (P=0.8). Also, the difference in the mean of intraocular pressure between the two groups was not significant (P=0.3). The use of intraoperative mitomycin-C in pterygium surgery was not correlated with visual acuity and intraocular pressure. It is recommended to use mitomycin C in intraoperative methods due to its fewer problems.

Administrative allocation of water in Iran currently leads to more conflicts and severe water sectoral competition., Since the administrative water allocation is based on the low tariffs and not on market prices particularly in agricultural sector, the real value of water is not considered in the system of national account and monetary circular flow of economy. While water resources are the direct and indirect primary input of many commodities and services in the economy. One of the main strategies of coping with water scarcity is market-based allocation for making the highest value. The aim of this study is to analysis the welfare effect of water-based market allocation in the Iranian economy. According to backward and forward linkage effect of water sector on the economy, in this study the computable general equilibrium modeling has been used. In order to consider the real value of water, this study has been added raw water as the factor of production in the social accounting matrix. The results show that the creation of water market under water scarcity condition tended to respectively decreases and increases in the welfare of urban and rural households. Furthermore, the top deciles of rural household’s welfare have been increased in comparison to the lower deciles, which indicate the larger share of ownership of lands with water rights in the higher deciles.

The prevalence and incidence of cancer in different parts of the world have different patterns. Known of The frequency of malignancies in different social groups according to climatic conditions is considered as the primary component of prevention programs at different levels. This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology، survival rates and geographical epidemiology of breast cancer in Markazi province.

In this epidemiological study، needed data were obtained from cancer registration program and death registration data. The data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 16 and Winpepi and significant level was 0. 05. And to draw a map to show the breast cancer incidence rate in Markazi district، Arc view software was used.

Out of the 400 cases recorded during the 5-year، 8. 5% died due to breast cancer. 5-year survival rate was 87 percent and a there was a significant correlation between survival rate and age. Most records related to the age group 49-40 years and the highest incidence rate was in Arak. The trends of incidence rate was not significant.

The results showed that 5-year breast cancer survival rate is more than some other places which could be due to new and improved methods of treatment and methods of screening and early detection of disease. Other aspects of the epidemiology of the disease is similar to other parts of Iran.

Divorce، unwanted pregnancies، and unsuccessful marriages create mental، emotional، physical، and financial problems for individuals، families، and ultimately the community. Premarital education and counseling is one of the most effective ways for the prevention of such problems. The purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate the effectiveness of a premarital educational program by using the TRA (Theory of Reasoned Action). Four hundred couples who attended premarital education and counseling classes voluntarily participated in this descriptive and analytical study. Variables such as attitude، subjective norms، and intention، were collected by using a validated questionnaire based on the TRA components. The questionnaire was filled out before and after the educational classes. The mean age of the couples was 23. 16 ± 5. 64 years old. Statistically significant differences were found in knowledge، attitude، and subjective norms before and after participation in the classes (p value < 0. 001). However، in terms of the couples’ intention of following the recommendations، no statistically significant difference was observed between the values before and after the classes (p value > 0. 05). Although the mean knowledge and attitude of the couples under study increased after the classes، the increase was not high and only 20% of the couples gained acceptable knowledge. The effectiveness of such classes in the current manner is very low. Application of appropriate educational methods and media-based models and theories is highly recommended.