modeling

Model-based reasoning, such as causal reasoning, is one of the most important cognitive skills in science education, although model-based teaching, especially computer models, have a positive effect on reasoning, but model understanding can also affect its application and usefulness. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between students' models' understanding and the level of causal reasoning skills. This relationship was investigated when performing bifocal modeling with the subject of mechanics. A sample of 85 secondary high school students in Ahvaz was selected, and were asked to answer four questions related to mechanic descriptively during modeling and write their reasoning. Codes were first defined and answers were scored based on the codes. After modeling, the students answered the model understanding questionnaire and based on that, with the cluster analysis, they were classified into two categories: "model ideal understanding" and "model raw understanding". The findings showed that the students who had a good understanding of the model and the modeling process, except in the reasoning identifying the elements, which all performed similarly, were more successful in other dimensions of causal reasoning than the students who had a raw model understanding  Researchers have found that paying more attention to scientific modeling in official curricula, informing teachers about the models' nature, and encouraging them to teach based on models in the classroom are effective in improving students' models' understanding, and it strengthens thinking, including scientific reasoning.

The value of each method and its efficiency, determines the actual implementation and applicability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the "conceptual modeling method of Islamic texts". For this purpose, all the steps of this method were performed on a full model sample. To conduct this research, which is qualitative in nature, the techniques of each stage of the conceptual modeling method of Islamic texts (Nouralizadeh, 2018) was used. Using qualitative data analysis software (ATLAS.ti) on the accuracy of analysis and modeling, as well as Delphi method is added to the valid results.Using this method, which has a systematic process consisting of four stages, in the first stage, five structures were conceptualized from Islamic texts, and then the communication networks between them were developed as possible models. In the second stage, it was formulated. In the third stage, the model was validated and finally in the fourth stage, it was explained and interpreted. Successful implementation of this method at the highest level of full modeling showed its applicability and efficiency. Accurate reporting of all steps and validation of the results based on the validity criteria of correct understanding of Islamic texts and validity measures of the model structure as well as qualitative validation methods, showed the trustworthiness as well as the validity and credibility of the research. As a result, this method can be used in complex research of conceptual modeling of Islamic texts and add to the effectiveness of Islamic psychology research.

The development of the career path is a topic that has been widely studied in the scientific texts of psychology and has been mentioned in the theories related to occupational psychology. Also, several studies have been conducted on the developmentof children's career paths, but no specific research was found that provided a model for the developmentof children's career paths.

The current research was conducted with the aim of modeling the development of children's career path based on a grounded theory study.

The current research was carried out with a qualitative approach, on a grounded theory method is of the emergent type. The statistical population of the research included all specialists related to the subject of the research who had a scientific background and related experience, and 18 of them participated in this research using theoretical sampling. Also, in order to collect data, semi-structured in-depth interview method was used. The interviews continued until reaching the saturation of the categories and forming the essence of the basic domain. At the same time as the interviews, data analysis was performed and validated with the emergent method including substantive coding (including open and selective coding) and theory using ATLAS.ti8 software.

In the data analysis, 306 non-repeated codes, 29 fundamental codes and finally 9 categories and 3 theoretical codes emerged. According to the participants in the research, in general, the Developmentof children's career path is formed as a path from adaptation to adaptability and includes factors, process and competencies.

According to the findings, it seems that the development of children's career path is a complex and continuous process that is influenced by several factors, including family background, gender, culture, school experiences, and personal interests and abilities. Therefore, to effectively guide and support the development of children's career paths, a holistic approach that includes various components is necessary.

This study examined the Modeling relationships between teacher emotions, psychological capital and job-related affective well-being in teachers. In this correlational study, 381 teachers (223 female and 158 male) who were selected through available sampling from 1 and 6 education districts of Tehran, responded the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ), the Teacher Emotion Inventory (TEI) and the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS). Structural equation modeling was used to assess the mediating effects model of psychological capital on the relationship between teacher emotions with teachers’ job-related affective well-being. Results showed that the partially mediated model of psychological capital on the relationship between teacher emotions with teachers’ job-related affective well-being had a good fit to data. Furthermore, all of the regression weights in the hypothesized model were statistically significant and model' predictors accounted for 54% and 49% of the variance in teachers’ positive and negative job-related affective well-being, respectively. In sum, the results of the present study consistent with the conceptual approaches of the control-value theory of achievement emotions and the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions showed that teachers' emotional experiences as a rich source of information by influencing or reinforcing the multiple components that shape their psychological capital were effective in shaping teachers' well-being and teachers' achievement-oriented efforts.

The present study aimed to model factors affecting the successful transition of students from university to work. The research was descriptive with structural equation modeling of path analysis type. Its statistical population was all Final semester undergraduate students of Isfahan University in 1402 and based on the"Kline" formula, a sample of 471 people were selected by convenience sampling method. The data collection tools were researcher-made questionnaires of successful transition and effective factors on transition, derived from the research components of the researchers' grounded theory. The findings showed that the structural model had a good fit. Fundamental skills, adaptability, resilience, hope, optimism, networking behavior directly and geographical location ,the balance of supply and demand of field and job through optimism, and fundamental skills indirectly through resilience had a significant positive effect on successful transition(p<0/05). Therefore, in line with the assumption of postmodern approaches in career counseling, "person" and relation with " context" is important in a successful transition from university to work. in order to prepare students for this type of transition, pay attention to "person" and " context" and relation between them is require

The purpose of this study was to investigate the multiple relationships between religiosity,self-efficacy,meaning of life,perceived social support and psychological well-being and to provide a model for predicting psychological well-being by religiosity,self-efficacy,meaning of life and perceived social support.In this study,the mediating role of self-efficacy,meaning of life,perceived social support in the relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being was investigated.The research method is descriptive and the research design is Correlation of path analysis type.The sample consisted of 446 students studying at the Islamic Azad University of Qom in the academic year of 2017-2018 who were selected by stratified random sampling.Data were collected using the religiosity questionnaire,general self-efficacy,meaning of life, psychological well-being,and the Perceived social support.Descriptive statistics, correlation matrix and path analysis were used for data analysis.Findings showed that A)The path of the effect of religiosity on self-efficacy and meaning of life is positive and significant, but the path of religiosity and perceived social support is not significant.The paths between self-efficacy and psychological well-being, the meaning of life and psychological well-being, perceived social support and psychological well-being are also positive and significant. B)perceived Social support directly has a significant effect on psychological well-being. But religiosity indirectly affects psychological well-being through mediating variables of self-efficacy and meaning of life. Therefore, self-efficacy and the meaning of life can be considered as appropriate mediating variables in the relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being. Also in this study, 51% of the changes in psychological well-being are explained by religiosity, perceived social support, meaning of life and self-efficacy

Cognitive diagnostic assessment has been introduced as a new issue in educational measurement. In this approach, more information was examined about how people learn and master cognitive attributes in school. There are several data modeling issues in cognitive diagnostic assessment due to differences with another statistical modeling.

In the present study, science data of grade eight in TIMSS was analyzed by cognitive diagnostic assessment, as an empirical example, and the problems were entitled as modeling challenges. Each challenge has been explained in order to highlight differences from the usual statistical modeling.

The challenges included; unidimensionality versus multidimensionality, number of attributes, correlation between attributes, number of items in each attribute, operationalization of attribute, reliability of attribute, validity, item parameters, fit of the model, identification and specification, convergence, and complex sampling.

Each topic was discussed in the context of modeling TIMSS data in a science course and the experience of solving these challenges was shared.

The aim of this study was to develop a model of structural equations to measure the direct and indirect relationship of wisdom based on Components of academic experiences through the mediation of components of Cognitive flexibility between the students of the University of Tehran. The method of current research is in the scope of descriptive-correlational design and the analysis method is structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study is included of all male and female postgraduate and doctoral students at the University of Tehran in 2009-2010 who were selected as the sample of the study. The sample size was 357 based on the minimum required subjects for the obvious variables in the model. The sampling method was random multi-stage cluster analysis. In order to collect data and measure research variables, Schmidt et al. (2012) Wisdom, Pace and Kouveh (2002) and Dennis and Vanderwall (2010) cognitive flexibility questionnaires were used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-23 and AMOS-22 software. The research model was evaluated using the fitting indices of the structural equation model and the path analysis technique. Examination of correlation coefficients showed that academic experiences is able to directly predict wisdom and has a direct and significant effect. Determining the significance of the indirect effect also indicates that the Cognitive flexibility have a mediating role and its mediation share between the variables has been completely positive and significant., it can be concluded that the data to have a good fit with the research model

Skilled players, especially in team sports, are characterized by making relevant and quick decisions in an active, time-limited environment. It has been stated that adaptations for skilled people are created due to exercise that facilitates effective sports prediction and decision making. Many decisions are made based on the perception-action cycle, as well as functional constraints. Training methods in decision-making must move in a direction that is ultimately effective in the dynamic conditions of competition. The research focused on predicting and perceiving decision-making increases, given the importance of skillful performance in sports. Various intervention programs have been proposed to improve the quality and accuracy of athletes' decision-making. Overall, the findings in evaluating the effectiveness of decision-making training interventions show that these exercises improve players' tactical skills. Educators attempt to provide information to the learner through descriptions, verbal instructions, and modeling. They are always looking for ways to convey this information in the best possible way. The instructions contain general information about the fundamental aspects of the skill that instructors usually use verbally. Also, the modeling method is one of the most influential and sustainable types of learning done through observation. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of verbal instructional (VI), VI + modeling, and VI + implementation methods on female basketball players' decision-making speed and accuracy.

For this purpose, 36 female basketball players present in Iranian Basketball Premier League competitions with an average age (24.49±1.7) years participated in the present study and were divided into three groups (each group=12) based on the scores of the speed and accuracy decision-making pre-test. The pre-test phase consisted of 15 slides showing different arrangements of offensive and defenders. Each slide was photographed from the offense player's point of view, containing a correct answer (dribble, shot, or pass). The correct decision for each slide was determined and approved by the national team coaches before data collection. The slides were displayed on a laptop equipped with accuracy and decision speed measuring software. Scores were based on the accuracy (maximum correct answer) and speed (minimum response time) of the participants' decision-making in choosing the answer. The training phase lasted for three sessions of 15 minutes. At this stage, group 1 was given only verbal instructions, group 2 was given verbal instructions with 15 slides, and group 3 was given verbal instructions with performances on the field. A retention test was taken at the end of the last training session, post-test, and after 24 hours. In all tests, no feedback on the correctness or incorrectness of the decision accuracy was observed. However, after each trial, this feedback was provided to the players in the training phase. It should be noted that the team coach was present with the researcher in all stages of training.

One-way ANOVA test was used to examine the differences between the groups in the pre-test of accuracy and speed of decision making. The results revealed no significant difference between the groups in none of the variables of accuracy (P=0.981) and accuracy (P=0.7). The results of 3 (group)* 3 (test) mixed analysis of variance in each of the variables of speed and accuracy decision-making showed that the accuracy in the groups of VI + modeling and VI + implementation increased from pre-test to retention (P<0.05) and the accuracy of VI + implementation group in post-test and retention was higher than the VI group (P<0.05).  Although all groups showed an increase in speed in decision speed no difference was observed between the groups (P<0.05).
Table 2. descriptive statistics from variables

Skilled players have the ability to receive the essential information from dynamic patterns during the game. The terms of the VI and the VI + modeling seem to impose restrictions on the use of related environmental cues and peripheral visibility in comparison with the terms of the VI + implementation. According to the theory of dynamic ecology, the most relevant informational constraints for decision-making and controlling action in dynamic environments are those that emerge during ongoing performer-environment interactions. Many team tactics may not be stated in verbal reports. There is an interdependence between perception and action that is different from word and action. Through physical training, players are perceptually synchronized with other players and regulate their actions by refining the behaviors of other teammates. According to dynamic ecological systems, the essential information for decision-making in dynamic environments is obtained during direct interaction between the individual and the environment, and previously stored information does not play an essential role in this regard. Restricting skilled players to explicit learning affects their potential perceptual-motor abilities gained through experience. Therefore, coaches are advised to use the implementation method instead of instructions and modeling to teach tactics.

Sense of place-identity as an infrastructure of individual identity, plays an important role in the cognitive relationship between man and his place of residence. Therefore, improving residents’ place-identity in residential neighborhoods improves the quality of residence, also enriches individual personality. However, the social and semantic bonds have a significant role in the formation of place-identity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between social and semantic bonds of residents with a sense of place-identity in residential neighborhoods.

The method is correlation and modeling. The statistical population consisted of residents of the Sepah neighborhood of Qazvin in the winter of 2021.The sample was 280 residents of the Sepah neighborhood selected by cluster random sampling and a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among them. After confirming its reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha and its validity through exploratory factor analysis, the experimental model was obtained through path analysis.

The results showed that place-identity dimensions in Sepah contain identification, environmental fit and alienation. Among the social and semantic bonds, social-cultural adaptation including neighborhood relationships, compatibility with customs and lifestyle adaption has the greatest direct effect on the environmental fit in place-identity formation (P<0/01).

According to the results, place-identity in Sepah is often due to the common sense that has been formed among residents through membership in a social category; therefore, to improve the sense of place-identity, it is necessary to consider socio-cultural adaptation variables.

The present study was conducted with the aim of developing a local model of soft power based on the psycho-cultural components of Basij1. This is an applied research work, and with regard to identity and method, it is descriptive-survey and qualitative. The statistical population included experts, thinkers, university professors, researchers, policy makers and commanders in the fields of culture, soft power and soft war (General Staff of the Armed Forces, Basij and IRGC). From among them, a group of 50 were purposefully selected. The collected data were analyzed using PLS and SPSS software by structural equation modeling. The results show that all the three dimensions of the components including 1) beliefs, 2) values ​​and norms and 3) behaviors and symbols have been effective in developing the model of the cultural soft power of Basij. The order of the influence of the dimensions of the cultural soft power of Basij show that the component beliefs has the most points. The component ‘welayet orientedness’ with a score of 0.780 and the index ‘belief in the Hereafter (Resurrection)’ with a score of 0.995 have the highest scores and hold the first rank. The variable ‘beliefs’ directly and the two variables ‘values ​​and norms’ and ‘behaviors and symbols’ indirectly and through the variable ‘beliefs’ are involved in explaining the psycho-cultural soft power of Basij. Paying attention to the psycho-cultural components of this model is of great importance in the field of soft power-based effectiveness.

Today, education experts believe that education is not a cross-sectional, but a lifelong one. We must break the rule that only the classroom is suitable for education and training. One of these training is adult training. Implementing adult education programs requires an appropriate model. Due to the lack of a native model of adult education in line with the culture of the community, the main purpose of the present research was to design and validate a model for assessing adult education in counseling and rehabilitation centers.
The present research method was qualitative, and purposive and snowball sampling method was used for it. Initially, semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts from counseling and rehabilitation centers, which continued until the saturation point (12 people). Data obtained from the interviews were analyzed by theme analysis method using N-Vivo 10 software. The fuzzy Delphi technique was used for qualitative validation and consensus among experts to make the identified components and indicators. After the fuzzy Delphi stage, a list of identified dimensions, components, and indicators was made available to several university professors and Ph.D. students who specialized in the field of adult education. They made corrections to the correctness and appropriateness of the selected equivalents and terms. The dimensions, components, and indicators of the Adult Education Assessment Model were ensured.
 
Based on the results, the final model for assessing adult education in counseling and rehabilitation centers was designed, which includes 6 dimensions (including group orientation, motivation, budget, attention to limitations, accuracy in training and fitness), 10 components, and 48 indicators.
 
Paying attention to adult education and managing the educating of this group, is one the features of one developed society. The researches have shown that there is a difference between the learning methods of adults and children. Also, adult education couldn’t use the techniques used in teaching for children, so it was necessary to focus more on practical models instead of theoritical models. Counseling and rehabilitation centers should consider the underlying, environmental, and causal factors resulting from the present study.

Nowadays, educational management deals with many issues such as the future and its prospects, organizational changes and emerging businesses that require serious attention from management scholars and experts. Paying attention to the element of futures and futurism in educational management studies, in todaychr('39')s business world and its rapid changes, will greatly contribute to the dynamics and development of educational management that has been overlooked so far.

The future of educational management studies was modeled by scenario modeling and global business networking model.

The research was qualitative. The statistical population of the study consisted of educational management thinkers and experts who simultaneously had expertise and experience in future research studies and scenario modeling. The research tool in this study was semi-structured interviews to prioritize effective proponents of future educational management studies. Data analysis was performed using Friedman test and hierarchical analysis.

The future of educational management studies were influenced by two main proponents of "mass media" and "cultural identity" (p= 0/027).

Interaction of mass media and cultural identity constituted the four "evolutionary", "media", "cultural" and "alienation" scenarios, each of which represented a specific situation of the future of educational management studies.

Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of verbal instructions and observational training separately, howevere, the simultaneous effect of these two variables on motor performance in autistic children is unclear yet.

to determine two type of verbal instruction to effect and form of movement during observing the model on overarm throwing in autism children.

This study was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of the study was all autistic children of Nik Andishan Center of Sari (68 persons). 24 children aged 7-10 years were selected as the sample and randomly divided into two groups of pattern-focusing on pattern of movement and pattern-focusing on effects. Movements were affected. Exercises (according to al-Abboud et al., 2002) in both groups included observing 10 skillful throwing models over the shoulder, with each group receiving prior instruction of its own. Before and after the interventions, motor performance of both groups was evaluated by the shoulder throwing test (Chivoyakovsky et al., 2008) and analyzed by paired t-test, ANOVA.

both groups showed a significant increase from the pre-test to post-test in the performance of overarm throwing (p≤0/05). In the post-test, the modeling-focus on movement effects group compared to the modeling-focus on movement forms group had significantly higher performance (p≤0/05).

Providing verbal instructions to movement effects of observed model improve the motor performance in children with autism spectrum disorder.

The main purpose of this research is to design and provide a model for relationship with In-Lows based on attachment styles, personality characteristics and emotional intelligence with intermediation religious commitment.

The method of this research was correlation based on structural relationships (ESM). The statistical population of the study consisted of all couples aged 20-45 years old in Qom, among whom 500 were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data collection tools, questionnaire, system-triangular (Cheraghi, 1393), attachment styles scale (Collins and Reid, 1996), neo personality questionnaire (Costa and McCrae, 1992), Bar- It, 2000) and the Religious Adherence Scale (Jangbzorghi, 2009), whose validity and reliability were confirmed by researchers and professors.

The results showed that the relationship model relationship with In-Lows is based on attachment styles, personality traits and emotional intelligence with mediation of religious adherence has a favorable fit, and attachment styles variables, personality traits and emotional intelligence can be mediated by religious adherence can be predict the relationship with In-Lows. In addition, the findings of correlation between the research variables (attachment styles, emotional intelligence, personality traits and religious adherence) with relation with In-Lows showed that these variables have a significant relationship with In-Lows.

The results of the research support the belief that Religious commitment affects the interpersonal relationships of couples in relationship with In-Lows. So, changing the way they change the couples' communication patterns relationship with In-Lows.

The purpose of this study was to present a comprehensive model of factors affecting successful marriage based on previous Iranian research. The research method in this study was cross-sectional and the statistical population consisted of all internal researches related to the subject from 87 to 97. Systematic searches of Google Scholar databases, Normgs, Mag Iran, Academic Jihad Information Center, Comprehensive Humanities Portal, Irandak. is identified. The results showed that the causal conditions of successful marriage included: harmony in progress and companionship in life; wide-ranging intervention conditions: individuality and respect for each other, conscientiousness and commitment of the couples; Positive, cognitive marriage, well-being and well-being, and maturity and mental health; Proper marriage interactions include: Conflict resolution skills and couples' cohesion, ultimately leading to emotional, social, and sexual mutual satisfaction; Experts endorsed the kappa index of 0.66. The results of this study can be used as a basis for education and counseling before marriage to family counselors and psychologists.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of self-modeling, skilled model and novice model on the activity of mirror neurons.

The current research was a semi-experimental study with an intergroup design. Twenty-one male students (mean age: 19.16 years) in three experimental conditions: 1. self-modeling, 2. skilled model observation, and 3. novice model observation attended in the study. The task of interest was a golf putting task. After providing pre-training considerations, instructions, and initial training in putting skill with emphasis on important stages and tips, the volunteers performed 10 golf putts and their performance was used for providing video tapes for display during recording of brain electrical waves. The second stage was to record the brain electrical waves by observing three types of models. In this recording, 10 10-second videos of golf putting were watched. The operation was repeated three times in the form of counterbalance: within-participant order; 1. by viewing their performance filmed in the previous stage, 2. by viewing skilled model performances (skilled golfer) and 3. by viewing novice model performances (beginning golfers in putting task). To measure the mu rhythm suppression, ratios of the mu rhythm power during the observed conditions relative to the power over the baseline condition at C3, C4 and CZ scalp locations were used.

Two-way within-subject analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the mu rhythm suppression was significantly different among experimental conditions. The results of paired comparisons also indicated that in, self-modeling, suppression of mu rhythm was significantly higher than the other two conditions.

Some of the findings indicate that due to the discrepancy between the ability to perform movement with the observed model execution, the activity of the mirror neurons was lower in the skilled and novice models. The cause of greater mirror neurons activity in self-modeling conditions was also discussed in terms of the Bandura’s cognidoi. org/10.30699/icss.21.2.132 tive-social theory and model-observer similarity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of metacognitive strategies and observation of skilled model on learning of soccer chip task. The present study was carried out by means of semi-experimental research design. Forty two students, aged 11-13 years old, in region 2th of Tehran, participated in this study. They were divided in 3 groups (control group, observation of skilled model, and observation of skilled model with metacognitive activities). Metacognition group had to complete a semi-structured written interview that prompting them to activate their high-order thinking, before and then of acquisition blocks. An experimental intervention study in of soccer chip shot was conducted with pre-, post-,  retention and transfer tests. Repeated measures analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences between groups. The result revealed that metacognitive strategies prompting had significant influence on students’ performance.