جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تفرج » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Environmental assessment of land as a basic study of land use planning is essential for achieving sustainable development goals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecological potential of Tajyar Dam Basin for agricultural and range management and centralized outing and extensive outing applications using the Boolean method.

The main criteria used in this study are: soil maps, lithology, topography, climate, vegetation, water and land use. Information layers are aligned and analysis of Tajyar Dam Basin in East Azarbaijan province was carried out by using the Boolean method and AND logic and digitizing information in the GIS. The Boolean model shows a place-of-interest relation based on conditional operators as zero or one.

The findings indicate that the areas with agricultural capacity are 6958 hectares and non-usable areas are 3701 hectares of the total area of the study area. In the case of a central recreational resort, the areas with central recreation capacity are 4851 hectares and 5793 hectares of the area are not capable and finally in extensive outing application, the areas with extensive outing capacity are 4612 hectares and non-usable areas are 6042 hectares of the total area.

 Considering that nearly 40% of the region has potential for recreational use and more than 50% of the area has potential for agricultural use, therefore, in this basin, high ecological power is observed for these applications.

Paying attention to the landscape values will increase the credibility and value of its walking tracks. Regarding the importance of walking tracks in creating the sense of tranquility, security, and beauty for human beings, it is essential to preserve and improve the scenic beauty and quality of these routes. Recognition of effective criteria on landscape values is one of the important factors in tourist attraction that might lead to economic development of the region. Ziarat watershed basin with its beautiful landscapes is one of the most famous tourist destinations of Golestan province. The purpose of this study is to determine the most important criteria for selecting and prioritizing the routes which has been done using a questionnaire survey and principle components analysis method. The questionnaire was distributed among 388 visitors of the study area and the results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that among 22 surveyed criteria in this study, 6 criteria including route length, diversity of vegetation density, cleanliness, texture diversity, directional signs and shape of the route (direct trails or complex trails) are more important criteria for visitors. The results of this research could be used to improve the route landscapes and their quality, attract more tourists, and provide a framework for selecting and classifying the routes.

Studying the spatial pattern in plant communities is necessary for understanding the many issues in forest ecology and management. The purpose of this study is investigating the effect of recreation on Spatial patterns of trees in Zagros oak forests. Sampling methods were fixedarea plots and T-square methods. In each region, there are 40 sample plots and 40 sampling points were taken to measure the distances in the distance method in each region. To quantify and analyze the distribution patterns in the sample method, Green, Morissita and Standardized Morisita indicators were used and The Hopkins, Eberhardt, Heinz, C, Johnson and Zimmer indicators were used in the distance methods. C, Hopkins and Heinz indicators showed a clumped pattern in the area. But the Johnson Zaimer and Eberhart indicators showed a regular pattern in the control area. The results showed that among the Sample plot indicators the Morissita and Morissita standardized indicators expressed a clumped pattern in the recreational and the control area, and the Green indicator showed a regular pattern in the recreational area and the control area. The values obtained from the distance indicators showed that the degradation in the recreational area caused a change in the spatial pattern and the spatial pattern in the recreational area was changing so that most indicators in this area showed a regular pattern. Among the distance indicators used, C and Hines indicators and among the sample method, the Green indicator showed these differences well and the species of the two regions were identified suitable to describe the spatial pattern.

Recreation use assessment is considered as an important tool for sustainable tourism development and also ecotourism management development causes local economic growth and biodiversity conservation‎.The main objective of this study is to identify and prioritize the potential ecotourism site in Hassanabad forest park.

Analysis system Makhdoom and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with Geographic Information System (GIS) was used.
In AHP method after identification effective factors on recreational potential, a matrix is formed and factors were compared by the experts in the form of questionnaire. Next factors were weighed and ranked the regions for recreational potential. In Makhdoom method after identifying ecological sources, the data were collected and analyzed to ecological homogenous units. Finally the map of final resorting capacity was provided by comparing ecological traits of each unit with Makhdoom tourism ecological model. Eventually maps obtained by the two methods in GIS were overlapped.

Results of AHP model showed that the total area of the park (434/6 ha) has recreational potential of medium to high class. This area has no zone with very low recreational potential. In makhdoom method, this area includes all of recreational classes except concentrated recreational potential zone of first class.  

In both methods, the recreational potential classes have 50% overlapping. Since after applying two methods, the park has no inappropriate zones for tourism, this area is suitable for the development of ecotourism plans.

Ecotourism is an undeniable fact of modern life, which can have positive and negative effects on the environment. Today, parks and protected areas are hub for recreational activities, and despite the limitations that are applied on these activities, tracks, trails, roads, lookouts, fixed campsites and other types of accommodation generate negative impacts on the environment. Ecotourism have often direct impacts on soil, vegetation, wildlife, water resources, air quality, noise, social and economic aspects, land use change and land cover. According to the needs of human to nature and tourism and the undesirable effects of over-exploitation on the environment, tourism environmental impact assessment is necessary for protected areas. This study aimed to assess the environmental impacts of tourism development in protected areas. We can say that, tourism and visit of the pristine and protected areas, without attention to the ecological carrying capacity, can cause soil compaction and erosion, loss of vegetation, wildlife disturbance and so on. Eventually this process, leads to reduce the conservation values, and satisfaction of the tourists demands. Hence, tourism in protected areas is both a threat and an opportunity to the long-term conservation of the species and areas.  

It is essential that the urban spaces to be organized, within the framework of the several functions specifically in such a direction that to give an appropriate response to humans’ physical, material, and intellectual need. Nowadays, human having recognized the importance and the place of the green spaces and public recreation and promenade in their day to day life and its various applications among the structure of accumulated human settlements, forced them to consider and put forward their efforts for the keeping and regenerating the existing resources in their policies and planning agendas. Our large cities in our country, especially the metro city of Tehran are standing in a far distance from the necessary size and number of the social spaces, particularly in the field of the recreation promenade areas. Therefore, the policy of developments of green and recreation-promenade spaces in the marginalized and close distance and within the interaction of the cities are more welcomed. One of the very attracting areas in city of Tehran is Lavizan forest park, located at the north-east of Tehran, situated in a direct and constructive interaction with the city and as the city green belt has held specific terms and regulations. This study aimed to investigate the perspective and Ecological aspects of Forest Park Lavizan in Tehran and the opportunities and leading it to the library study and field of work. At first according to the maps, the location of the area where the park is located, was evaluated in terms of environmental issues. Then pros and cons of Lavizan park discussed. Finally park supposed as a patch and limitation of recreations an ecological subjects with ways to deal analyzed. The results of this research shows the main importance of forest parks and also appropriate approaches for develop this kind of parks. For deficiencies in term of ecological and recreation topics, some techniques such as paying attention to patch’s connection, planting suitable plants and… specified.

Development of tourism in preserved areas has many advantages both for the management of the related areas and tourists. Therefore, determining suitable areas for development of tourism in preserved areas and forest parks is highly important for sustainable exploitation of natural resources. The present study aims to evaluate the potential for ecotourism in Morineh forest promenade in Lorestan province by using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS).
First, the most important and effective criteria and sub-criteria for evaluating the potential for recreation in the study area were determined. Then, by using Delphi method, some questionnaires were designed and distributed among the related experts. The weight of criterion in each questionnaire was calculated and the average weights were estimated. In the next step, the final weight for each criterion and sub-criterion was calculated. Then, the required maps for the evaluation were provided in GIS environment. Finally, with the help of Weighted Linear Combination technique, the final potential map for the ecotourism development in the region was provided.
The results shows that 21.04% of the study area has a high potential and 22.52% has a good potential for ecotourism. In addition, 28.7% has an average potential and 27.72% has a weak potential for ecotourism purposes.
Obtaining the detailed information about the importance of Morineh forest park will lead to a higher WTP for the conservation of this ecosystem.

With increasing of human populations using forest areas for recreation is increasing, which have impact on birds. Information about the impact of recreation on wildlife within national parks and reserves can be useful for the management of natural areas. This study delineated the effects of recreation activities on birds in the Fandoghlo forest. Indices of species diversity, density and participation birds with environment variables using spot sampling and ordination method was studied, then birds and environment variables to the radial distance of 25 m from each of the 90 sampling points were analyzed. To determine the density of birds and participation birds with environment, variables in three different treatments of the forest, spot sampling and increasing analysis methods were utilized. Data analysis showed in recreation areas the pedestrian density affect diversity of birds.

Due to the different factors and complexity of their effects on health and sustainability of urban forest, this study has been tried to determine the effective factors in ecosystem health by dividing Sorkhe Hesar man made forest park to homogeneous units according to natural factors (slope, aspect, high, soil depth) and human factors (amount of irrigation and outdoor recreation intensity). Conifers quality including Pinus eldarica, Cupressus arizonica and Cupressus sempervirens were studied. Evaluation criteria of homogeneous units were height, basal area, crown diameter, crown simultaneity, vitality, herbal layer density and canopy density. In order to study visitor Impact on soil compactness, soil block density and porosity were measured in both 0-15 and 15-30 depth of soil. Analyses of results showed complexity of factors have been affected on site health and sustainability, while slope and soil depth are the most important limiting factors. In fact with decreasing soil depth and increasing slope above 15 percent, to intensive recreation usage, would disropt ecosystem intensely. Also, researches showed that in the similar condition Cupressus sempervirens is more sustainable than Pinus eldarica and Cupressus arizonica.

Aimes and This study introduces the parameters and methods of the construction of open joy lands in Yazd Province. During the present project، for the identification of the climatic factors and their impact on the people in open places، the basic pattern of the project was constructed and the effect and decrease of these climatic factors was noted. The data of the functioning of open joy lands and their relation with the green areas was estimated according to the viewpoints of the Yazdian citizens. The results have shown that the covered joy lands have a great impact on the climatic changes and the people and the presence of water in such areas is of great interest for the people (40% of the views). The areas of interest of the people were abundance of water، shady trees، and sloppy regions of the northern mountains. The other thing of interest for the yazdian citizens was the presence of classical pathways covered with stone tiles or bricks، connected with the green land area (for the least absorption of sun rays). Another parameter was the miniaturization or creation of a natural climate via the growth of different plants to minimize the sun rays absorption. The present results show that open joy lands should be constructed in such a way that they should have green areas and artificial sloppy regions، like those of northern areas، with different kinds of shady trees using different techniques of sowing to create a miniaturized climate.

In this study, the impact of land use change of forest areas to forest parks on species diversity indices in Chaghasabz Park (Ilam city) has been investigated. For this purpose, three regions in 30-hectare areas were considered, including the area, without, medium and intensive recreation. The field data were obtained using 20 sample plots with each plot covering an area of 400 m2 in a systematic random design (150 m×100 m) in each region. In order to record the herbaceous species, cover percentage for each herbaceous species was recorded in four micro-plots (1.5 m× 1.5 m) that were defined with Domin criterion. In order to evaluate plant diversity, biodiversity indices e.g. Shannon and Simpson and Maguran richness indices were computed. Also, for studying the comparison between the averages of plant diversity indices, Dunken analysis was used. The results showed that in areas without, average and intensive recreation, there were 29, 45 and 21 species respectively. Therophytes were dominant vegetative forms in all three areas. Asperula odorata, Centaurea irritans Wagentz. Marrabium vulgare L., Phlomis olivieri Benth. and Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass were not observed in intensive recreation region. The least shannon and Simpson diversity and richness indices were observed in intensive recreation region, but on the contrary, evenness index was substantial in intensive recreation. We concluded that intense increase of recreation in forest region might cause a loss species diversity.

The aim of the study is land scape green urban park survey as a citizen park. So recreation, rehabilitation and reconstruction, optimize the applicable surrounding areas, so the developing, equipment and improvement of spaces and centers was considered in the region 22 in Tehran. So according to this study, developing and improvement of spaces and appropriate and efficient centers meet different needs of citizens. Ecological conditions of this park prepare needs of citizens in green space. The region 22 in Tehran is one of new established area and the first place have had plans and designs for residency of people, so: Rabbit Valley Park selected for this survey. This research is descriptive study based on collecting and data analyses. In order to understand needs of citizens in park, one questionnaire distributed amongst visitors. The questions were including numbers of visits of park, needs of services, needs of pleasures and so on. Then according to the gathered data, analysis of the data, charts and bars histograms is done by Excel and SPSS programs. The According to the found suggestions were as bellows: management of park should have plan and planning, recreation and reengineering in park is necessary, condition of the park due to the possibilities and limitations of the park should be repaired, creating a center for recreation and entertainment should establish, the space of park should increase, the park should develop, sports and games sights should be implemented inside the park. Access to sanitation should be equiped for people. Lights should be prepared in the direction the park., park should be prepared by relaxation and pollution should be reduces and sounds, audio-visual should be prepared in the park.

According to daily increasing request of people for promenades and recreational centers, social and economic analysis and full review of people requirements is a key factor in providing required facilities. In this study, Zonal Travel Costs Method (Z.T.C.M) was used for recreational valuation of Koohrang waterfall. This method is based on map, overview, socialeconomical characteristics of visitors of promenades and also increasing in cost and distant from region. Obtained data from completed questionnaire by visitors, statistical calculations regarding to distribution of visitors and estimating travel costs showed that the recreational value of Koohrang waterfall is 156.377.600.000 Iranian Rials. Money making value depends on the best natural location and beautiful sights around it. Results showed that variables like age, education and amount of visitor’s income had significant impacts on use of promenades. Investigating amount of visitor’s income showed strong correlation between this variable and number of visited days of promenade and also their interest to pay entrance charges. It also showed that level of education has a key role in absorbing visitors for Koohrang waterfall as most of the visitors were university graduates. Level of advantage has direct relation with income, as relief times of people would increase by increasing level of education. Investigation of studying in some promenades of the country showed that there are more interest among teenagers and middle ages but our results showed most of the visitors 25%) were in the range of 30-34. Results provided some valuable information to graduate promenade level of Koohrang waterfall.

Varjin Protected area is an estimated 26907 hectares of mountainous terrain located in Lavasanat and Roodbar Ghasran, districts in the Northeast of Tehran. Owing to its spectacular nature and its proximity to Tehran, Varjin protected area is considered to be an area with rich potentials for implementation of Tourism. The present study was an attempt to carefully examine the environmental capability of the area to further its extensive and centralized applicability. To do so, after detecting the ecological resources of the protected area (scale 1/100000) the obtained data was introduced to Arc GIS 9.2 software. Since implementation and applicability of outdoor recreation necessitated synchronized evaluation of numerous criteria or variables, the study utilized spatial multi criteria evaluation method (SMCEM). And therefore, the initial attempts focused on preparation and standardization of the criteria maps. Fuzzy expert system and s-shaped functions were used for the purpose of the study. Overall, data were obtained through sixteen layers as criteria maps for extensive outdoor recreation capability evaluation and seventeen layers for spatial evaluation of centralized outdoor recreation. Using Expert Choice software, analytical hierarchy process was conducted to load the criteria in relation to the type of applications. Then, the mathematical relationship of the extensive and centralized outdoor recreation was extracted. To analyze land proportion for the development of the expected applications, combined loaded linear method was utilized and the final map of extensive versus centralized applications were represented on the criteria maps data. The results show that nearly 4641.46 hectares (approximately %17.25) of Varjin protected area has suitable extensive outdoor recreation implementation, while nearly 1915.78 hectares (approximately %7.12) has the ideal conditions for centralized outdoor recreation development.

Karaj and Jajrood rivers are two major rivers in our country and they are suitable for fishing, swimming and other water sports activities. In recent year, young enthusiasts of water sports have been increased because of young generation of our country.In this research, the results of monthly tests reports (Tehran wastewater and water laboratory) including physical, chemical, bacteriological, rare pollutants (heavy metals) tests surveyed in twenty stations of Karaj River and twenty-three stations of Jajrood River from April 2002 to March 2003. On the basis of comparing of stations data with approved recreation activities standards in different countries and current comparative parameters, determining recreational status of mentioned rivers due to water quality has been achieved. The researches on recreational activities have recognized considerable indices of the related standards for primary contact (direct) and secondary contact (indirect) such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, BOD, excrement coli form and total coli form. In general, this study shows that physical and chemical parameters seem to have fewer problems than the others. It is important to note that contamination of both rivers such as excremental coli form, total coli form and excremental streptococcus is higher than recreation standards. In fact, the maximum contaminant level has detected in Jajrood River because of the municipality waste water (household toilets) discharges. The mentioned indices are the measurement resources for recreational activities in the world especially in Iran. The level of contaminants in the water of both rivers exceeds the related standards which results not being suitable and applicable for primary recreation (swimming, bathing and diving) and secondary recreation (Windsurfing, Power Boating, and fishing).

The needs and characteristics of Tehran Metropolitan and developing recreational areas require goal setting and special planning from various view points. Regarding the destroying process in mountainous regions, especially in south Alborz (Koohsar Nature Park), makes the importance of the region obvious. So, it's better to plan such areas in a systematic and fundamental framework.The purpose of this research is to provide principle and solutions for sustainable mountainous landscape planning, and their probable development. Preservation and promotion of natural heritage and tourism enhancement, emphasizing on environmental quality, is among planning goals of such environments.The expected results of the research are: conflict mitigation on intact areas using zoning procedure emphasizing on reduction of negative human conflicts. We considered model making for planning with the least environment destroying, and for sustainable tourism planning and finally to achieve tourism planning principles. Then, we compared the research findings and provided strategic plan (the best planning option) of Koohsar Natural Park aiming at observing sustainable planning principles, tourism development, and environment quality promotion.Key words Mountainous Recreation, Preservation, Environment, Landscape Design, Natural Park, Koohsar.Sustainable Design of Mountainous Valleys for Outdoor Recreation (Case Study: Koohsar Natural Park of Tehran) Mikaeili,A.R. 1, Mehrmand,Sh. *21-Assoc. Prof., Landscape Arch., Dept. of Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sic. & Natural Res. [email protected] M.Sc. Graduate, Environmental Design Engineering, Graduated Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran Received: March, 2010 Accepted: Nov., 2010AbstractThe needs and characteristics of Tehran Metropolitan and developing recreational areas require goal setting and special planning from various view points. Regarding the destroying process in mountainous regions, especially in south Alborz (Koohsar Nature Park), makes the importance of the region obvious. So, it's better to plan such areas in a systematic and fundamental framework.The purpose of this research is to provide principle and solutions for sustainable mountainous landscape planning, and their probable development. Preservation and promotion of natural heritage and tourism enhancement, emphasizing on environmental quality, is among planning goals of such environments.The expected results of the research are: conflict mitigation on intact areas using zoning procedure emphasizing on reduction of negative human conflicts. We considered model making for planning with the least environment destroying, and for sustainable tourism planning and finally to achieve tourism planning principles. Then, we compared the research findings and provided strategic plan (the best planning option) of Koohsar Natural Park aiming at observing sustainable planning principles, tourism development, and environment quality promotion.

According to performed classification by Ramsar convention (1971), Choghakhor is one of the most valuable wetlands of Iran. Despite of high abilities of perspective and variation of habitats, tourism valuations are not considered. In this study, promenade valuation Choghakhor wetland was estimated by using Zonal travel cost method. These methods is based on using map, sight, social-economical characteristics of visitors and also increase in cost and distant to area. Therefore by considering the wetland as the centre, 9 concentric circles with constant distances of 150 km were drawn around it which covers the whole country. After that population in each area was calculated by using existing map and statistics. In the next step by using completed questionnaire by viewers, social and economical data were derived and analyzed. According to existing data relation between travel cost and number of visitors was concluded. Then new number of visitors regarding to increasing costs was calculated by considering various inputs and adding them to total amount of available costs and request curve of wetland was drawn. Calculations showed that Choghakhor wetland has high promenade-economic value. Money making value depends on best natural location and beautiful sight around it. Concluded results from this study provided some valuable information to reach protection and graduation goals level of promenade of wetland without any harm to its ecosystem.

This is a one year field study to evaluate the recreational requirements of the Sysangan forest park in northern part of IRAN,adjacent to the Caspian Sea. In this study, CLAWSOON (1959) method of site evaluation has been adopted. About 2500 questionaries, with 21 question in each,have been distributed among the visitors of park,during weekends &holidays,in a period of one years(june 2005-july 2006).The data so collected shows that,families and men are the major visitors of the ranging in age from 20 to 40 years old.It also shows that most of these visitors are from middle class having some sort of higher educations,working in government or private sectors.They visit the park in groups,prefering the forest and sea sides. Unadequate facilities of the park and protection of it in its natural status were among the visitors requests.Most of them believed that levying an entrance fee will promote the safty & facilities of the Sysangn park.