جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Ecosystem services » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Nowadays, paying attention to environmental quality in urban design has played a significant role in improving individuals' quality of life. Urban green space, as productive land uses, provide significant benefits to citizens through social, ecological, aesthetic, and economic services, and have a remarkable impact on the livability of the city. Therefore, this research, with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the selection criteria of plant species in the indices of ecosystem, economic, ecological and aesthetic service indicators, has an important role in selecting the correct plant species.

In this research, 96 criteria were extracted from the review of scientific sources and the opinions of experts in the four axes of the index of ecosystem services, economic, ecological and visual aesthetics. Then, by using the Delphi method in three cycles of receiving information from the questionnaire, the opinions of 14 experts of environmental science, art, green space and urban planning and botanists were asked. Finally, 76 of the 96 criteria introduced for the selection of species were prioritized and selected, and 20 criteria were removed from the cycle.

The results showed that in the ecosystem services index, aesthetic value, tourism, and air purification criteria were important, while in the economic index, seedlings, irrigation equipment, and equipment depreciation and obsolescence criteria were important. In the ecological index, the criteria for water needs, the number of frosty days per year, and the average number of sunny days per year were important. In the beauty-cognitive visual index of green space, diversity of color and texture diversity and visual sharing criteria were considered important for aesthetic prioritization.

By considering these criteria, it results in the selection of plant species that are suitable for certain ecological and economic conditions, and also take into consideration their appearance and their ability to provide ecosystem services. Therefore, City planners and managers can use the prioritization of the plants introduced in this research to choose appropriate species for the urban environment.

Understanding access to natural ecosystems and identifying potential priorities for harnessing the benefits of nature will be crucial factors in reducing inequality of access. Additionally, this understanding will inform the future planning and management of protected areas. The degree to which an individual can access ecosystem services depends on a complex range of mechanisms including social relations, institutions, capabilities, property rights, and various capitals. Various frameworks have been developed to conceptualize these linkages and describe the relationships between ecosystem services and human well-being, which include social and natural sciences and objective and subjective criteria, One of the significant and important frameworks in this field is the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). In this study, the factors outlined by Ribot and Peluso (2003) in the access theory were integrated with components of the IPBES framework, providing a theoretical foundation for investigating the determinants of access to ecosystem services in the Zaribar Wetland.

The current research is applied, qualitative, and has an inductive approach. In order to analyze the data obtained from the semi-structured interviews, the content analysis method was used. The study area of the research is the villages around Zaribar Wetland in Marivan City, there are 10 villages with a population of 2853 households, which are in close interaction and depend on the services of the Wetland. Non-probability purposeful snowball sampling was used to select the investigated individuals or samples. The selection of samples continued until the adequacy and the theoretical saturation of the data were reached, and finally the researcher reached the theoretical saturation by conducting 22 interviews. In this study, Guba and Lincoln's four criteria—validity, transferability, reliability, and verifiability (Guba & Lincoln, 1989) were employed to assess the validity of the research. Data analysis was structured around the 'IPBES framework' and the 'access theory'.

The process of qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the factors affecting residents' access to Zaribar wetland ecosystem services in Marivan City. First, 106 primary codes were extracted. By multiple revisions and integration of codes based on similarity during several stages, five main categories and 17 subcategories were extracted. The five main categories and themes identified in this analysis were institutional-management, structural-communication, infrastructural-technological, economic-capital and environmental-contextual.

Access to ecosystem services in wetland communities, including those in Zaribar, is complex and dynamic, influenced by interwoven relationships and affected by economic, environmental, and other factors. The results of this study show that different regulations and organizational arrangements regarding people's access, instead of strengthening interaction and proper relationships, have caused different types of exchange relationships and unequal rights in the field of this ecosystem. Most ecosystem services are produced through both ecosystem processes and social actions, and thus their assessment cannot be separated from the social context in which they are embedded. As a result, it is recommended that more ecosystem service research be done with process-oriented, context-specific and integrated approaches, based on the recognition of the complexity of social-ecological realities.

Extracting honey from beehives is one of the economic activities for local communities, which is effective in the direct and indirect employment of villagers and as a result, the sustainable development of these areas. Among the pollinating insects, bees play a much more prominent role, and usually the location of the hives can determine the extent of benefit from this ecosystem service. Among bees of Iran, Carnica hybrid (Apis mellifera meda) has a special place in honey production. Despite various studies conducted on this hybrid, so far none has investigated the suitable conditions for the placement of beehives of this species, so this study seeks to identify suitable areas for the establishment of beehives. Awareness of the areas that are prone to beehive placement can be one of the priorities of the planners in the field of agriculture and animal husbandry in Markazi Province.

In this study, in order to model the areas that are susceptible to pollination, variables such as spring density, height, topographic humidity, light shade, average spot size, land use/cover, landscape diversity edge density, distance from agricultural land, average wind speed up to a height of 10 meters, roughness of vegetation and vegetation density were used. Since it is difficult to access all the areas that are not suitable for the establishment of hives in the modeling process, alternative methods such as pseudo-absence methods were used. However, identifying suitable areas for recording pseudo-absence points can also result in errors. Therefore, first, using the output of presence-only models, pollination desirability was calculated. Then, by subtracting the desirable areas from the entire surface of the land, pseudo-absence points were randomly created in the remaining areas. After preparation of this group of points, the presence/pseudo-absence models were ready to be implemented. In order to evaluate distribution models, TPR variables and the Kappa index were used. TPR, which is also referred to as sensitivity, is a numerical value that identifies the percentage of presence points that are detected again after applying the presence point threshold. Also, a random forest model was used to calculate the impact of this data set on environmental changes.

The presence-only models in this study were implemented with adequate power. The value of AUC was calculated as 0.89, 0.90 and 0.76, respectively, for Bioclim, Domian and single-class support vector machine models. The results of the evaluation of the used models showed that all models have well predicted the presence of beehives in the areas of pseudo-absence of beehives. The Kappa index for this category of models was at least equal to 0.83. On the other hand, based on the TPR criterion, many of the hive points have been detected again after applying the hive threshold, which can indicate a good level of prediction of the used models. Also, the findings showed that the diversity of the landscape had a greater impact on the quality of pollination than the proximity to agricultural lands. The height of up to 1813 meters above sea level, as well as the wind speed of 3.47 meters per second, were the best conditions for the presence of beehives. Among the different cities, Arak, Farahan, Khandab, Shazand and Khomein had the highest value for pollination.

Planning for the protection of natural areas as well as areas prone to the establishment of beehives can be done with emphasize on the location of Arak, Farahan, Khandab, Shazand and Khomein cities. The findings of this study show that the use of species distribution models can be effective in identifying suitable areas for beehive establishment and pollination activity. On the other hand, combining the findings of this group of studies with other spatial data that determine the patterns of the landscape can provide a clear view of the influence of the landscape.

Forest parks are one of the most important natural ecosystems of any country, which provide various functions and services for mankind. Therefore, their preservation is considered as one of the main goals of human activities. Nowadays, due to the role of forest park ecosystems in attracting tourists, the evaluation of their visual quality has become very important. Aesthetic quality is defined as the relative beauty of the landscape, which depends on the visual features including physical, biological and man-made elements present in a place. Knowing the effective factors and criteria in the visual quality of the image of the land, as a suitable tool for evaluating and locating areas with aesthetic-cognitive value, can help managers and planners in the selection and effective management of images with visual value. Therefore, the goal of this study is assessing the visual quality of the landscape of Chaldereh forest park of Tonkaben city located in Mazandaran province. In this research, the visual quality classification method (Q-Sort) was used to evaluate the visual quality of the forest park. The research data was gathered in the form of a field survey, random sampling and the completion of the Q-Sort questionnaire by 60 visitors to the forest park. The finding of assessing the visual quality of the landscape of Chaldereh-Tenkabon forest park with the method of visual quality classification showed that the main criteria for improving the visual quality of Chaldereh-Tonekabon forest park include the existence of natural features (mountains and hills), the relaxing atmosphere, open and panoramic views of the surrounding landscapes, and criteria like the lack of integration of buildings and vegetation and the lack of balance, visual disturbance, and man-made elements are the main reasons for decreased landscape quality of this park.

Soil resources play an important role in providing the necessary material goods for humans and other organisms and also deliver multiple ecosystem services that are essential for life on earth. They have also served for a long time as an important green infrastructure in protecting agricultural and forest landscapes by providing plants a foothold for their roots and holding the necessary nutrients for their growth. In addition, soils can provide various ecosystem services such as contaminant immobilization, rainwater control, carbon sequestration, and habitat provision that are directly beneficial for humans. Services provided by ecosystems for humans are called ecosystem services. Soil retention, which refers to the potential of ecosystems for controlling soil erosion and conserving soil, is classified in the class of regulating services.    

The InVEST Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) model was used in InVEST Software to quantify soil retention and erosion. The required inputs for implementing this model include land use maps, K-factor (soil erodibility), R-factor (rain erosivity), C-factor (land use and land cover or LU/LC), P-factor (support practices), DEM (digital elevation model), and the biophysical table. 

Based on the results, the potential of soil loss and sediment transport in the study area ranged from zero to 248.18 t/pixel and from zero to 57.25 tons per pixel, respectively. Soil retention is also estimated in a range from zero to 124.85 tons per pixel in the studied area. The largest amount of soil loss happened in sub-basin number 14 with 13716400 t/year and the smallest in sub-basin number 4 with 416594 t/year. Most of the ecosystem service of soil retention belonged to sub-basin number 13 with 4304414 t/ha/ year and the least to sub-basin number 4 with 5645 tons/ha/year.

The dense forests in the northernmost part of Semnan Province provide the most part of the ecosystem service of soil retention with more than 36 t/ha and the desert areas, the salt lake, and the salt marsh the least. Based on this, the province's forests, including dense, semi-dense, sparse and thin forests, contribute to the maintenance of soil in the province by a total of 4269166 tons per year. Also, good pastures maintain more than 18 tons per hectare of the province's soil every year, and the total function of soil maintenance by all types of pastures in the province, including good, medium and poor pastures, is 9395160 tons per year. Since the area covered by the pastures is 18 times more than that by the forests, we can say that most of the ecosystem service of soil retention is provided by the pastures due to the geographical distribution of this service in the province, despite the fact that forests are more capable in soil conservation than pastures. The orchards and rainfed agricultural land rank third and fourth, respectively, in soil retention with 7.86 and 2.15 tons of soil/ha, respectively. However, man-made land uses such as urban areas decrease this ecosystem service because they are usually accompanied by removing or reducing the vegetation. The urban areas are located in the northern part of the study area, and they have negative impacts on this ecosystem service. Therefore, protection of the forest and rangeland covers in the province is vitally important for the continued conservation of the ecosystem service of soil retention.

Natural capital is essential for human survival and achieving sustainable development goals. Therefore, a scientific framework is required to evaluate regional natural capitals consumption and their capacity to ensure sustainable development. Natural capitals represent the limiting and irreplaceable factors in human well-being and sustainability of every developmental intervention. Degradation of the accumulation and flows of the natural capitals are the fundamental issues in the discussion of environmental sustainability. The current research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the state of ecosystem sustainability by adopting two approaches of ecological footprint and ecosystem services, and in other words, comparing the amount of demand for resources with the supply of goods and services provided by the ecosystem.

In this research, to investigate the sustainability of Nowshahr's natural and urban ecosystem as the case study, first, the trend of land use changes and its associated phenomena in the region have been investigated using ENVI 5.6 software for processing the satellite images. In order to investigate the change process of the study area, Landsat satellite reference images, TM, ETM+ and OLI sensors were used for the time scale of 2002, 2013 and 2020. Then, the classic ecological footprint of the region was calculated for six types of productive ecosystems, including agricultural lands, pastures, fishing areas, forests, built-up lands, and the carbon demand. The areas of these six land cover types were converted into global hectares using yield and equivalence factors. Subsequently, the maximum amount of ecosystem service flow per global hectare was estimated. And after that, the amount of consumption of natural capital accumulation and the occupation of capital flow in the region were investigated. Finally, the ecosystem stability of the study area was investigated using indicators such as the ecological pressure index (EPI), ecological sustainability index (ESI), ratio of capital stock to flows index, flow occupation ratio index, and excessive natural capital flow index.

According to the research results in the city of Nowshahr, during the period of 2011-2019, the amount of ecological footprint, ecological deficit and pressure have gradually increased, resulting in a reduction of the ecological balance and stability. Only the pasture, forest and fishing areas are in a stable state meaning that the supply of ecological resources is more than the demand, and the pressure is still within the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. In the period of investigation, the amount of use of stock to natural capital flow has increased and has reached almost four times of natural capital flow.

Measuring human demand for natural capital and nature's supply is essential for tracking progress, setting goals, and orientating sustainability policies. By combining the two approaches of evaluating ecosystem services and ecological footprint, it is possible to track human demand and nature's supply from a precise subset of ecosystem services, and therefore ecological balance and sustainability can be examined at the local level. Based on the results of the research, the stability of the region and the status of its ecosystem services is threatened by the cultivated land, and mainly the consumption of fossil energy. Based on the results of the research, in the period of investigation, the stability of the city of Nowshahr has decreased and the status of its ecosystem services are threatened by the cultivated land, and mainly the consumption of fossil energy. During this period and considering factors such as land use level, ecological deficit, footprint depth, ecosystem service flow, ecological pressure index, and ecological sustainability index, agricultural land use was the most unsustainable and fishing was the most sustainable use in city of Nowshahr.

The quality of natural resources has been significantly degraded due to the increase of urban population along with the expansion of cities, development of transportation networks and industrial activities. In this regard, sustainable urban development was proposed as a model to address these challenges and an opportunity to establish a new mechanism to build a desired urban future with the precondition of coordination with natural ecosystems. Land use change due to rapid urbanization has led to environmental changes affecting ecosystem services. The impact of land use change on the ecological environment has become one of the important research areas to the extent that the integration of ecosystem services in urban planning is now highly welcomed. A review of studies shows that the integration of ecosystem services in development planning is still in its infancy. Common approaches have focused more on understanding the concept of ecosystem services (understanding by experts, policymakers, and stakeholders, and content analysis of documents) and have not definitively integrated ecosystem services into urban plans. The integration of ecosystem services into planning has been discussed mainly at the theoretical level and there is less evidence of practical efforts. Although the mapping, assessment, and evaluation of ecosystem services have developed significantly over the past decade, there are still problems in defining and operating ecosystem services in planning due to static monitoring frameworks and inadequate tools. Lack of standards in evaluation and targeting protocols, lack of expertise, lack of data are other barriers to operationalization of this process.

Mangrove forests are considered one of the most productive components of coastal food chains and a source of energy supply. They provide various goods and services with ecological, economic, socio-cultural, and aesthetic benefits to meet society's needs. However, mangrove forests are considered one of the most sensitive and vulnerable habitats in the face of environmental hazards and human pressures. Accordingly, the study investigated the natural features of the Khamir and Qeshm mangrove forests and management boundaries in this area. According to previous studies, it cannot be limited to administrative borders and country divisions to protect and plan this natural habitat according to its conservation history. Instead, it should be protected and managed by considering the biological border and the distribution of mangrove forest cover in this area. Therefore, multifaceted conservation management of the country's unique mangrove habitat requires that its ecosystem services be planned in the framework of a management plan based on habitat zoning. In addition, the development of human activities in this area should be planned within management and protection limits.

An ecosystem approach to wetland management is a strategy for integrated management of water, land, and livelihood resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in a balanced manner. For implementing this approach, commercial mechanisms, and incentives, especially the "Payment for Ecosystem Services Mechanism" (PES) that can ensure the internalization of environmental externalities, are increasingly proposed as a promising mechanism. This study aims to investigate the acceptance rate of this mechanism among the communities affecting Anzali wetlands as a case study. The required legal rules were also identified and surveyed among the statistical population. This study is a "descriptive-correlation" study, and the sample members were selected by purposive sampling. These sample members were selected from among three groups of Anzali wetland communities. There were 21, 750, and 972 people in the community of governors, positive and negative beneficiaries, respectively, and 21, 254, and 275 of them responded to the questionnaire. The statistical analysis of the results showed that, with a probability of 95% confidence, the payment for ecosystem services mechanism through appropriate legal frameworks could be useful and effective for implementing the ecosystem approach. Also, with a probability of 95% confidence, the acceptability of "proposed legal rules" was not the same among the target communities, and based on the results, the average index of "proposed legal rules" in negative beneficiaries is higher than positive beneficiaries, and in positive beneficiaries is more than governors.

Wetlands are unique aquatic ecosystems that have rich biodiversity and provide valuable ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, water filtering, and sediment trapping. They are also considered as shelters for a wide range of animal species, especially migratory birds. Today, human interventions, including excessive exploitation of underground water in order to supply drinking, agricultural and industrial water and the introduction of human pollution (such as sewage and urban and industrial waste) along with natural processes such as drought, these ecosystems threatens.which has led to changing the hydrology of the wetland, reducing the quality of soil and water, changing the vegetation, animal and microbial communities of the bottom of the bed, and disrupting the function and ecosystem services of the wetlands. On the other hand, the focus on the management and protection of dry wetlands is less than that of temperate wetlands mainly due to their ecological, edaphic and hydrogeological characteristics. The complex characteristics of these wetlands have caused small changes in their hydrological regime to lead to major changes in groundwater, soil characteristics, vegetation, etc.The Ramsar Convention is the most important international initiative for the protection of wetlands. According to the classification of the Ramsar Convention, the Keji Namakzar Wetland of Nehbandan is included in the Mandabi wetlands. Successful protection of wetlands relies on the investment of local and regional governments as well as international cooperation. The lack of awareness of the values of wetlands and the subsequent low priority in the decision-making process has led to destruction and unknown social costs. Kaji Namakzar Nahbandan wetland is a water spot in the heart of the desert with an area of more than 20 square kilometers, located in the Kaji Namakzar Nahbandan Wildlife Sanctuary in South Khorasan province and Nehbandan city. This wetland area is the only national wetland of the province, and in fact, it is a vast salt marsh, which, due to its low elevation compared to the surrounding areas, collects surface water like a flowing sponge, and due to the high salinity of its soil, it becomes a lake covered with salt and turned white. The purpose of this study is to develop a multi-scenario framework for integrated ecological management of Kaji wetland and provide guidelines and policies related to wetland protection, controlling and reducing harmful effects and responding to the needs of local communities, which are mostly 1. Knowing of wetland ecosystem, 2. Analysis of stakeholders, 3. Knowing the values and services of the wetland ecosystem, 4. Recognizing threats and problems, 5. Formulating vision and strategic goals, 6. Presentation of management measures (executive), and finally 7. The monitoring program is presented in three sections: biodiversity, hydrological and stabilization of wetland lands.

Considering that the ecological management approach is a collaborative project, this research consists of different parts of field surveys, collaborative workshops, library studies and specialized analyses. First, the wetland ecosystem was fully identified with field surveys and existing studies. The method used in order to manage the ecosystem of Kaji Namakzar Nahbandan wetland is the cascade system of strategic planning. This approach seeks to create a completely logical connection from whole to component and hierarchy between the main components of strategic planning and operational and executive planning. The waterfall approach is a linear model, which starts with the identification of the beneficiaries of a project and their needs, and at each stage, it uses the output of the previous stage as an input for the new stage and falls like a waterfall.This management plan has been prepared based on the results of educational and advisory workshops and with the participation of representatives of major relevant local and provincial groups. After carrying out the basic biological studies of the region and mutual recognition of the collaborative part of the study, three working groups for biodiversity, hydrological and land stabilization management were determined as working groups based on the type of activities. 4 evaluation meetings were organized in the future stages and the activities of all working groups were reviewed and revised. Finally, the management plan for the Kaji wetland ecosystem in two short-term and long-term periods is formulated based on the hierarchical cascade approach, and finally, executive measures to deal with serious threats and urgent needs in the short-term and operational plans in the long-term are put on the agenda of the stakeholders.

According to the mentioned cases, it should be noted that wetlands should be managed according to ecosystems and communities that are closely related to each other. First, all the beneficiaries of the wetland should be identified and detailed operational plans should be selected according to these beneficiaries and the ecosystems around the wetland. There are mainly residential and agricultural areas near the Kaji Namakzar wetland of Nehbandan. Therefore, management plans should be developed based on this relationship, and executive measures should be implemented in an integrated manner, taking into account all the wetland's stakeholders. The integrated management plan of Nahbandan's Kaji Namakzar wetland is important not only for the region but also for South Khorasan province and is a pioneer in the field of ecological management. On the other hand, Kaji wetland is a very important ecosystem due to its regional and local use and global advantages such as the wintering place of migratory birds and feeding of some endangered species. Therefore, it is very important to protect it. In this research, the integrated management plan of Kaji Wetland was investigated in the two axes of biodiversity and water and soil. The most important goals investigated in this research are: protection of wetland water resources and their optimal and sustainable use, compromise with the dry climate including increasing water infiltration and reducing evaporation in the wetland area, protecting and preventing soil erosion and maintaining its fertility, determining and improving land use in the region, reducing dust production, improving the water quality of the wetland, reducing water and soil pollution, protecting and restoring biodiversity and habitat, and physical protection of the wetland. The results showed that an integrated bio-ecological approach to protect the Kaji wetland and the interests of all stakeholders is inevitable and should be implemented as soon as possible.

The temporal and spatial distribution pattern of providing ecosystem services is one of the basic characteristics of ecosystems. One of the important ecosystem services in many ecosystems, including watersheds in northern Iran, is soil maintenance. This valuable service has not been investigated in many areas, including the watersheds of developing countries. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the spatial-temporal changes of soil erosion and maintenance in the years 2000 and 2020. Also, in this research, two watersheds of Lahijan-Chabaksar and Astana-Kuchsefhan, in Gilan province, have been selected as the study area. From an ecological point of view, these watersheds are a symbol of the human and natural interwoven ecosystem, which has a high capacity in providing all kinds of ecosystem services and has undergone changes in recent years. The results show that the total amount of soil erosion potential in the studied area in the studied years is equal to 73755909 and 119218604 tons, respectively, and the amount of soil maintenance ecosystem service in these years in the entire watershed is 1222434092 and 1218191672, respectively. It is a body. Also, based on the results obtained, a small part of the region has the most soil and sediment losses. Therefore, the results emphasize the urgent need for targeted soil and water conservation measures to ensure the sustainability of the basin's resources.

Valuing ecosystem services requires consideration of spatial patterns. Therefore, we used new spatial statistics methods, such as Moran's spatial correlation and GIS capability, to identify and determine spatial patterns of ecosystem services after quantifying habitat ecosystem services in the Qarah Qeshlaq wetland, a 22,000 ha wetland between the eastern and western Azerbaijan provinces. Studies show that there are 13 types of land uses in the area of Qarah Gheshlagh wetland, which in the area of about 22,000 hectares shows the diversity of land use and in fact the active presence of human factors, about 46% of the area has agricultural land and about 28% of saline land. In this regard, residential centers as a threat center and access road as a threat development have been the largest share in land use change. According to the Moran index of 0.62 and the expected index of -0.000017 and the z-score of 1505869, the probability of random distribution is low and the distribution is clustered. The optimized analysis of the sensitive points in the area of Qarah Qeshlaq wetland reveals that the correlation is highest on the western side of the wetland where there is no human activity, while it is lowest on the eastern side where there is a great deal of human activity.IntroductionIn general, any type of wetland is composed of a large number of physical, biological or chemical factors, and water, soil and nutrients represent these components that, in conjunction with each other in an integrated system, form the wetland and the processes between the components, the functions of the components. Creates. Wetlands are defined based on their biological, chemical, and physical properties, regardless of their specific function, production, or process (Ganagey, 2018). In order to identify wetlands, first the type of wetlands must be determined from a hydrological point of view, and each of the different classes of wetlands provides different ecosystem services. In other words, many benefits that ecosystems provide to individuals are called ecosystem services.Methodology Introduction of the study areaThe study area of Qaraghshlagh wetland with an area of 22,000 hectares is located between East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan provinces and on the outskirts of Bonab and Miandoab cities in a geographical position of 37 degrees 13 minutes and 25 seconds north latitude and 45 degrees and 51 minutes and 38 seconds east longitude. It is located on the south shore of Lake Urmia at an altitude of 1270 meters above sea level.InVEST habitat quality model, by combining land use / vegetation patterns and biodiversity threats, leads to the production of habitat quality maps. This model is implemented using raster data or maps divided into square cells (pixels). Each pixel in the image is assigned to a type of land use / vegetation, which can be a natural cover or a man-made cover. This approach provides two basic types of information necessary for the initial assessment of conservation needs: which includes the relative extent and extent of degradation of different types of habitats in an area and its various changes over time.Understanding patterns and discovering trends in spatial data is important. Because before any analysis, it must be determined how the data are distributed in space and their spatial patterns. In this study, Moran correlation statistic was used to analyze the spatial correlation of ecosystem services. There are two types of Moran indices to determine the spatial correlation between variables whose efficiency is different from each other. Global Moran Index and Local Moran Index. One of the most basic global indicators of solidarity is the Moran index. This index gives a number (as a standard score) that can be used to measure the dispersion or concentration of phenomena or spatial data.ResultsLand use related to the current timeThere are 13 types of land uses in the area of Ghareh Gheshlagh wetland, which in the area of about 22,000 hectares shows the diversity of land use and in fact the active presence of human factors, about 46% of the area has agricultural land and about 28% is saline land. If this area was not saline, it could be added to the area of agricultural land. Of the remaining 24%, about 7% is used as a fish farm and 7% is a rangeland. In other words, 35% of the lands in this area are national lands (rangeland and saline). Only 10% of the area as an aquatic habitat belongs to Qarah Gheshlagh wetland, river, flood area and water supply canal. Qarah Gheshlagh wetland in the current situation with an area of about 140 hectares and covers less than one percent of the area (Figure 2). In evaluating ecosystem services, there is a wider range of goals, including ecological sustainability and social welfare, along with the traditional economic goal of efficiency. In fact, by determining the value of ecosystem services in socio-economic and ecological dimensions, we can understand the contribution of each of these services in achieving the above goals. Therefore, due to the heterogeneity of units of measurement in three dimensions of economic, social and ecological, it is necessary to develop criteria for measuring each and in some cases to determine the degree of importance of these criteria in the specific service of the ecosystem by qualitative weighting. On the other hand, the implementation of the development plan can have different socio-economic and ecological effects; Effects that can change the value of ecosystem services and reduce and in some cases increase the value of these services.In the present study, in order to investigate the spatial structure of ecosystem services in the area of Gharaghshlagh wetland, spatial statistics (value2 column of land use) have been evaluated. The statistics used, based on the conceptualization of the dispersion index, examine the ratio of variance to the average based on the distance of services. 0.62 does not follow a random distribution, but the p-value is zero, which indicates a high correlation and cluster distribution and is significant.According to Table 4, the Moran index is 0.62 and the expected index is negative 0.000017 and the z-score is 1505869. The probability of random distribution is low and is in the form of clusters. Examination of Map 5 Analysis of hotspots in Qarah Gheshlagh area shows the southwest side of the area which includes wetland, fish breeding place, Zarrineh river and flood spreading place in this area has the highest value and in the eastern side of the area which is agricultural use has the lowest value or points. It is hot or correlated, and there is no correlation with pale pink in the center of the range and paths of rivers and water supply canals.ConclusionQarah Gheshlagh wetland is located on the shores of Lake Urmia and at the mouth of large rivers such as Zarrineh and Simaneh rivers, as well as Mordagh Chai, Leylan Chai and Sufi Chai, and has been a habitat and water source in the region. These wetlands have provided food, drinking water, pastures and transportation routes for indigenous communities and have emerged as part of their culture. In this study, the spatial correlation pattern for habitat ecosystem service was investigated. Gharaghshlagh wetland is the first station for waterfowl in the country due to its migration route from north to south, especially birds living in Siberia, and therefore, it carries a rich source of animal diversity and serves as a link between the north and The south is home to rare species of birds. Studies show that 14 ecosystem services are affected by each other in the area of Ghareh Gheshlagh wetland and these uses are interdependent, so that without the river and canal, neither the wetland is important nor agricultural activity is possible in that area. As the studies show that the standard standardization row has been done, the distance threshold is 10813163 m and the studied data do not follow the random distribution according to Moran index of 0.62, and the p-value is zero, which indicates high correlation and clustering of the distribution. And is significant and according to z-score 150.586901454, there is less than 1% probability that this clustering pattern can be the result of a random chance that positive value values in this statistic indicate cluster data and negative value values indicate unsatisfactory data. is. However, each of the farms and ecosystem service centers of the wetland have scalable conditions and are suitable for a variety of ecosystem service traits, and on the other hand, the level and capacity of services and outgoing data in each user is easily identifiable and on the other hand sensitive to they do not prioritize ecosystem services and each has a specific application and role in the ecosystem.

Most ecosystem services are public goods or assets that cannot or should not be considered private. In principle monetary value of these services are estimated by benefits for society and if the services are lost, profits will be lost accordingly. Among different ecosystems, wetlands are the most productive ecosystems on the planet and this is not only associated with high biodiversity, they also play an important role in maintaining the balance of life on Earth and make it possible.

In this study, the steps of determining information selection criteria in the economic valuation of wetland ecosystem services include the following processes: 1) Providing first-hand information from the studied areas; 2) Monetary valuation for ecosystem services, so that they can be attached to a particular biome at a specific time; 3) providing information about the surface of the regions (about which ecosystem services can be converted to monetary value per hectare; 4) providing information about the evaluation method used; 5) providing information about the study site, area and study scale (native, local, Regional, continental and global).

wetlands are now one of the ecosystems that were influenced by increasing human activities, changes in land use of large parts of the surrounding beaches and urban pollution discharges and also agricultural activities. Continued overuse of ecosystems has increased cost of living and future generations will suffer from poverty. After the change in land use, many of the foreign positive effects of ecosystems are destroyed or severely reduced and improvement of public goods and services is possible through ecosystems that are in serious situation and this needs a firm decision to improve them for conserving environmental diversity and sustainable management of ecosystems.

Economic valuation of ecosystem services in the best way is a supplement for traditional decision-making framework in which positive and negative external effects or losing of many environmental goods and services that are not known is significant. Monetary value can help us by determining external effects and increasing our insight of the role and economic importance of nature through qualitative and quantitative measurements. The economic valuation of ecosystem services is therefore important for society and can provide us strong and reliable communication tool for informing a better and more balanced decision-making in the field of trade and related land resources.

Yazd-Ardakan plain consists of political, economic, social and ecological systems. It has valuable agricultural products, cultural background, various industries of steel, tile, glass, textile, lime kiln, asphalt, brick and sand production industries and metal and non-metal mines. On the other hands the existence of vast intact deserts and natural areas and habitats bring this plane among very important places in Iran. Therefore, it’s is essential to comprehensively study the factors affecting different ecosystems services in this plain. The DPSIR framework with a systems approach is a useful tool to formulating executive and managerial strategies. DPSIR could finally identify practical solutions for sustainable development by determines the response to the driving forces and structuring the information, determining the important connections and comprehensive understanding of the problems. In the present study, the DPSIR system approach was used to evaluate the causal relationships of the environmental challenges of the Yazd-Ardakan plain in different sectors. This framework also used to evaluate the vulnerability and to suggest the planning strategies. From this, a chain of causal connections of driving force and the consecutive pressures on the environment was identified. By examining the effect of pressures, changes in environmental conditions, consequences and effects in the system were analyzed. Finally, according to the causal relationships, short- and long-term appropriate strategies to sustainable use of ecological, hydrological, economic and social services of the plain were suggested to the policymaker.

This study quantified and compared the economic value of ecosystem services in three agricultural systems (conventional, healthy food production, greenhouses) in Dezful county, Khuzestan province, Iran. This quantification was based on an experimental and field method from Sandhu et al., 2008. Accordingly, the yield of agricultural products was determined through market price, and for other services, non-market valuation methods were used. The results showed that the greenhouses systems with an average of 621 million Rials / hectare / year had highest the economic value of ecosystem services. However, more than half of amount of reported rate (425 million Rials/ ha/ year) was the market services and provisioning value of these agricultural systems which compatible with the production-driven approach in industrial agriculture. The highest non-market services are valued at the healthy production system (226 million Rials/ hectare/ year), which is greater than the total amount of production (157 million Rials/ hectare / year). The major portion of the value is gained by the role of this f system in job creation which is mostly ignored in the comparative assessments of agarin systems. This system also has the highest value for services of water and soil protection. Generally, healthy production systems obtained the second highest value after industrial greenhouses systems in terms of entire evaluated ecosystem services. Citrus gardens also have the highest non-market ecosystem services in both of the healthy and conventional systems (244 and 247 million Rials/ ha/ year, respectively). At the end, developing a multifunctional agriculture approach was recommended to optimize ecosystem services through policies and institutions that facilitate multifunctional agriculture be strengthened.

Water resources have always been a limiting factor in environmental planning. Understanding the status of this critical resource can have a significant impact on proper land use planning. This study aimed to estimate the water supply and demand as an ecosystem service and to identify areas with water stress in the Sirvan transboundary basin. This goal could be achieved using the concept of ecosystem services, which is new thinking in the earth sciences, and using geographical, climatic data, and satellite images. After relative corrections, Landsat satellite images for 2019 were prepared, and the LULC map was produced. Then precipitation, evapotranspiration, and root depth layers were created. The latest inputs, including the Evapotranspiration coefficients of the land cover and related tables, were prepared and modeled in the InVEST 3.8.9 software environment. The results showed that the amount of water yield in this watershed is 5,381 million m3/yr, where the sub-basin 5, 11, and 1 have the highest water yield with 1426, 906, and 621 million m3/yr. and sub-basin 2 with 100 million m3/yr have the lowest water yield. The sub-basin 5 with 110 million m3/yr has the highest consumption, and the sub-basin 2 with 7 Mm3/yr has the lowest consumption. Sub-basin 4, where the city of Sanandaj is located, has the highest water stress.