جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Seed Oil » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Water deficit is as one of the most ominous abiotic factors that limits the growth and yield of crops and reduced photosynthesis content (Askary et al., 2017). The common symptoms determined in plants after encountering water deficit include a hindrance to growth, a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis, an acceleration oxidative stress (Aalipour et al., 2020). A balanced nutrient concentration in the soil is known as another essential element for plant growth regulation (Taghizadeh et al. 2019). This can be supplied by the application of chemical fertilizers (nano iron chelate). Nano iron chelate fertilizer can also protect plants against water deficit stresses and improves photosynthesis and assimilates transportation to sinks and eventually amends grain yield and oil content (Moradbeygi et al., 2020). The aim of this study was to investigate the response of Dragon head (Lalelemantia iberica) and Lady's mantle (Lalelemantia royleana) to the application of nano-chelate fertilizer in different irrigation regimes.

The field trial was conducted at the Research Farm of the Agricultural Faculty of Shahed University, Tehran, during the cropping season of 2018 and 2019. A split-factorial experiment was employed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plot consisted of three-level of irrigation regime (30% (I30; without stress), 60% (I60; mild stress), and 90% (I90; sever stress) depletion of available water resource). The sub plots were factorial combination nano-iron chelate (without fertilizer and nano-iron chelate) and plant species of Lallemantia (L.iberica and L. royleana).

By increasing water deficit reduced, chlorophyll a and b, CAT and APXs enzyme activity, plant height, root length, seed yield, content of mucilage and oil. The reduction of plant growth parameters and seed yield of both species Lallemantia may be due to extended irrigation intervals which caused decline in Chl concentration, stomata closure, and decreased CO2 uptake for photosynthesis (Paravar et al., 2021). Our results showed that the highest chlorophyll a and b, CAT and APXs enzyme activity, plant height, root length, seed yield, content of mucilage and oil was obtained at 60% available water soil of depletion (moderate drought stress). The application nano-iron chelate in all cases mitigated the negative effects of water deficit stress on chlorophyll a and b, CAT and APXs enzyme activity, plant height, root length, seed yield, content of mucilage and oil. Increasing in growth parameters and seed yield under drought stress of Lallemantia species under application of nano-iron chelate condition in drought stress may be due to the role of iron the chlorophyll structure and plant photosynthesis system (Moradbeygi et al., 2020). Indeed application of nano-iron chelate by photosynthesis improvement and material production in the plant causes the increasing growth and yield. (Iqbal and Umar, 2019). In addition, in this study observed nano-iron chalet application played the important role on the increasing of CAT and APXs enzyme activity under drought stress. It has been reported that micronutrients such as iron has a structural role in some enzyme such as CAT and APXs (Moradbeygi et al., 2020). Higher seed yield and seed oil  L.iberica than L.royleana  under application nano-iron chelate and different levels of irrigation regimes may be due to the increasing chlorophyll a and b (Paravar et al., 2022). Compared with L.iberica, the greater CAT and APXs enzyme activity in L.royleana is probably due to the mucilage around roots of L.royleana that has caused the reduction of oxidative stress (Paravar et al., 2021).

Therefore, in general in this research, it can be concluded that under water deficit stress conditions, we can reduce damages from water deficit stress in both species of Lallemantia with careful irrigation management (using an irrigation regime of 60% available water soil of depletion) and application nano-iro chelate.

Vermicomposting fertilizer is an ecological approach that improves both yield quantity and environmental quality. This study was carried out in the field of agriculture faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2021 at two stages. In the first stage, the experimental design was a split plot with 4 crop residues (i.e. wheat, rice, sugarcane, and corn) in the main plot and 2 weight ratios (i.e. 30 & 40%) were supplot with 3 replications. In the second stage, the experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 replications which included 8 different vermicomposting that were produced in the first stage. Results of the first stage showed that wheat 40% residue treatment produced the highest mature worm weight due to the highest mature worm population which resulted in the highest total worm weight. For all crop residue treatments, the total worm number was reduced by the increase in crop residue quantity from 30% to 40%. This reduction was affected by the reduction in the immature worm population. Despite the increase in mature worm numbers, it could not compensate for the effects of reducing the number of immature worms. Increasing the percentage of the residue of each crops from 30% to 40%, the amount of vermicompost fertilizer production was reduced, but on the other hand, the amount of non-fertilizer compounds was added. The highest sesame seed yield (1154/6 kg/h) belonged to a wheat residue with a 30% weight ratio. This superiority is influenced by the superiority of seed weight in capsule, seed number in capsule, and seed 1000 weight characters. In conclusion, the results of this research showed the importance of paying attention to the raw material in the production of vermicompost both in terms of impact on the biological and chemical properties and on the agronomic properties of the crop. A point that is perhaps less noticed now. So, it is recommended that in sustainable agriculture or organic farming it is better to produce vermicompost fertilizer suitable for each crop.

Lallemnatia ibercia (Dragon’s head) is an annual herb, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Nowadays, its seed is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries due to its high mucilage and oil content. Soil moisture, nutrition, light, and temperature of the maternal environment play an important role in plant growth. However, the effect of soil moisture on yield and seed quality indices is greater during seed development. The positive effects of maternal plant nutrition with mycorrhizal inoculation can influence the quality improvement of the seeds developed under water deficit conditions. The reason for the quality improvement of the seeds developed under mycorrhizal inoculation condition is reported to be their water balance under water deficit conditions and as a result, more absorption of water and nutrients. Nutrient uptake by the maternal plant can play an important role in improving the germination and quality characteristics of the seeds developed under drought stress.

A field experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the Seed Science and Technology Laboratory of the College of Agriculture, Shahed University during f 2018-19 and 2019-20 years. Experimental treatments included irrigation regime (30, 60 and 90% of depletion of available soil water (ASW)) and mycorrhizal inoculation (non-inoculation and inoculation).

The results showed that a reduction in soil moisture in the maternal environment decreased germination percentage and seed quality.  Germination percentage (51.20%) germination rate (7%), seed vigor index (27.70%), seedling length (28.3%), seedling dry weight (34.80%), seed mucilage (75.40%), as well as seed nutrients (27.30%), seed oil (14.60%) and catalase (35.25%) and ascorbate peroxidase (25.70%) enzymes activities enhanced in the seeds developed under 60% depletion of available soil water and application of mycorrhizal compared to control (30% depletion of available soil water and without mycorrhizal). Compared with the 30% depletion of available soil water and without mycorrhizal, mean germination time (17%) and lipid peroxidation (41.10%) increased under the 90% depletion of available soil water and without fertilizer mycorrhizal.

According to the results of this study, the irrigation regime of 60% available soil water depletion of maternal plants leads to the reduction of seed quality. However, the nutrition of maternal plants by mycorrhizal inoculation effectively improved the quality of seeds developed under water deficit due to the absorption of water and nutrients.

Germination and seedling growth indices, quality and biochemical characteristics of the Lallemantia iberica seeds developed under different conditions of irrigation regime were investigated.
 The effect of mycorrhiza on nutrient uptake, oil content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of the seeds developed under different irrigation regimes was investigated.
The extent of damage to the lipid structures of cells in the seeds developed under different irrigation regimes and mycorrhiza fertilizer was investigated.

This experiment works on the physiological, growth, and yield responses of sesame to the application of potassium nano-fertilizers, chitosan, and fulvic acid under drought stress in Semnan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center as a factorial split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019. The experimental treatments include drought as the main plot (normal irrigation, irrigation cut offin 70 and 60 BBCH as moderate, and severe stress, respectively) and potassium nano-fertilizer (0, 1.5, and 2.5 per thousand) and foliar application (control, chitosan, fulvic acid, and 50% of chitosan+ fulvic acid) as sub-plots.Application of potassium nano-fertilizer under normal and stress conditions significantly cuts chlorophyll b and total, leaf area index, number of capsules, 1000-seed weight, and oil percentage.The highest grain yield belongs to the application of 1.5 and 2.5 per thousand nano fertilizers, using fulvic acid alone or in combination with 50% chitosan (2516, 2277.5, 2506.6, and 2313.2 kg/ha, respectively). The highest oil content has been in 1.5 and 2.5 per thousand nano fertilizer application under normal irrigation, which has increased 13.2% and 15.4%, respectively. Foliar application of fulvic acid with nano potassium fertilizer (1.5 per thousand) under severe drought stress show the highest activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. In general, the results show that the application of 1.5 per thousand nano potassium fertilizer and combined foliar application of chitosan and fulvic acid under severe drought by improving physiological traits, manage to modify the adverse effects of drought, increasing growth, yield, and quality indices of sesame.

Due to climate change, increasing and maintaining the current level of production in low rainfall conditions in semi-arid regions is an important challenge. On the other hand, agriculture in these areas is often of low productivity due to low water use efficiency. Considering the fact that Iran is one of the challenging arid and semi-arid regions of the world, so it faces the problem of water shortage and precipitation. Therefore, in such circumstances, finding eco-friendly solutions to increase water use efficiency to achieve sustainable agricultural goals seems necessary. In recent years, many efforts have been made in this field, in this regard, limited irrigation and the use of superabsorbent into the soil as two practical strategies for water conservation and optimal use have been considered.Optimizing the effective factors in production and management of water use in the farm could saves limited water resources and protects the soil, moreover, can increase yields. Extensive research has been done on the effect of different levels of irrigation, superabsorbent and fertilizer on different crops, but in the field of simultaneous optimization of these factors using statistical techniques, there is little or no information, so this study aims to optimize consumption of irrigation water, superabsorbent and cattle manure were designed and conducted in low-input sesame cultivation using surface-response methodology and Box-Behnken design.

The experiment was conducted as a Box-Behnken design. Experimental factors including a combination of different levels of irrigation water, superabsorbent and cattle manure. The total number of treatments required for this experiment was 15 treatments including 12 factorial combinations and 3 replications of the central point. The Box-Behnken design is essentially applicable and analyzed with one replication, but to fit the level of response equations, it is necessary to repeat the central points that represent the average level of high and low levels of each of the experimental factors. Using the Box-Behnken design, it is possible that most information from the minimum executive operation would be obtained through the distribution of trial points in the treatments. The values of these factors were determined by using software due to low and high levels of irrigation water (1500 and 3000 m3 ha-1), superabsorbent (0 and 160 kg ha-1) and cattle manure (0 and 30 ton ha-1) using software.In the Box-Behnken method, the response variable (y) is estimated by Equation 1.Where y is a dependent variable and according to sesame seed yield, biological yield, leaf area index, leaf dry weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pods, 1000-seeds weight, relative water content and seed oil percentage were calculated separately; Xi is the independent variable, XiXj i the interaction of the independent variable i and the independent variable j, Xi2 the second power of the independent variable i and βi to βii are the coefficients of the equation. After obtaining the simulation results, using calculations and statistical methods, a quadratic polynomial is obtained which expresses the response rate (yield) as a function of input variables. Finally, after optimizing the obtained relationship and eliminating ineffective sentences, using statistical tests and criteria such as F test value, Lack of Fit test, Pvalue and R2 (coefficient of determination), the final relationship for predicting yield and other response variables is calculated for the present study (Equation 2).The obtained relationship is valid only within the limits defined for the input parameters and has no predictive power outside this range. In this equation, y: is a dependent variable already defined for Eq. 4. X1 is the independent variable of irrigation water, X2 is the superabsorbent, and X3 is the independent variable of manure, a1 to a9 are the equation coefficients. Optimal amounts of irrigation water, superabsorbent and manure were determined according to the possibility of maximum seed yield. Finally, the estimated values were compared with the observed data and the validity of the regression models was evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE).

In general, considering the significant effect of linear component of manure from regression model and biological yield as well as linear effect of irrigation and manure on the number of seed per pod, it can be concluded that the use of manure ultimately increased seed yield. Regarding the quality yield of sesame (seed oil percentage), the significance of the linear component of the superabsorbent effect can guarantee the quality yield of sesame. The high significant (p≤0.01) effect of the second order (full quadratic model) component of manure on 1000-seeds weight also indicates the effectiveness of manure on yield components and finally seed yield. Optimization was performed with three scenarios. First, considering all three factors, irrigation, superabsorbent and manure were done. Optimization was done to produce the highest seed yield, in which case the highest seed yield (4541 kg ha-1) was obtained with 3,000 m3 ha-1 of irrigation water, without superabsorbent and with 30 t ha-1 of manure. In the next step, to investigate the role of superabsorbent in water saving, optimization was performed with half irrigation water, 100 kg ha-1 of superabsorbent and with no application of manure, which resulted in the production of 3380 kg ha-1 of seed. In the third case, the results of optimization for irrigation water in the range of 1500 to 2250 m3 ha-1 (limited irrigation), with no use of superabsorbent and the amount of manure from zero to 30 t ha-1, showed that applying 2250 m3 ha-1 of water and 30 t ha-1 of manure could be resulted in a seed yield of 4186 kg ha-1. The highest amount of irrigation water productivity, equal to 2.2 kg seed per m3 of water, was obtained from 2250 m3 of irrigation water. Third scenario compared with the first scenario shows a reduction of 750 m3 in the volume of irrigation water that resulted in only an 8% reduction in seed yield (4186 vs. 4541 kg of seed), therefore, the third scenario potentially could be chosen by the farmers. Depends on the level of availability of water resources, the balance of economic value of water against seed yield, and other environmental and management options, if the application of 30 t ha-1 of manure to achieve the stable seed yield is not economical for the farmer compared with the application of 100 kg ha-1 of superabsorbent, we can recommend the second scenario (1500 m3 of water plus 100 kg of superabsorbent, with no manure) that will result in the seed yield by 3380 kg ha-1. The difference in seed yield in this scenario compared with the third scenario is 806 kg of seed, so the farmer must take into account all economic and managerial conditions to select the appropriate scenario. In general, the results of this study showed that using eco-friendly inputs, it is possible to produce stable sesame in an arid and semi-arid region and achieve a yield beyond of the conventional high-input systems.

Drought stress is an unavoidable factor that exists in a wide range of environments without boundaries or clear warning, diminishing plant biomass production and quality. It is caused by changes in temperature, light intensity, and precipitation levels. This is despite its cumulative, multidimensional nature, which has a negative impact on plant morphology, physiological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics, as well as the photosynthetic capacity. Plants evolve different adaptation mechanisms to cope with water scarcity, including physiological and biochemical responses, which vary according to species. Plants respond to drought by altering their growth pattern and structural dynamics, reducing transpiration loss through modulation of stomata conductance and distribution, leaf rolling, varying root-to-shoot ratio dynamics, increasing root length, accumulating compatible solutes, and enhancing transpiration efficiency, adjusting hormone levels, and delaying senescence. The purpose of this study was to examine the photosynthetic role of safflower leaves and inflorescence on seed yield and oil content under water stress at Shahid Madani University of Azarbaijan in 2019 using the spring cultivar (Goldasht).

This study examined the effects of different irrigation regimes (no stress, water stress from the beginning of flowering stage, and water stress from 50% of flowering stage) and removing different types of photosynthetic organs (control, removal of leaves from the bottom of the plant, removal of leaves from the top of the plant, and inflorescence cover) on the growth and yield characteristics of safflower. SAS software (version 9.2) was used to perform an analysis of variance (SAS Institute Inc. 2002). At a probability level of 0.05, Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used to separate the means. Using a Class A Evaporation Pan, plots without drought and normal stress were irrigated to a depth of 80 mm from the time of planting until the beginning of flowering. Irrigation was performed at 160 mm evaporation time from water evaporation pans on water-stressed plots.

The highest 1000-seed weight (42.7 g) was associated with the control treatment, whereas the lowest weight (42.1 g) was associated with 50% flowering stress. During stress (seed filling stage), leaf temperatures were 27.9 °C and 26.6 °C, respectively (control). At the beginning of the flowering stage and at the 50% flowering stage, water stress reduced seed yield by 16.4% and 7.9%, respectively. The oil yield decreased significantly by 4.4%, only when the stress treatment was applied from the beginning of flowering. According to the results, the most important source of assimilates for safflower seed filling and oil yield is the top leaves. Also, in this study, the petals play an important role in filling the seeds, both under conditions of full irrigation and water stress. Under full irrigation, the highest harvest index (39.7%) was associated with non-removal of leaves, while the lowest harvest index (38.6%) was associated with removal of top leaves. Without removing the leaves, the highest seed yield (1305 kg/ha) was obtained without water stress. There was no significant difference in chlorophyll index between removing the top leaves of the plant and the inflorescence cover, but more chlorophyll index was obtained by removing the bottom leaves than when organs were not removed. In both treatments, removing the bottom leaves increased the chlorophyll index by 7.4% compared to not removing the leaves.

Studies confirm that removing the leaves at the plant's base increases the chlorophyll index of safflower plants. Additionally, the inflorescence cover plays a significant role in safflower seed and oil yield. Beginning with the flowering stage, safflower seed and oil yields are negatively impacted by water stress.

Abstract

Peanut is one of the sources of edible oil supply and one of the important crops in Guilan province. This plant is not very resistant to drought and insufficient water supply in the cultivation of this product, is one of the factors limiting for its yield and its successful producing definitely needs water supply. Therefore, if it is possible to increase water use efficiency by using materials such as compost, a positive step can be taken to produce peanuts in conditions without irrigation. Compost can increase plant growth and yield due to its high water holding capacity and gradual release of nutrients. And it seems that its consumption along with nitrogen fertilizer, which has a greater effect on increasing leaf area and plant growth among nutrients, can be effective in promoting peanut production. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of municipal waste compost and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of peanut in both irrigated and non-irrigated conditions.

This experiment was performed as a split split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2018 and 2019. The main plot consisted of irrigation in two levels of irrigated (according to local custom) and without irrigation. Compost application treatment (in two levels of non-compost application and consumption of five tons per hectare) was as a sub-plot and nitrogen fertilizer treatment (in four levels of zero, 20, 40 and 60 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare) was as a sub-sub-plot. In both years, at the end of the growing season, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100-seeds, seed oil, seed yield and biological yield were measured.

The results indicated that the highest number of pods per plant, pod length, seed oil and seed and biological yields were observed in irrigation treatments and application of 40 and 60 kg N ha-1. Application of five tons ha-1 of compost and 40 and 60 kg of nitrogen per hectare resulted in significant superiority for number of pods per plant and biological yield of peanuts. Applying compost along with 60 kg N ha-1 caused a significant increase in seed yield. The length of pods peanut was increased by use of compost compared to non-using it, at the rate of 9.65%. With increasing nitrogen consumption, weight of 100-seeds significantly increased and the highest weight of 100-seeds at the rate of 55.46 g was obtained in 60 kg N ha-1 treatment. Under no irrigation and no application of nitrogen fertilizer, seed yield was 21% higher in the second year compared to the first year. In the first year compared to the second year, seed oil was significantly higher by 4.58%.

Application of municipal waste compost and nitrogen fertilizer under drought stress conditions reduced the negative effects of stress on the studied traits and in the absence of stress, improved seed yield. It seems that the application of 40 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer along with five tons ha-1 of municipal waste compost in peanut cultivation can be effective to improve the seed yield of this plant, especially in non-irrigation conditions.

In order to investigate the effects of humic acid and Fe nano-chelate on improvement of vegetative characteristics, seed yield and essential oil content of black cumin (Nigella sativa) under drought stress an experiment was done during two cropping seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Eghlid. The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots were irrigation at three levels (50, 75 and 100% of available water), humic acid at three levels (0, 250, and 500 mg/l) and nano-Fe chelate at three levels (0, 1 and 2 g/l). The results showed that drought stress reduced the vegetative and yield traits. The interaction of humic acid, nano-Fe chelate and drought stress showed that the highest yield with 1036.7 kg/ha was observed in plants treated with 500 mg/l humic acid and 2 g/l iron nano chelate with 75% water available use. Also, the highest essential oil, seed oil, and leaf protein content was observed in plants treated with 500 mg/l humic acid and 2 g/l iron nano chelate with 100% usable water. As a conclusion, application of humic acid and nano-Fe chelate leads to the improvement of vegetative and chemical factors of black cumin in under drought stress conditions

The country's food security and economy are certainly dependent on agricultural production. Today, however, water scarcity causes the agricultural product facing a serious threat. Drought stress disrupts the balance of uptake of micro nutrients and also the transfer of nutrients from roots to plant shoots. In addition, deficiency of micro nutrients can reduce the resistance of soybean to drought, as the life cycle and production of vegetable crops suffer from irreparable problems, it is therefore essential to maintain food security and provide plant protein in the human food basket. Due to the importance and role of micro nutrients in reducing the effects of drought stress, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of Fe, Zn, and Mn fertilizers on soybean in irrigation interruption at different stages of plant productivity.

This experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications on soybean cultivar M9 at Agricultural Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch during two consecutive years (2016-2017). The climate of the area is the semi-arid cold to temperate. According to the meteorological statistics, the mean annual precipitation and temperature in the region were 480.7 mm and 15.8 °C, respectively. Fertilizer recommendation was applied on the basis of soil test results (50 kg urea and 100 kg superphosphate). Irrigation treatments were applied at four levels including complete irrigation, an interruption irrigation turn at flowering stage, podding start, seed filling period as main plots and foliar application was performed at eight levels including foliar application with Fe, Zn, Mn, Fe+Zn, Fe+Mn, Zn+Mn, Fe+Zn+Mn Nano-chelates and distilled water (control) in sub-plots. In order to foliar application of micronutrients, chemical fertilizers with the brand name of Fe (9%), Zn (12%) and Mn (12%) nano chelate in powder form that was completely soluble in water with 6.5 pH which was prepared by Khezra Company. Each experimental plot consisted of 6 rows that are 6 m length and the distance among rows was 50 cm. The seeds were impregnated with a symbiotic bacterium (Rhizobium japonicum) and were cultured manually at the depth of 5 cm and the distance of 5 cm on May 10, 2015 and 2016. Nano chelate foliar spraying was performed at a concentration of three in one thousand at two time points, stage V4 (formation of the fourth leaf on the stem) and one week after spraying the first time. The studied traits were seed yield, biomass yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant, number of pods per pod, number of seeds per plant, 1000-seed weight, oil percentage, oil yield, protein percentage and protein yield of soybean.

The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the main effects of drought stress, foliar application, and interaction between irrigation and foliar application on the studied traits was significant. The interaction of drought stress at podding stage and non-foliar application of nano chelate further reduced 1000-seed weight (30%), seed yield (34.9%), biomass yield (29.5%) and harvest index (7.6%) rather than control treatment in complete irrigation. In contrast Fe+Zn foliar application increased these traits 22.9%, 61.6% 46.5% and 10% respectively and was superior to other treatments. Oil loss percentage was more severe due to irrigation interruption at seed filling stage, and the lowest oil percentage (17.47) was obtained from combination of irrigation interruption at seed filling stage and non-foliar application and the most related to combination of complete irrigation and Zn+Mn foliar application (23.73). While the highest seed protein (39.57%) was obtained from irrigation interruption at seed filling stage and Zn+Mn foliar application. Overall, the results showed that the effect of drought stress in podding and seed filling stages on soybean yield and yield components was higher. Fe+Zn foliar application had the highest seed yield by better adjusting the stress effect. Treatments of Zn+Mn and Fe+Mn were the next priorities.

Overall, the results showed that foliar application with each of the elements Fe, Zn and Mn is an applied method to increase the micro nutrients content in plants and yield and yield components of the plant can be increased by reducing the effect of drought, under water deficit conditions, combined use of these elements was more effective. The combined treatments of complete irrigation and Zn+Mn foliar application had the highest seed yield with an average of 3704.6 kg.ha-1.

Evening primrose is an ornamental plant with medicinal properties that almost all organs of this plant, including its roots, leaves, buds, flowers, buds and seeds are edible and used. Evening primrose seeds contain beneficial fatty acids and phenolic compounds that are effective in human health. Numerous factors are involved in the amount and composition of active ingredients in the grain. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different culture media, organic fertilizers and drought stress on fatty acids and phenolic content of evening primrose seeds. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design in 9 treatments with three replications in two years in the greenhouse. Plant seeds were sown in substrates with different compositions of coco peat, perlite, compost, cow manure, vermicompost and farmyard soil under two conditions of drought stress or complete irrigation. The results of analysis of variance showed that the type of substrate used and also the different composition ratios used had a significant effect (P <0.01) on the amount of fatty acids in seed oil except palmitic acid, but on the acid content. Palmitic had little effect. The results showed that the content of phenolic compounds and gammalinoleic acid in the seeds of plants grown in soil was higher than the seeds of plants grown in other substrates. Drought stress also had no significant effect on the content of phenolic compounds in seeds.

Providing efficient irrigation method and selecting the appropriate cultivar in order to increase yield and water use productivity can greatly contribute to the quantitative and qualitative production of peanut products. The present study was conducted to investigate the yield, production function and water use productivity of two peanut cultivars under deficit irrigation conditions in different irrigation methods in the form of conducted as split split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018 and 2019 in Guilan province. The main treatment consisted of two methods of drip and furrow irrigation, and the sub-treatment included supplying 125, 100, 75, 50 and 25 percent of water requirement, and the sub-sub-treatment included two peanut cultivars Guil and Jonobi. The results showed that simple effects, Interaction between irrigation and water supply and the interaction of water supply and cultivar at the level of one percent on biologic yield, pods and seeds were significant. The pod and seed yield in the drip method was higher than the furrow method. Due to the interaction of water requirements supply and cultivar, the highest yield of biomass, pods and seeds with 100% water requirement supply was in Guil cultivar. In drip irrigation method and providing 100% of water requirement, the highest water use efficiency based on pod yield in the first and second year was 0.91 and 0.94 kg/m3, respectively, and in seed yield during two years was 0.60 kg/m3 was obtained. Water supply was significant for seed oil, phosphorus and nitrogen content at 1% level and for seed protein content at 5% level. The highest content of oil, phosphorus and nitrogen was obtained with 100% water requirement, and in seed protein with 25% water requirement. Based on the results and considering the water use productivity, cultivation of peanut Guil cultivar using drip irrigation method and providing 100% of water requirement is suggested for the study area.

In order to evaluate the effect of application of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers on the intercropping of pinto bean and black mustard, this experiment was conducted.

The first factor was considered at four levels: No fertilizer, bio-fertilizers (azotobarvar 1 and barvar 2), bio-fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizers urea (125 kg.ha-1) and bio-fertilizers + 100% chemical fertilizers urea (250 kg.ha-1). The cropping pattern was also classified as the second factor in four levels: pure bean, pure black mustard, incremental intercropping with a ratio of 50% black mustard, optimum density of pinto bean mono-cropping, and an incremental intercropping with optimum density of two species in mono-cropping.

Ground cover percentage, leaf chlorophyll index and grain yield in pinto bean and black mustard and also the oil yield of black mustard increased by application of bio-fertilizer + 100% urea fertilizer. The lowest seed oil content was obtained from bio-fertilizer + 100% chemical fertilizer treatment. The highest percentage ground cover of pinto bean and black mustard (93.08%) and maximum leaf chlorophyll index of pinto bean (23.61) were obtained in incremental intercropping with optimum density of two species in mono-cropping. The highest grain yield of pinto bean (3269.92 kg.ha-1) and black mustard (2066.65 kg.ha-1) and yield of black mustard oil (865.65 kg.ha-1) were obtained in their pure cultivation.

Based on the land equivalent ratio and relative value total indices, it was evident that intercropping of pinto bean and black mustard was more beneficial than mono-cropping.

In order to investigate the effect time and intensity of defoliation under use of amino acid condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Ali Abad Katoul, Golestan Province during growing season 2016-17. The first factor included the intensity of defoliation at three levels of 0, 50 and 100%, the second factor included the time of defoliation in five levels (V1, V3, V5, V7, and R1), and the third factor was the application and non-application of amino acids. The results showed that the effect of amino acids, the time and intensity of defoliation, and the interaction between times in intensity of defoliation were significant on oil yield. Application of amino acid resulted in an increase of 98.9% of oil yield compared to the non-application treatment. The highest oil yield was observed in the defoliation of 50% leaf in V1 stage with a mean of 867.5 kg/ha, which was 10.5% higher than to the control treatment. Comparing the mean interactions effects of times in intensity of defoliation, the highest grain protein yield was observed in defoliation of 50% leaf in V5 stage with 1296.17 kg/ha, which increased 17.33% compared to the control treatment. Defoliation of 100% of leaves resulted in the lowest weight of 100 seeds, and the absence of leaf defoliation and the defoliation of 50% of the leaf had the highest mean of this trait. Application of amino acids increased 12.28% of grain yield compared to the non-application. In the interaction of the times in intensity of defoliation, the highest grain yield associated with 50% defoliation of leaf in stages V1 and V5 were 3681.9 and 3696.3 kg/ha respectively, which was 2.46 and 2.84% higher than to the control treatment, respectively. In general, leaf defoliation in late stages of growth (especially reproductive growth) with 100% intensity was reduced the quantitative traits (yield and yield components) and qualitative traits (oil and protein content of grain). On the other hand, the application of amino acids, by increasing the mean of measured traits, moderated the effect of defoliation stress.Defoliation of 100% of leaves resulted in the lowest weight of 100 seeds, and the absence of leaf defoliation and the defoliation of 50% of the leaf had the highest mean of this trait. Application of amino acids increased 12.28% of grain yield compared to the non-application. In the interaction of the times in intensity of defoliation, the highest grain yield associated with 50% defoliation of leaf in stages V1 and V5 were 3681.9 and 3696.3 kg/ha respectively, which was 2.46 and 2.84% higher than to the control treatment, respectively. On the other hand, the application of amino acids, by increasing the mean of measured traits, moderated the effect of defoliation stress.Defoliation of 100% of leaves resulted in the lowest weight of 100 seeds, and the absence of leaf defoliation and the defoliation of 50% of the leaf had the highest mean of this trait. Application of amino acids increased 12.28% of grain yield compared to the non-application.

In order to investigate the effect of zinc and silicon spraying on some of the quantitative and qualitative traits of Lallemantia iberica (Urmia Landrace), a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Research Farm of Urmia University in 2016-2017. The two rainfed and supplementary irrigation systems were considered as the main plots, and the spraying of zinc, silicon and untreated control as the sub-plots. The main effects of environment, spraying and their interaction were significant on the most of the studied traits. The highest amounts of chlorophyll, carotenoids, potassium and zinc were obtained from zinc application. The highest amount of soluble carbohydrates, phosphorus, and silicon was observed in silicon spraying. There were no significant differences, in term of leaf relative water content, between Zn or Si treatments in both stress conditions. The highest percentage of seed mucilage belonged to Si spraying of rainfed plants. The highest seed oil content were occurred at Zn spraying (23.7%), and however obtained from rainfed (23.9%) plants. The amounts of grain yield of Lallemantia iberica (Urmia Landrace) either in rainfed conditions or supplemental irrigation was for zinc application (613.3 and 688.3 kg ha-1, respectively) and silicon spraying (657.3 and 668.7 kg ha-1, respectively) more than untreated control plants

In order to study the physiological responses of castor to foliar application of zinc nano-chelate and humic acid under limited irrigation, an experiment was conducted as split-factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Damghan region during 2015-16 growing season. Irrigation as the main factor in three levels including normal irrigation (control), irrigation up to 75 BBCH (mild stress) and irrigation up to 65 BBCH (severe stress). Combination of spraying various concentrations of humic acid (non-application, application of recommended rate and two-fold recommended rate) and zinc nano-chelate (application and non-application) were as subplots of this experiment. The results showed that the effect of irrigation treatment, humic acid, and zinc nano-chelate were significant on the number of capsules, number of seeds, 100-seed weight, grain yield, oil percent, and chlorophyll content. Irrigation up to 65 BBCH resulted in a reduction of 11.9, 34.9, 24.2, 24.9, and 51.7 percent in 100-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, percent and yield of oil compared to normal irrigation. With application of humic acid based on recommended amount obtained the highest grain yield (2098.8 kg.ha-1). Foliar application of zinc nano-chelate resulted in 14.4, 8.4 and 18.4 percent increase in the grain number, 100-seed weight, and grain yield. The highest oil content (45.4%) and oil yield (943.3 kg.ha-1) were obtained in the normal irrigation. The non-application of humic acid, as well as irrigation up to 65 BBCH, led to decrease in leaf chlorophyll content. The highest activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme was observed in non-application of zinc nano-chelate and two-fold consumption of humic acid under irrigation up to 65 BBCH conditions. The seed oil percent had a positive correlation with functional traits and total chlorophyll content and had a negative and significant correlation with antioxidant enzymes activity. Regression results showed that capsule number, 100-seed weight, grain yield, and oil yield were the main factors affecting seed oil percent. In general, the application of humic acid with recommended amounts and zinc nano-chelate led to improvement of growth and physiological traits and tolerance to limited irrigation in castor plant.

Identification and cultivation of new oily seeds such as Silybum marianum is an effective step towards supplying edible oil. The seeds of this plant are one of the valuable sources of oily seeds that contain essential and nonessential fatty acids and the effective ingredient Silymarin. The amount and quality of the effective ingredients in different plants depend on environmental factors and conditions of the growth regions. Therefore, in the present study, the compounds of Silybum marianum seeds and the effect of height and soil physiochemical properties on the amount of Silymarin and the oil quantity and quality of this plant was studied in several habitats located in southeastern of Mazandaran province. For so doing, after soil and plant sampling through random-systematic method, the content of seed oil was determined using Soxhlet and Silymarin was extracted using ultrasonic device. After the process of fatty acid methyl ester analysis, the fatty acids contained in the oil were identified using gas chromatography. According to the results, Linoleic acid and Oleic acid were the most important fatty acids in plant seeds. From among oil compounds, Palmitoleic, Margaric, Stearic, Linoleic, Palmitic, Arachidic, Lignoceric acids and from among soil properties, Phosphorus, lime, and soil texture had significant response to the height. Phosphorus, lime and pH had significant correlation with oil percent. Silybum marianum oil has high nutritional value due to high amounts of Oleic and Linoleic acids.

To evaluate the effects of drought and foliar micronutrients on yield, protein and oil content of soybeans, Split_factorial randomized complete block design with four replications in crop year 2015- 2014 was conducted at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad. Stress factor in three levels (control, tension and stress in flowering stage to the stage of pod) as the main factors and the factors at two levels (the M7 and the M9) and foliar application of micronutrients in three levels (non-sprayed, at the stage of flowering and foliar spray at flowering and pod filling stage) factorial trial were considered as secondary factors. The results showed the effects of drought stress, foliar application of micronutrients and the statistical level of 1% and sprayed on the surface of the interaction of drought stress in 5% had significant effect on grain yield. So that the highest grain yield of 3192 kg per hectare with an average normal irrigation and the lowest yield related to stress at flowering stage with an average of 2211 kg per hectare. The highest yield and quality of soybean in non-stress conditions, flowering and pod filling stage and sprayed in two digits (M7) were the most sensitive growth stages of soybean to drought stress is the flowering stage.

To evaluate the effect of foliar application of nano iron and zinc chelated fertilizer on yield and agronomic characteristics of canola (Brassica napus L.) cv Hyola 308 hybrid under drought stress an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Ramhormoz, Khuzestan province in 2012 growing season. Main plots consisted of three levels of irrigation: irrigation in the whole the growing season (control), irrigation cut at the green bud stage and irrigation cut at the seed formation stage and foliar application treatment at the beginning of stem elongation and flowering as subplots consisted of four levels: sprayed with water(control), foliar application with Nano-zinc, foliar application with nano-iron, foliar application composition with nano-zinc and nano-iron (each of them was a concentration of two per thousand). The results showed that cut irrigation in reproductive growth stage decreased the grain yield (18 percent), biological yield (6 percent) and harvest index (14 percent). Plant height and the weight of one thousand seeds were influenced by the interaction of irrigation and spray. Most of the seed oil content (45.2 percent), the weight of one thousand seeds (4.13 g) and plant height (106.5 cm) were related to the irrigation treatment in whole growth stages and foliar application of nano iron and zinc chelate combination. Spraying plants with nano chelate iron and zinc improved plant tolerance and increased yield in drought stress condition in relation to spray by water (control).

In order to investigate the role of calcium and sodium nitroprusside on reducing the destructive effects of salinity stress, this experiment was conducted as split plot-factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design in field conditions. Main factor included two levels of salinity (irrigation with common water and saline water) and sub-factors including sodium nitroprusside at four levels (zero, pretreated seed, foliar application by concentration of 50 micro Molar and pretreated seed foliar application by concentration of 50 micro Molar) and calcium foliar application at three levels (zero, calcium carbonate in the usual form and in the form of nano with a concentration of four per thousand) in three replications.The results showed that salinity tension reduced photosynthetic capacity and leaf chlorophyll content. As the total chlorophyll content in tension conditions showed 72 percent reduction than normal conditions. The use of sodium nitroprusside treatments had a desired effect on increasing chlorophyll content. Among the treatments of this material, application of pretreatment plus foliar application left the most positive effect on chlorophyll content. Also, salinity tension reduced the chlorophyll a / b ratio. The use of calcium treatments increased both chlorophyll a and b types. The application of salinity tension significantly increased the amount of sodium in the leaf, so that, for example, the sodium content in the leaf increased from 6.4 milligram in normal conditions to 22.7 milligram in salinity tension conditions. Also, the comparison of mean of data showed that by applying salinity tension, the amount of sesame oil decreased and the protein content of the grain was increased. So that the amount of oil in tension conditions decreased by 2.2 percent and protein content increased by 3.4 percent compared to normal conditions.

This research was aimed to investigate the effects of plant density and organic and chemical fertilizers on some phytochemical characteristics of Iranian ox-tongue (Echium amoenum Fisch. & Mey.). The study was conducted as a split plot experiment based on RCBD design with three replications, conducted in 2011-2014, in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The main and sub plots included three plant densities (10, 5 and 3 plants per m2) and three types of organic fertilizers and one type of chemical fertilizer (compost, vermicompost, cow manure, nitrogen chemical fertilizer and control), respectively. The results showed that the highest antioxidant activity was obtained in a density of 10 plants per m2 (79 mg/ml) and the highest total phenols was observed in a density of 5 plants per m2 (51 mg GAE/g flower DW). Compost, vermicompost, cow manure and chemical fertilizer increased total phenols to 51, 35, 40 and 63%, respectively compared to control. Application of vermicompost and cow manure in a density of 3 plants per m2 increased total flavonoid up to 39 and 38%, respectively compared to control. The highest total anthocyanin was obtained in a density of 5 plants per m2. Vermicompost and cow manure increased the seed oil (10 and 13%), and seed protein content (34 and 13%), respectively compared to control. In general, according to the findings of this research, it seems that the use of eco-friendly inputs and determining the optimal density of Iranian ox-tongue could result in improving the quality and health of product and minimizing the damage caused by chemical inputs.