coding

The trauma registry system was established as a tool to identify risk factors, assess service quality, and conduct research. To achieve this goal, complete recording of information and accurate coding are vital. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of coded data in the trauma registry system of Urmia University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive-cross-sectional and retrospective research was conducted in 2023. The research population consisted of 400 medical records, selected through random sampling. The data collection tool was a checklist developed by the researcher, whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The data were analyzed using SPSS software.

In total, 1001 and 1050 codes were registered by the system coder and the expert, respectively, for 400 cases. The obtained results showed a 95% completeness of the codes. The accuracy of coding diagnoses was at the level of the first three characters (81%), the fourth (61%), and the fifth (30%), and for coding external causes at the level of the first three characters (62%), the fourth (35%), and the fifth (28%). The reliability of the codes assigned by the coder in the first and second stages was found to be κ=91.8% for the first three characters, κ=84.3% for the fourth character, and κ=35% for the fifth character.

The results of this study showed that the coded data are favorable in terms of completeness and reliability of codes. In evaluating the accuracy of codes, at the level of the first three characters, it is favorable, but at the level of the fourth and fifth characters, it is unfavorable. Therefore, to improve the coding quality of the trauma registry system, continuous evaluation of coding is necessary, and necessary feedback should be provided to the coders.

 

The payment system based on diagnosis-related groups was created to control the costs of health care services, increase efficiency in inpatient care, and improve transparency in hospital activities. The success of this system depends on complete and accurate documentation of medical records and correct coding of diagnoses and procedures. This research aimed to determine the problems of documenting medical records to implement a payment system based on DRGs.

This research was a qualitative study that was conducted using the semi-structured interview method in 2022. The research population included experts in health information management and health economics at Urmia University of Medical Sciences, who were selected purposefully. Data analysis was done through content analysis using ATLAS.ti software.

From the point of view of the interviewees, the most important problems of documenting medical records in the implementation of DRGs, included the lack of clinical documentation guidelines, the lack of necessary information elements, the lack of accurate evaluation of the quality of documentation, and coding, the lack of continuous training courses, the incompleteness of documentation, and the lack of sufficient interaction between doctors and coders were in the hospital.

The results of this research showed that some essential variables for implementing the DRGs system are not defined separately and clearly in the medical records and the hospital information system, and the quality of the documentation and coding is not accurate and complete. Therefore, it seems necessary to consider separate information elements for the main diagnosis, the main action, and the comorbidity and complications in the standard medical record forms.

Spiritual health is considered as one of the components of general  health and has a significant impact on other parameters and therefore, has long been of particular importance among researchers. This study was conducted with the aim of Meta-synthesis of researchs studies in the field of spiritual health in Iran.

The research method was applied based on the purpose and meta-synthesisof data collection based on the seven-stage meta- synthesis method of Sandlowski and Barroso. The statistical population of the study included the collection of studies conducted in the Iranian scientific community, ie articles and dissertations during the last 15 years, which were selected based on purposeful sampling method and entry and exit criteria. The research tool included a check list form. Data were collected in Iranian databases. The analysis process was based on open coding, axial coding and creating categories and domains in maxquda software.Validity was confirmed by internal validity or expert opinion.

Findings showed that the set of studies and researches conducted in iran were classified into eight areas: outcome variables of spiritual health, the effectiveness of various interventions based on spiritual health, the effectiveness of psychological intervention on spiritual health, constructing and validation of a questionnaire, identification of components, comparison and assessment of spiritual health in various communities.

It can be said that spiritual health research in Iran has been conducted heterogeneously in different societies and in relation to specific variables and requires more attention to  new societies and variables.

This article is modeled on the controversy-outcome theory in the field of handball championship sports (1). By definition, controversy is a behavior to achieve a result that violates important organizational norms and threatens the well-being of an organization or its members, or both (2). According to the definition of Abdi et al. (2017), behaviors such as intimidation, resentment, and any illegal behavior aimed at achieving a goal are called controversy. In the sport of our country, it is observed that people do anything, including controversy, in order to be promoted, to achieve a result or to win. Despite the efforts of many officials, there are still people who, by creating controversy, circumvent the rules of the sport of handball, the rules of the disciplinary committee, in order to achieve their demands. Sarlak (2016) refers to such behaviors as strategies to achieve the goal (1).If the competition that leads to the result is not managed tactfully, controversy and controversy will prevail in the organization. As if today such a problem can be seen in different parts of the countrychr('39')s sports. Referees who strive for progress and promotion, coaches who strive for results, players who strive to stand out and reach higher levels, including the national team, fanatical spectators who win their beloved city team, and managers who strive to win. Holding various organizational positions engage in controversial behaviors, and players engage in controversial behaviors in order to earn a national team jersey or score points in competitions. Of course, in sports, the nature of the sport must be taken into account, handball is a very popular and exciting sport, and the personality of people who turn to any sport, for example, certainly chess. And darts are not comparable to football, handball and basketball, which are collision disciplines (4). According to Alias (2013), in sports such as football, where mobility and dynamism are high, natural early life is associated with it, and the new structure of civilization becomes ineffective for it, which also unravels (7), but with Simon (2001) research that exercise promotes some values well, but these values can also be wrong values and immoral behaviors depending on the sports environment is not consistent (8). In the contemporary world, despite the prominent cultural feature of sports and physical education, less attention has been paid to this approach and in the process of culture-building, the excellence of literature and education and the promotion of personality are less considered, Therefore, the aim of this study was to Introducing a Conceptual Framework & Code-Sub code Models to Factors Affecting on Controversy Management in Sport (Study on: Team Handball).

The method was qualitative, applied in terms of purpose and exploratory. The population were handball players, coaches and referees. Sampling was performed non-randomly. Elite group consisting of 5 faculty members was formed. In order to identify data in-depth library studies, Semi-structured interviews with were used with 15 experts in sports management, behavior, sociology and psychology familiar with handball using snowball method and theoretical saturation. We used Maxquda2020 software. 

During the results of the research, 499 open codes, 72 selected codes and 9 selected codes were identified. The validity was confirmed by experts.

The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (19, 13-17). In this study, by analyzing various factors, we conclude that controversy is not just about attracting attention or emptying internal emotions, but is closer to corruption in the organization because it pursues a goal and that is to achieve results. This point is very common in the countrychr('39')s sports. According to the information collected by the research team, managerial factors (30.64%), individual and cultural factors (25.20%), socio-political factors (10.8%), facilities and welfare (12.78%), education and awareness raising (9.2%) Ethnic and regional factors (4.6%), media coverage (2%), negative emulation (2.4%), and handball characteristics (2.4%) play a role in controversy management.Management factors include the management of different levels of the organization, which according to the interviewees, if each plays its role properly, can be effective in reducing controversy (12). Individual factors in terms of psychological, mental fitness and physical fitness of each person have a significant impact on the level of tolerance and the way he looks at events. Political and social factors are an integral part of solving individual and organizational problems. Because many of our managerschr('39') decisions are based on political and social events, and it is no secret that solving such problems requires strong and stable management. Educating and raising the level of awareness of people about handball team sports and the attractions of this sport, its rules and regulations can lead to peace, especially for families who are aware of their childrenchr('39')s sports environment. Also, considering the facilities of the teams, unfortunately, in recent years, it has become clear that the federations, regardless of the economic situation of the teams, try to hold professional leagues, while if the welfare of the teams If the coaches, players and agents are not properly involved, the league will be eroding and will only leave destructive effects from various injuries. The security of events and sports venues should be considered a cultural and social action (18). Regional and ethnic factors may be seen in many parts of the country, but in the field of handball with zoning that has been done and handball in 8 different regions, is managed under the supervision of the Handball Federation, this issue is more visible. The role of the media in following the news of a sport is very significant, the media, especially radio and television, can play a significant role in increasing and decreasing the psychological pressure of a sport. But in the meantime, the role of those who spy negatively, people who for any reason are not able to continue a sport or have not been accepted by the system as those who are so-called poison, should not be overlooked. Spraying causes controversy and affects the minds. Many experts believe that handball is controversial due to its high popularity.

Today, new technologies allow employees to access their work from any place and at any time; Which leads them to a more flexible work environment. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify the indicators and components of a flexible working hours model with a focus on productivity.

In terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection method and relationships between variables, the present study is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The statistical population of this study was all policy makers, professors of the Center for Scientific Policy, university professors, researchers and experts active in the field of policy-making and experts related to the research title and the statistical sample was selected based on theoretical saturation of 25 people. Coding was used to analyze the data and extract the theory.

The results showed that 116 open codes were identified in the open coding stage, which were summarized in the form of 15 concepts. In the second stage of qualitative data analysis (axial coding), the paradigm model of Strauss and Corbin was used.

The components of the paradigm model for pivotal coding included pivotal category, causal conditions, prevailing context, interventionist conditions, strategies and consequences

The importance of managing medicines and medical devices as vital resources in healthcare industry cannot be ignored. Therefore, the application of coding systems could be of great help in the control of the required processes. This study aims to develop a coding system for medicines and medical devices in Iran.

This descriptive study was planned to be carried out in four phases from September 2018 to August 2019. To identify the requirements of designing a coding system for the classification of medicines and medical devices, library resources were studied, and the existing coding systems in the area of medicines and medical devices came under scrutiny. Then, based on the expert opinion on the results, the initial model of the coding system was designed.

Thirty-five coding systems were identified and investigated. To design the proposed system, two coding systems -- ATC/DDD and UMDNS -- were selected as a core for medicines and medical devices, respectively. Then, based on expert opinion, the axes for the place of consumption and the placement of products and also the application of Quick Response (QR) code for data encoding were added.

The design and development of a comprehensive coding system–which is in compliance with the international protocols and capable of including both medicines and medical devices simultaneously – could be very helpful. Besides, using the location axis in the structure of coding system can improve the management of these products.

The aim of this study was to determine the status of ICD-10 codes assigned to cancer patients' medical records in terms of three attributes of accuracy, completeness, and timeliness.

in this cross-sectional descriptive study, 374 medical files with C00-D48 diagnosis codes were selected through stratified sampling. Data gathering tool was a researcher-made checklist consisted of clinical information summary, codes assigned by assistant professors and coders, the review and comparison of the codes, the results obtained from the control of codes by ICD-10 and the errors extracted from coders’ codes. The factors affecting the occurrence of coding errors at different levels and their impact on the accuracy and completeness of the codes were classified.

Totally, coding errors were observed in 79 cases (21.74%). differences in codes at the level of the chapter were due to not following the rules for choosing the main diagnosis (30 cases) and inadequate study of the records (38 cases). In terms of completeness, in 27 cases (7.43%), codes assigned by coders were defective compared to assistant professors’ codes. In relation to the timeliness, in accordance with the WHO standard, coding was done within 48 hours of the patient's discharge.

According to the results, coding quality is not only dependent on the coders, but also on other factors such as documentation defect. Therefore, continuous training for both coders and documenters is necessary to resolve defects, especially in the field of cancer. It is also recommended to use the results of this study for planning related workshops.

The purpose of this research was to identify the factors obstructing the implementation of decentralized management in educational institutions of the western cities of Isfahan province with the approach of the data theory of the foundation. Although there was a general agreement on the importance of identifying barriers to the implementation of decentralized management in the education institution as one of the most important and vital organizations in society, a model that integrates these barriers and theoretical explanation have not been presented. Due to the pertinent litrature and central role of education in society, the present study was carried out within the framework of qualitative approach and using the research methodology of the Foundation. Hence, data collection tools were semi-structured interviews. In order to collect information, an interview was conducted using a targeted sampling method with 35 experts familiar with the issues of education and training. Data analysis was performed in three stages: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Based on this, the qualitative research model was rationalized. Accordingly, the results of this study indicated that 125 open source or initial concepts from interviews were extracted, and also 35 concepts and 5 categories were identified by the factors impeding the implementation of decentralized management of education departments in the western cities of Isfahan province.

The increasing influence of ICT on health and changing information systems to electrical form makes using the information, data transmission, and also preparation printouts of information so easy that the importance of internal and external disclosure policy, data security, and confidentiality standards in these systems have been doubled. At the beginning of research, all the combinations of key words were searched, then the history and importance of the health data security standards were studied. So the most prevalent and reliable standards were selected to perform the full text. For the next step the researchers extracted the properties which were used to be compared with the selected standards and finally the comparison was discussed. PCI-DSS, HIPAA, and ISO-27799:2008 properties were classified in 8 groups and 25 subgroups. ISO-27799:2008 was attended to all properties in Encryption group, but HIPAA was just attended to Encryption in storage, and asymmetric key, and PCI-DSS was considered on Encryption in storage, using Hash algorithm and use of asymmetric key. Operation system security was considered only in HIPAA. Only PCI-DSS standard considered RFID and DNS security and cell phone security, and PCI-DSS as well as ISO-27799:2008 considered wireless networks security. One can use the standard that is stronger in context. So, it is recommended to use PCI-DSS for cell phone or PDA systems, and ISO-27799:2008 or PCI-DSS for wireless networks. It is better for security in operation systems to use HIPAA. Combined standard with all these three standards aspects can be used as the safest approach.

The use of cancer suffering patient's information is possible when this information was organized and categorized properly through encoding the diagnoses and therapeutic procedures. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the accuracy rate of the neoplasm coding in Seyed Al-Shohada Hospital of Isfahan city in 2011. This study was a descriptive and cross-sectional study. The population of this study were medical records created during the second half of 2011,308 ones of which were selected as sample. A self-designed checklist was the research tool, which was used after validation. Data analysis was performed using SPSS v16. Software through descriptive statistics. Investigating the surveyed records, the researchers found that the accuracy rate of the records in this hospital was 68%. Also the highest accuracy rate of the coding has been associated with neoplasms of the connective tissue (94%). Regarding the obtained results, it is recommended that coding of morphology & related Z codes of neoplasms be set in coder's work order. It is also recommended that continuous educational coding courses be held in order to increase the accuracy rate of the neoplasm coding.

The Importance of disease classification for facilitating medical research is clear. The Medical diagnosis classification is usually done through International Classification of Disease (ICD) system. Sometimes, diagnostic terms in medical records require to be replaced by equivalent term according to international classification of disease system. In order to optimize the patient’ medical records, using information technology, especially designing and developing application in classification of local medical diagnosis are recommended. This research aimed to identify local cardiovascular diagnoses and develop an application for classification and coding them. This research is an applied study, conducted on 500 medical records in Mashhad Imam Reza and Ghaem hospitals. After that, the concept mapping developed between diagnostic terms and the ICD terms. Data were collected through observation, interview, and checklist, and then the application was developed for coding diagnoses. Furthermore, the coding agreement coefficient related to first and second final diagnoses recorded in medical records was calculated among three raters via interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). In this research, 1081 codes were investigated and 676 diagnoses of them were recorded in the record summary form. The number of the local diagnoses and abbreviations with their codes were 147 cases. The coding agreement rate among raters was 70% and 88% in the first and second final diagnosis, respectively. Due to the excellent agreement between raters about the local cardiovascular terms performed through the coding application, it can be concluded that the designed application has high reliability in coding and can be used for classification of diagnoses in different hospital departments.

Because of increasing incidence of burn injuries، prevention programs become more important. Accurate information is the essential requirement for implementation of such programs which obtained based on correct and high quality coding. In this research، coding quality for burn injuries in deceased and non-deceased patients'' records in Tabriz Sina Hospital were studied and compared.

This was a cross-sectional comparative study. Research population was included 1500 medical records of hospitalized burned patients in Sina hospital، Tabriz in 2010-2011. The sample size based on pilot study was determined 75 cases from each groups and was performed using systematic random sampling. Data were collected using a data extraction form that content validity was confirmed by panel of experts. SPSS software version 16 has been used for data analysis and descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency، percentage، mean، SD and Mann-Whitney test were applied.

The accuracy of 41. 8% and completeness of 61. 4% were obtained from the deceased patients’ record while it was 47. 3% and 71. 2% for the non deceased patients respectively. The fifth character were not been coded in neither deceased nor non-deceased group. Timelines was average 50 day that there was great distance with standard of WHO (2 days).

To improve the coding quality in the deceased patients، coding of other diagnosis and activity should be considered by coders. Accordingly some attraction، punishments، or relative regulations should be defined for coders to attract them to do their best and on time coding in line with entrance of codes into Hospital Information System.

Coding underlying cause of death is associated with both written information on death certificate and interpretation of rules about coding cause of death by coder. This study aimed to review the cause of death coding accuracy in Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (Hormozgan، Iran). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study which was performed in 2010-2011 for six months. The study population included the death certificates of all the deceased in Shahid Mohammadi Educational Hospital (n = 345) and Pediatrics Educational Hospital (n = 59). First، information of death certificates was written on new forms. Then، the residents of the clinical wards determined the sequences and then the researcher took action for recoding death certificates and comparing his codes by original coders. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Coding accuracy rate in Shahid Mohammadi Hospital، Pediatrics Hospital and in total were 51. 7%، 54% and 52. 1%، respectively. Coding accuracy had a statistically significant association with International Classification of Diseases Tenth Edition (ICD-10) chapters، number of lines and languages used for completing death certificates. The best status of coding was in chapters of genitourinary system diseases (87. 5 percent) and neoplasms (69. 4%). The worst condition was in chapters of external causes (21. 4%) and endocrine، nutritional and metabolic diseases. The most application (36%) and the best coding status (65% accuracy) belonged to general rule. Rule 3 was the most erroneous (85%) and neoplasms coding rules had been observed at rate 65. 7%. Coding cause of death in these hospitals had not desirable status and education is essential for both physicians (regarding how to complete the death certificate) and coders (about rules of selecting and coding underlying cause of death).

The nucleus of mature sperm contains a complex population of transcripts such as mRNAs and miRNAs which expressed and accumulated during process of spermatogenesis; however in spermatozoa، transcription is inert. The spermatozoa do not have cytoplasmic ribosomal compounds and translation apparatus. However، spermatozoa can translate cytoplasmic mRNAs de novo، using mitochondrial polysomes. Important roles of spermatozoa RNAs include chromatin repackaging، paternal genomic imprintingand gene silencing. Recent information of transferred spermatozoa RNAs into oocytes during fertilization and RNA-mediated epigenetic effect contribute extra genomically to early embryonic growth. Furthermore، regardless of the biological roles of spermatozoal RNA and embryonic growth، the differences in profile expression of spermatozoa RNAs from fertile and infertile men، provide potential spermatozoa markers in assessment male fertility and infertility. In this review، presence of RNAs in mature sperm، diversity and functions of gene transcripts in male fertility and embryonic development are discussed.

Reliability of diagnoses coding is essential for the use of data in national and international levels. The present study compared the reliability of diagnoses coding with 10th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) between the two groups of coders.

Two hundred and forty five priorly coded medical records from five public hospitals affiliated to Zahedan University of Medical Sciences were re-coded by hospital coders and researcher in the first half of 2011. Data collection was done through a checklist. Validity of this instrument was confirmed by the experts. Intra-rater reliability (reliability of coder) and inter-rater reliability (reliability of prior codes with researcher codes or current codes of coder with researcher codes) were assessed in different level of diagnoses using Cohen’s Kappa.

In the most cases، inter-rate reliability was almost perfect. Only in level of first three character of principle diagnoses value of Kappa was moderate (K = 0. 52). Furthermore، external reliability in most cases was upper than moderate. Only reliability of codes dedicated by researcher and prior codes on medical records in the fifth character of principle diagnosis was low (K = 0. 18)، the fourth character of the first other diagnosis was moderate (K= 0. 60)، and also in chapter level of the third، the other diagnosis were moderate (K= 0. 54). Furthermore، Kappa value (between coder and researcher) for principle diagnosis in the first three character was moderate (K = 0. 47)، and in the fifth character level was low (K = 0. 18).

Reliability of diagnoses coding was appropriate in level of chapter and the fourth character and was not appropriate in three levels of the first and fourth characters. This could be resulted from error selection of principle diagnosis in multiple-coding and negligence of coder to level of specificity in coding. Thus، implementation of in-service educational programs for coders seems essential.