problem solving styles

Due to the evolution of the brain during adolescence, adolescents are more likely to experience emotional reactivity and make incorrect decisions; in addition, this period is also considered the peak period for mental illness. Consequently, the present study aimed to explain the causal relationship between cognitive flexibility and borderline personality disorder traits in adolescents: the role of problem solving styles in mediating these relationships.  

The present research method was practical in terms of purpose and descriptive correlative in terms of the data collection method, which involved the use of structural equation modeling. Approximately 352 teenagers were selected by the available sampling method from the statistical population of the study which consisted of all teenagers studying in the 5th education region of Tehran in 2018-2019. In addition, they completed the borderline personality inventory (Leichsenring, 1999), the cognitive flexibility inventory (Dennis and Vander wal, 2010), and the problem-solving styles questionnaire (Cassidy and Long, 1996). The data were analyzed using the correlation research method and structural equation model method using the SPSS 26 and AMOS 24 software packages.

The results showed the total path coefficient between cognitive flexibility and borderline personality disorder traits (β = -0.263, P < 0.01) and the path coefficient between adaptive problem-solving styles and borderline personality disorder traits (β = -0.406, P < 0.01) were negative, and the path coefficient between maladaptive problem-solving styles and borderline personality disorder traits was positive (β = 0.275, P < 0.01). Additionally, the findings indicated that cognitive flexibility indirectly affected borderline personality disorder traits through problem-solving styles (P<0.01).

The spread of the corona virus and its psychological consequences is one of the most important human social events in the 21st century. Nurses are facing the psychological consequences of it. Moreover, coping strategies, including problem solving, are methods to deal with Corona anxiety. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to predict the anxiety of Corona based on coping strategies and problem solving styles in nurses of Kermanshah city.

Methods and Materials: 

The present research is descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study includes all nurses of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2022. To select the sample size, 269 nurses have been estimated based on Morgan table and cluster random sampling method. Considering population size which is estimated above 3000 nurses and 1269 of them were working in the corona ward. Corona virus anxiety questionnaire (CDAS), Lazarus and Folkman (1984) coping strategies questionnaire and Cassidy and Long problem solving styles were described and implemented to those nurses who were satisfied to cooperate in the study.

The results obtained using regression and Pearson correlation coefficient showed that the observed F is significant (F = 5.43) and the predictor variables together explain the variance of corona anxiety by 0.28. Multiple correlation between variables was 0.36 (R = 0.36).

According to the research findings, it can be said that coping strategies and problem-solving styles are effective factors related to corona anxiety that this point can be considered in health centers.

Addiction is the most widespread and recognized health concern and risk in Iran. As a chronic and recurrent disorder, in addition to profound social, psychological, physical, and economic impacts on the consumer, addiction imposes significant psychological pressure on family members and society. The drug dependency of the family head is very harmful and destructive and has many adverse effects on all the family members and, most notably, the addicted wife. In such cases, some codependency in the woman causes them to exhibit a pattern of exaggerated and excessive behavior strongly influenced by the addicted spouse. This dependence continues until the individual loses his or her identity. Problem–solving styles and thinking styles can be effective in measuring facts and benefiting from capabilities, and dealing with negative emotions. So, this research aimed to investigate the relationship between thinking styles and problem–solving styles with the codependency of spouses of patients with addiction.

The method of this study was descriptive correlational. The statistical population was all spouses of substance abusers referred to addiction treatment centers in Tehran City, Iran, in 2018. Of them, 42 people were selected by convenience sampling. The inclusion criteria were as follows: living in Tehran, aged 18 to 35 years, and consent to participate in research. The exclusion criterion was the incomplete filling of the questionnaires. The study data were gathered via the Thinking Styles Scale (Sternberg & Wagner, 1992), Problem–Solving Styles Scale (Heppner & Petersen, 1982), and Codependency Scale (Spann & Fischer, 1990). After collecting the data, SPSS version 21 software was used to analyze them. At the level of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, and at the level of inferential statistics, stepwise regression analysis was used. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The results showed that the components of thinking styles, including libertarianism, conservatism, anarchism, collectivism, holistic, executive, judicial, detail–oriented, internal, legislation, monocracy, and hierarchy, had multiple correlations with codependency (p<0.001) and these 12 components together explained 49.6% of the codependency variance. Also, the components of problem–solving styles, including confidence in solving problems, tendency–avoidance style, and personal control, had multiple correlations with codependency (p<0.001), and these 3 components together explained 63% of the variance of codependency.

Based on the research findings, thinking and problem–solving styles can significantly reduce the attitude of codependent people about drugs and act as a shield and provide the right solution by thinking and making the right decision when faced with stressful factors and irrational requests of others.

Introducation: 

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of admission and commitment based treatment on psychological components (stress, anxiety, Depression) and problem-solving styles in the first grade students of Sanandaj city.

The method of this quasi-experimental study was to use a pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with control group. The statistical population of the study included all female high school students in Sanandaj city in the academic year of 97-96. Based on the statistical population and the purpose of the study, 60 students of the first-year high school students were selected after the screening stage. A multistage cluster sampling method was used to select the sample. In this research, the fieldwork method (treatment on treatment groups) was used for collecting data. Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Depression Scale, Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire and Problem Solving Style Questionnaire the following self-checking tools will be used. The data were analyzed using covariance analysis.

The findings of this study showed that education based on acceptance and commitment on psychological components (stress, anxiety, depression) and problem-solving styles had a significant effect (p <0.001).

The present observation confirmed the effectiveness of teaching-based therapy based on commitment and acceptance in changing the level of psychological components (stress, anxiety, Depression) and problem-solving styles in the first grade students of Sanandaj city.

Drug use disorders are a pervasive and costly health problem worldwide. Substance dependence is a brain disorder that causes malfunctions and morphological changes in the nervous system and the response mechanism to reward and pleasure. Due to its progressive nature in all aspects of life, this issue threatens the health of the individual, family, and society. Furthermore, its unpleasant consequences are among the major public health problems globally. Due to maladaptive Emotion Regulation (ER), psychological capital, and problem–solving styles in individuals with substance abuse, i.e., inefficient and poor for coping with various problems of life, these patterns seem to increase the tendency to substance use, as well as psychosocial complications. Thus, the present study aimed to determine craving based on ER, psychological capital, and problem–solving styles in patients under substance dependence treatment.

This was a correlational and structural equation modeling study. The statistical population of this study included patients under substance dependence treatment referring to the public healthcare centers in Bushehr City, Iran, in the winter of 2019. For sampling, first, 7 centers were randomly selected among the medical centers of Bushehr. Then, from each center, 30 individuals who met the inclusion criteria were randomly selected. To determine the sample size, considering the research methodology, 10 to 15 subjects were required per obvious variable. Accordingly, based on the considered variables, 210 samples were selected by the random sampling method. Inclusion criteria were an age range of 20 to 45 years; referral to a psychiatrist or physician given the main and initial diagnosis of substance dependence according to the diagnostic criteria of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fourth Editing–Third Revision (DSM–IV–TR); male gender; >1 week past successful detoxification and negative urine test for opioids; not taking antipsychotic drugs; not having biopsychological problems; not concurrently participating in other treatment programs, and not having long–term dependence on several substances simultaneously other than opiates. The required data were collected using the Drug Craving Questionnaire (Salehi Fadardi et al., 2010), Emotion Regulation Scale (Gretz & Roemer, 2004), Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Luthans & Jensen, 2007), and Problem–Solving Styles Scale (Cassidy and Long, 1996). In this study, regression analysis and path analysis were used to test the hypotheses. SPSS and AMOS were also applied for data analysis.

The obtained findings indicated that the total path coefficient (the sum of direct & indirect path coefficients) between psychological capital to craving (p<0.001, β=–0.37) was negative and significant. Moreover, the total path coefficient between ER to craving (p<0.001, Β=0.44) was positive and significant. Direct path coefficients between psychological capital in problem–solving style (p<0.001, β=0.47) as well as ER in problem–solving style (p<0.001, β=0.33) was positive and significant. Besides, the path coefficient between problem–solving style to craving (p <0.001, β = –0.29) was negative and significant. The indirect path coefficient between psychological capital to craving (p<0.001, β=–0.16) and the indirect path coefficient between ER to craving (p<0.01, β=0.30) was significant. In other words, the problem–solving style mediates the relationship between psychological capital, ER, and craving. The calculated goodness of fit indices presented that problem–solving styles mediated the relationship between craving, ER, and psychological capital (AGFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.049).

Based on the present study findings, ER and psychological capital can be predicted by mediating problem–solving styles on drug craving in individuals with substance dependence.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of self-care behaviors in explaining the relationship between personality type D and problem-solving styles with health-promoting lifestyle in coronary heart disease patients. For this purpose, 400 patients with coronary heart disease who referred to Tehran Cardiovascular Hospital during July to October of 2019 were selected by convenience sampling method and Walker's Health Lifestyle Questionnaire, The D-Denolt personality type questionnaire, Cassidy and Lang problem solving styles questionnaire, and self-care index in Rigel et al. Cardiovascular patients were answered and multiple regression was used to analyze the data. The results showed that type D personality has a direct effect on lifestyle through self-care. The results also showed that self-care plays a mediating role between problem-solving and health-promoting lifestyle. The results of the present study indicate the mediating role played by caring behaviors between personality type D and problem solving styles with health promoting lifestyle.

 Love trauma is a common phenomenon in students that causes various academic and psychological problems. The present study aimed to investigate the development of a model for predicting love trauma based on problem-solving styles with the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University.

 This study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included all the students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the second semester of the academic year 2019-2020, out of which, a sample of 200 students was selected via purposive sampling method and responded to Love Trauma (Rosse), Cognitive Flexibility (Dennis et al.) and Problem Solving Styles (Cassidy et al.) questionnaires. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

 The results showed that love trauma was negatively associated with cognitive flexibility (r=-0.51, p<0.001) and problem-solving styles (r=-0.64, p<0.001). Moreover, cognitive flexibility was positively associated with problem-solving styles (r=0.32, p<0.001). Model fitness indicators also confirmed the effect of problem-solving styles on love trauma through the cognitive flexibility.

 According to the role of problem-solving styles and cognitive flexibility in the prediction of love trauma, it is recommended to hold training workshops based on reducing the symptoms of love trauma and teaching problem-solving strategies and emotion management.

Motivation for promotion comes when an individual choices the criterion of excellence in his activity. Every person chooses different problem solving styles some of which are constructive and lead to individual development, yet some are unorganized and prevent a person from progressing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between progressive motivation and problem-solving styles in Dezful medical students.

This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on 120 students of Dezful University of Medical Sciences. A simple random sampling method was used. The data gathering tools were Hermann's standard development motive (T.M.A) and PSI-style questionnaire (PSS) of Cassidy-Wolong whose validity and reliability were confirmed in various studies.

The participants were 120 students with an average age of 21.21 ± 1. The average students’ achievement motivation score was very high. There was a relationship between the motivation of progress and the constructive styles of problem solving (creativity, trust, and tendency).

This study concluded that there is a relationship between the motivation for progress and the constructive styles of problem solving (creativity, trust, and tendency). The motivation for advancement and creativity to solve problems can be strengthened from an early age with the training workshops, creative ways of dealing with later issues for individuals.

Problem solving is one of the structured cognitive programs that provides a range of efficient responses to deal with the problematic situations of life. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of family / school-based problem solving training on problem-solving styles of elementary students. The design of this study was experimental and pre-test-post-test-follow-up with the control group. A sample of 120 students were selected using random sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental (60 subjects) and control (60 subjects). After educating 10 two-hour sessions for parents and teachers, the experimental group received a family/school oriented problem-solving program for three months. A short version of the social problem solving (D’Zurilla, Nezu & Maydeu-Olivares, 2004) was used to collect data in three forms of students, parents, and teachers. According to the opinions of the three groups of students (participants), parents, and teachers, the results showed that in the experimental group there was a significant difference between the scores of pretest and posttest scores on the subscales of problem solving, but there wasn't a significant difference between the scores of posttest and follow-up on the subscales of problem solving (P ≤ 0.05) Family/school problem-solving training is effective on student problem solving styles, so using this method as a preventive program for parents and teachers in adopting an effective problem-solving style for students, is important.

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of positive and negative emotions and problem solving styles in predicting diabetic patient's life satisfaction. This research is a descriptive analytic study in type of correlation. The study population included all diabetic patients who refers to sannadaj hospitals and health centers in 1392. The samples were included of 100 patent (60weman, 40 man) who had been selected by simple convenience method. research tools were included of questionnaire positive and negative emotion, problem solving styles and life satisfaction. For data analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The data analysis showed that positive emotions and positive problem solving styles have positive significant relationship with life satisfaction (P<0/001)؛ and negative emotion have a negative and significant (p<0/001) with life satisfaction. but don&rsquot found relationship between the life satisfaction and negative problem solving styles (p<0/001). In general we can say that positive emotions and positive problem solving styles have relationship with higher level of physical and mental adaptability and stressful life events and life satisfaction and higher levels of performance، therefore affect the quality of life and mental health patients.

This study was conducted in order to compare the copying strategies and problem solving styles in depressed and non-depressed students. In this study, Participants were selected from undergraduate students in Qom Azad University (N=200 females) through random sampling. Participants completed Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Cassidy & Long Problem Solving Styles and Billings and Moos Coping Responses Inventory (CRI). Data were analyzed using linear regression and variance analysis. The Results of study illustrated that that coping styles, non-constructive problem solving styles and depression have significant relation and depressed students used more emotional control and somatization (physical control) comparing to non-depressed students. On the other hand, non-depressed students used more Creative, Confidence and Approach Styles of problem solving styles. There was significant difference between two groups of depressed and non-depressed students. Helplessness, control and confidences among problem solving styles and just physical control could forecast depression symptoms.

Problem Solving is a cognitive-behavioral process through which the individual can recognize and initiate effective and adaptive strategies in coping with daily struggles. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between problem solving styles and subjective well-being in the university students. Given this, four hundred students (200 males and 200 females) were randomly selected from among undergraduate students in Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, and assessed in terms of problem solving styles and subjective well-being. Data analysis indicated that 63% of variance of subjective well-being could be explained by problem solving styles and regression coefficient of the problem solving styles could significantly predict the subjective well-being variations. The results also suggested that problem solving styles employed by university students when confronting problematic situations leads to adopting a type of life style based on innovation or frustration which is in turn regarded as a deciding factor in subjective well-being of them.