فهرست مطالب صدیقه امیرعلی اکبری

Self-medication is a significant concern worldwide. Investigating the arbitrary use of drugs in women's population seems more necessary because it occurs in sensitive periods such as pregnancy and breastfeeding. The present systematic review study was performed aimed to investigate the prevalence of self-medication and its related factors in Iranian women.

In this study, to find the related articles, the international databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochran Library, and national databases such as SID and Magiran were searched using the keywords of self-medication, epidemiology, drug women, and prevalence with Boolean operators of AND and OR without time limit and in English and Farsi languages. Finally, two researchers independently examined the articles to evaluate their quality (using the NOS checklist) and extract their primary data.

A total of 13 articles with a total sample size of 5802 people were evaluated. The year of publication of the articles was 2008 to 2020, and all of them were cross-sectional studies. The results showed that the prevalence of self-medication in Iranian women is relatively high and about 49.15% and the most important reasons for self-treatment in Iranian women are the smallness of the problem and disease, belief in the harmlessness of self-treatment, not considering the condition as necessary, previous experience of the disease, and the high cost of a doctor's visit.

Self-medication among women has a relatively high prevalence, and there is a need for effective interventions to reduce and prevent self-medication. It should be considered to provide the required information and increase women's awareness about the complications of self-treatment.

Sleep is one of the most important life needs which plays an essential role in health. Domestic violence, especially physical violence, affects sleep quality. This study was performed with aim to determine the relationship between physical violence and sleep quality disorders in pregnant women.

This cross-sectional study was performed in 2019 on 200 pregnant women referred to the affiliated centers of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. Demographic data were collected using researcher-made Demographic-Midwifery Questionnaire, data related to domestic violence using World Health Organization Domestic Violence questionnaire and data related to sleep quality using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 23) and Independent t-test, Chi-square and Spearman correlation coefficient. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

In this study, 70 samples (35.2%) had poor sleep quality and the highest and lowest frequency of physical violence was: pushing (16%) and heating (4%). There was a statistically significant relationship between sleep quality and physical violence (p<0.001). The correlation coefficient of physical violence with sleep quality disorders was r = 0.149 (p=0.049).

Considering the positive relationship between physical violence and sleep disorders, it is recommended that screen and identify the cases of domestic violence during pregnancy in those who refer with complaints of sleep disorders. Therefore, counseling, formulating and implementing the women's empowerment programs in the case of violence will promote their health.

Striae Gravidarum is a skin physiological change in purple that many women experience during pregnancy and due to the accompanying problems, they suffer from stress and worries about beauty, low self-esteem and psychological problems. This study was performed with aim to determine the effect of aloe vera gel on prevention of striae gravidarum in nulliparous pregnant women.

This triple-blind randomized clinical trial study with a control group was performed in 2019 on 90 nulliparous women with gestational age of 18-20 weeks referring to the selected centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three groups of aloe vera gel or placebo. The participants receiving aloe vera gel and placebo group daily massaged 3 cm of the gel for 2 minutes on the entire abdomen for 8 weeks, and the control group did not use any substances on the skin of the abdomen. After 8 weeks, the severity of striae was assessed by the Davy method, the severity of pruritus by the Kamini method, and the severity of the erythema by the Atwal method. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) and Kruskal-Wallis statistical test. P <0.05) was considered statistically significant.  

Three groups were not significantly different in terms of background and interventional variables at the beginning of the study (p >0.05). Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests showed that the incidence of striae (p = 0.001), the severity of pruritus and erythema (p = 0.001) at 28th weeks of pregnancy was significantly lower in the Aloe Vera gel group than the other two groups. Also, the chance of increasing the severity of striae in the placebo group and the aloe vera gel group were 75% and 95% lower than the control group, respectively.

Aloe vera gel has an effect on preventing striae gravidarum and reducing itching and erythema. Aloe vera gel can be recommended to pregnant women as a low-cost method for preventing striae gravidarum.

Sexual motivation and sexuality, like all other fundamental human motives, form an inseparable part of its biological, psychological, and social nature and is associated with many factors. The present study was conducted to test the model for the relationship between the social determinants of health and sexual function in women.
This sectional descriptive-analytic study was performed on 400 women referred to the medical centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Iran, 2016). The participants were selected through multi-stage random sampling. For collecting the data, demographic and socio-economic status, Spielberger’s anxiety, perceived social support, domestic violence, unhealthy behaviors, beck depression and sexual function questionnaires were used.
The findings suggested a mean score of 16.6±68 for sexual function index in women. The mean score of depression was found to be 12.7 ± 10.3 and most of the subjects (44.8%) received moderate social support and 75%moderate anxiety. A total of 70.3% of the subjects had favorable economic conditions, while 50.5% suffered violence. According to the path analysis, depression (β = -0.34), anxiety (β = -0.24) and social support (β = 0.18) directly affect sexual function. Socioeconomic status and domestic violence were found to be indirectly associated with sexual function, and in the overall effect depression had the most effects on sexual function .The model proposed in the present study has a good fit (GFI =1 RMSEA =0.057, P value=0/015).
Sexual function was found to be associated with depression, anxiety, social support, domestic violence and socioeconomic status. Screening is recommended to be performed for the study variables.

Since primary dysmenorrhea is one of the common gynecological disorder in women of reproductive which is sometimes associated with one or more systemic symptoms, this study was performed with aim to compare the effect of SP6 moxibustion and acupressure on the severity of systemic symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea.
This randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 100 students living in dormitories of Sabzevar Islamic Azad University in 2015. The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups of 50 cases in moxibustion and acupressure groups. The SP6 moxibustion group was asked to hold a burning moxa stick to the SP6 point, and the acupressure group was asked to press their thumb perpendicularly on the SP6 point (10 minutes of for each leg). The intervention was performed twice during the last week of cycle and the first and second day of menstrual bleeding. Severity of the systemic symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea was assessed with a verbal multidimensional scoring system before and during two cycles of the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16), and using Mann-Whitney and Friedman test. P In both groups, all symptoms were significantly reduced compared with before the intervention (P Both moxibustion and acupressure methods reduce the severity of the systemic symptoms; however, moxibustion is more effective than acupressure.

Pain and nipple fissure are the most common problems during the lactating period, which can lead to an early stop of breastfeeding. Zizyphus Jujuba fruit is one of the oldest medical species, which contains anesthetic and anti-inflammatory compounds. This study aimed to determine the effect of Zizyphus Jujuba fruit lotion on soothing nipple pain.
This double-blind, clinical trial was performed on 100 primipara women with sore nipple in the gynecology clinic of Qaem Hospital of Kerman, Iran, in 2015. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of breast milk (n=50) and Zizyphus Jujuba fruit lotion (n=50). In one group, the breastfeeding women put 5 drops of their own milk on their nipples five times a day, and in the other group, the women put 0.5 ml of Zizyphus Jujuba fruit lotion on their nipples and areola five times a day after breastfeeding. The severity of pain was studied by using pain numerical scale before the intervention, on the third postpartum day, and after the intervention on the 7th and 14th postpartum days. To analyze the data, Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests were run, using SPSS version 22. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The severity of pain score between the two groups was not significantly different before the intervention. However, this amount indicated a significant difference between the two groups on the 7th and 14th days after the intervention (P=0.02, P=0.01, respectively).
It seems that Zizyphus Jujuba fruit lotion can lower sore nipple pain faster than breast milk, but more studies are required on this issue.

Considering the importance of preeclampsia and its effect on hematologic indices, and also the studies showing the effect of lead as a toxic metal on these indices, the present study was performed with aim to investigate the correlation of serum lead with hematologic indices in women with preeclampsia with no occupational exposure to lead.
This correlation study was performed on 80 pregnant women with preeclampsia hospitalized in Zanjan Ayatolah Mousavi hospital in 2015. At entry to the study, 3.5 ml of venous blood samples were taken from participants to assess serum lead level and hematologic indices. Demographic and obstetric characteristics of participates were also recorded. Serum lead level was measured using potentiometric method with Ion3 device, and hematologic indices were analyzed with Symex device. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) and Chi-square and Pearson correlation test. P Mean serum lead level among 80 participants was 8.04±3.4µg/dl. Blood lead level showed a positive correlation with Platelet Distribution Weight (PDW: r=-0.300, P=0.17), and a negative and significant one with Platelet Large Cell Range (PLCR: r=-0.260, P=0.047). Blood lead level also showed positive significant relationship with BUN (BUN: r=0.377, P=0.001) and blood creatinine (Cr: r=0.288, P=0.012), but showed no relationship with other blood indices.
Blood lead affects on blood biomarkers, so it is recommended that strategies be planned and implemented for reducing exposure to environmental lead especially in pregnant women.

According to the importance of effective social factors on health, in this study a model of the relation between socioeconomic status, perceived stress, social support and domestic violence with women’ depression in reproductive age in Tehran the year of 2014 was tested.
This sectional descriptive-correlative study was performed on 1053 women referred to the medical centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The participants were selected through multi-stage random sampling. For collecting the data, demographic and socio-economic status, perceived stress, perceived social support, domestic violence and Beck depression questionnaires were used. The data were analyzed using SPSS 19 & Lisrel 8.8 software.
Results showed that 49.7% of women had mild to severe degree of depression. The average stress score of perceived stress was 23.22±8.34, and most of them (43.1%) had moderate of social support. 70% had good socioeconomic status. 41.1% were taken domestic violence. The final path model fitted well (GFI=1; RMSEA=0.08) and showed that socioeconomic status had direct (β=- 0.20) and indirect effect (β= - 0.07251), perceived stress had direct effect (β=0.16), social support had direct(β=- 0.22) and indirect effect (β=- 0.0672), domestic violence had direct effect (β=0.20) on depression, and in the overall effect social support had the most effects on depression (β= -0.2872).
According to the relation between all variables that investigated with depression of women, screening of these factors for prevention and diagnosis of depression in order to promote mental health and early intervention is recommended.

Due to emphasis in reproductive health on maintaining women’s health, who undergo physiological changes during and after pregnancy, and the importance of maintaining hemoglobin and iron stores to keep mothers healthy, particularly during puerperium, and presence of studies that indicate the efficacy of the date fruit on reduction of hemorrhage in the third stage of labor , this study aimed to determine the effect of consumption of the date fruit on the amount and duration of postpartum bleeding.
This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 100 nulliparous 18–35 year-old women in Omolbanin Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, in 2015. In the intervention group, the mother was for 10 days given dates (100 gr/day), starting 2 hr after delivery. Data were collected using demographic questionnaires, postpartum follow-up checklist, and pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBLAC). Data analysis was performed using SPSS)ver .23), t-test, and Mann-Whitney test. P
The study results indicated that the amount of bleeding was lower in the intervention group in the first day, but was not statistically significant, however in the other days (2 to 10) there was statistically significant difference in the amount of bleeding between the two groups (P Postpartum consumption of the date fruit reduces the amount of bleeding, and since its postpartum consumption is not banned, new mothers are advised to consume it during this period

Given the importance of mothers’ health and considering that developmental delay in children affects their mothers’ mental health this study aimed to compare stress and perceived social support in mothers of 6-18 month old children with and without developmental delay.Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional, analytical study was performed on 610 mothers and their 6-18 month-old infants in health centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The participants were selected through the multi-stage random sampling. To collect data, the following questionnaires were used: obstetric and demographic characteristics, socio-economic status, infants’ characteristics, the Cohen perceived stress scale, perceived social support, and Ages and Stages questionnaire to determine the children’s development status. The data were analyzed by SPSS v.19 software and using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, chi-square, independent t-test and Man-Whitney statistical tests.

The mean age of infants were 10.68±4.5 months. Independent t-test revealed a significant difference between mothers’ perceived stress (P=0.004) and social support (P=0.01) in the two groups. In addition, a relationship was observed between the mother’s social support and stress (P<0.04).

The results showed that mothers of children with developmental delays have more stress and lower perceived social support than mothers of normal children. Therefore, it is recommended to perform developmental screening for further examination and the reduction of mothers’ stress, as well as to provide appropriate social support.

Labor pain relief is one of the challenges in health care systems in the most countries and is the main goal in midwifery cares. This study aimed to investigate the Effect of Matricaria Camomilla Aroma on Severity of first stage Labor Pain in primiparous women in Abhar Emdadi hospital, 2013. This study was a randomized clinical trial carried out on 130 eligible primiparous women (65 in intervention and 65 in control group) at Emdadi hospital of Abhar. In the aroma therapy group gauze were soaked in 2 drop of Matrica Camomilla water and in the control group gauze were soaked in 2 drop of distilled water and attached to the women's collars. Pain severity was measured in first and after intervention in 3-4, 5-7, and 8-10 centimeter dilatations. Data were collected by demographic and obstetrics questionnaire, observation and exam checklist and the numeral scale of pain measurement. The mean pain severity score after the intervention in 3-4 cm (5/75 1/99), 5-7cm (7/84 1/52) and 8-10cm (8/55 1/22) decreased significantly compared with control group in dilatation 3-4 cm (6/93 1/96), 5-7 cm (9/41 0/63) and 8-10 cm (9/8 0/40). (p<0/005). The findings of the study revealed that aroma therapy using Matrica Camomilla water alleviates the labor pain. More research for uses Matrica Camomilla to reduce the labor pain is recommended.

Dysmenorrhea, defined as pain associated with menstruation that affects millions of women in the reproductive age worldwide. Considering the high prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its adverse consequences on quality of life, the present study examined the effects of Rosaceous on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and its systemic manifestations. This double blind clinical trial was performed on 110 students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Students randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Both g-Kim Y-J, Lee M S, Yang Y S and Hur M-H (2011) Self-aromatherapy massage of the abdomen for the reduction of menstrual pain and anxiety during menstruation in nurses: a placebo controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 3 (3) e165-e168.-Lasco A, Catalano A and Benvenga S (2012) Improvement of primary dysmenorrhea caused by a single oral dose of vitamin D: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Archives of Internal Medicine. 172 (4) 366-367.-Latthe P, Latthe M, Say L, Gulmezoglu M and Khan K S (2006) WHO systematic review of prevalence of chronic pelvic pain: a neglected reproductive health morbidity. BMC Public Health. 6 (1) 177.-Lin J-G (2013) Auricular acupressure combined with an internet-based intervention or alone for primary dysmenorrhea: a control study. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013.-Liu C-F (2013) Acupuncture or acupressure at the Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupoint for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a meta-analysis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013.-Jamilian M, Jamalian H and Mirzaie S (2013) [Rose Damascena vs. Omega-3 in the Treatment of Premenstural Syndrome:A randomized, and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial]. Complementary Medicine Journal of Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery. 3 (3) 26-36. (Persian)-Mirabi P, Dolatian M, Mojab F and Majd H A (2011) Effects of valerian on the severity and systemic manifestations of dysmenorrhea. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 115 3) 285-288.-Moslemi L, Bekhradi R, Galini Moghaddam T and Gholamitabar Tabari M (2012) Comparative effect of fennel extract on the intensity of primary dysmenorrhea. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 6(24) 1770-3.-Mostafa-Gharabaghi P, Delazar A, Gharabaghi M M, Shobeiri M J and Khaki A (2013) The view of cesarean pain after preemptive use of rosa damascena extract in women with elective cesarean section. World of Science Journal. 4, 226-35.-Nahidi F, Bagheri L and Jansari S (2006) [The relationship between delivery type and dysmenorrhea]. Journal of Shahid Beheshti School of Nursing & Midwifery. 16 (58), 40-4. (Persian)-Naz.ro.lu M, Kozlu S, Yorganc.gil E, U.uz A C and Karaku. K (2013) Rose oil (from Rosa~ damascena Mill.) vapor attenuates depression-induced oxidative toxicity in rat brain. Journal of Natural Medicines. 67 (1): 152-158.-Nikbakht A and Kafi M (2004) A study on the relationships between Iranian people and Damask rose (Rosa damascena) and its therapeutic and healing properties. VIII International People Plant Symposium on Exploring Therapeutic Powers of Flowers, Greenery and Nature ISHS Acta Horticulturae 790, 251- 254.-Ou M C, Hsu T F, Lai A C, Lin Y T and Lin C C (2012) Pain relief assessment by aromatic essential oil massage on outpatients with primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized, double]blind clinical trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 38 (5) 817-822.-Proctor M and Farquhar C (2006) Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhoea. British Medical Journal. 332 (7550) 1134-8.-Rahbar N, Asgharzadeh N, Ghorbani R (2012). Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on intensity of primary dysmenorrhea. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 3(141) 272.282.-Rakhshandah H and Hosseini M (2006) Potentiation of pentobarbital hypnosis by Rosa damascena in mice. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 44 (11) 910.-Rakhshandah H, Shakeri M T and Ghasemzadeh M R (2007) Comparative hypnotic effect of Rosa damascena fractions and Diazepam in Mice. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 6 3) 193-197.roups were matched before intervention for age, education level, BMI, income, education wife, age of menarche and marital status. In the intervention group in the first 3 days of menstruation, 10 drops of Rosaceous extract were given to the subjects two times daily for two consecutive menstrual cycles. The controls take placebo. Severity of primary dysmenorrhea is compared in the two groups using the paired t test and between groups using the independent t test. The severity of primary dysmenorrhea and systemic manifestations decreased in both groups, this reduction was more significant in the Rosaceous group (p <0.001). The results of this study results showed a positive impact of Rosaceous in reduction of severity of primary dysmenorrhea and systemic manifestations. It seems that can be used to reduce the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and systemic manifestations.

In view of the high prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and its undesirable consequences on the quality of life, and due to the anti-inflammatory properties of fenugreek, this study was carried out to examine the effect of fenugreek extract on primary dysmenorrhea. The double blind clinical controlled study was conducted on 101 students at Shahid Beheshti University. Students were randomly assigned to two groups who received fenugreek (n=51) or placebo (n=50). For the first 3 days of menstruation, 2−3 capsules containing fenugreek seed powder (900 mg) were given to the subjects three times daily for two consecutive menstrual cycles. Pain severity was evaluated using a visual analog scale and systemic symptoms were assessed using a multidimensional verbal scale. The severity of the symptoms in each group and between the two groups was analyzed, respectively, with the Friedman and the Man-Whitney tests. Pain severity at baseline did not differ significantly between the two groups. Pain severity was significantly reduced in both groups after the intervention; however, the fenugreek group experienced significantly larger pain reduction (p<0.001). With respect to the duration of pain, there was no meaningful difference between the two cycles in the placebo group (p=0.07) but in the fenugreek group, the duration of pain decreased between the two cycles (p<0.001). Systemic symptoms of dysmenorrhea (fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting, lack of energy, syncope) decreased in the fenugreek seed group (p<0.05). No side effects were reported in the fenugreek group. These data suggest that prescription of fenugreek seed powder during menstruation can reduce the severity of dysmenorrhea; further studies are needed to compare fenugreek with anti-inflammatory medications.

Childbirth is one of the important and most painful phenomena that mothers experience in their lifetime. Acupressure and Reflexology are complementary therapy approaches and techniques that are simple, easy, inexpensive, non-invasive and non-pharmacological methods of pain relief. The aim of the research was to detrmine and compares the effect of acupressure at the SP6 point and reflexology on pain intensity and duration of first stage of labor Materials and Methods The present study was a randomized clinical trial. It was done on 92 low risk pregnant women in the delivery room of Shahid Akbar Abadi Hospital (from February to Jun 2014). They were categorized into 35 women in the acupressure group, 35 in the reflexology group and in the third group 36 samples received routine care. The three groups were as same as each other in the point of view of demographic and obstetrical characteristics. The data gathering tools were included a demographic questionnaire and an examination checklist. In addition, the severity of pain was evaluated with the visual analogue scale (0 to 10cm). In all groups pregnant women were asked to evaluate the severity of pain experienced at the start of the study, before and after the first (dilatation 4-5) and second (dilatation 7-8) intervention. Kruskal Wallis test has showed no significant difference for pain severity at the start of study and before the first intervention among these three groups, however, the statistical test has shown significance differences after the first intervention, before and after the second intervention among them. The intensity of pain has increased significantly in the routine care group (P= 0.001). Our finding has indicated that the average pain score in the acupressure group was lower than reflexology group, but the Mann-Whitney test has shown no significant differences. The pain intensity of labor before and after of intervention with the Wilcoxon test in both stages has indicated that there were no significant differences after intervention in comparison with before the intervention in acupressure and reflexology group. However, in the routine care group the intensity of pain has significantly increased (P=0. 001). This study showed that foot reflexology and acupressure at the SP6 pain are effective in reducing labor pain. Application of no pharmacologic pain reduction technique instead of the pharmacological methods to relieve labor pain recommends.

Background and Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common disorders in women which interferes with work and causes school absenteeism. Considering high prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its adverse consequences on quality of life and Considering anti-inflammatory properties of wheat germ, the present study examined the effects of wheat germ extract on the primary dysmenorrhea. This triple blind clinical trial was performed on 90 employed women in hospitals affiliated to Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. participants were classified into two groups of 45 persons. Three 400 mg capsules of wheat germ extract or placebo were used each day between the 16th day of the menstrual cycle to the 5th day of menstrual cycle for two consecutive months. Severity of primary dysmenorrhea in the two groups using the Friedman test and Comparing pairs of courses within the group using Bonferroni correction and between groups using the Mann Whitney test. the severity of primary dysmenorrhea decreased in both groups, this reduction was more significant in the wheat germ extract group (p <0.001). This study results show positive impact of wheat germ extract for severity of primary dysmenorrhea and it seems be used to reduce the severity of primary dysmenorrhea.

Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common disorders in women and causes impairment in work and social relationships. Considering dysmenorrhea adverse consequences and Considering the anti-inflammatory properties of wheat germ, this study aimed to determine the effects of wheat germ extract on the systemic symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea and menstrual bleeding. triple blind clinical trial study was conducted from June 1 to September 29, 2013 on 90 women working in hospitals affiliated to Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. The participants were matched before intervention for age, body mass index, income, menarche age, marital status and severity of systemic symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea, Then they using randomized table of numbers were randomly divided into two groups of 45 people. In wheat germ group, 400 mg capsules of wheat germ extract were used three times a day, from day 16 until the fifth day of the menstrual cycle. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as the Friedman test and Man Whitney test. In the wheat germ extract group there was a statistically significant difference in systemic symptoms associated with primary dysmenorrhea fatigue, headache and mood swings (P > 0.001). The results showed that wheat germ extract reduces the severity systemic symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea but is not effect on the menstrual bleeding and can be used to reduce the severity of systemic symptoms.

The survival rates of high-risk infant have been improved as a result of advances in medical knowledge, but future development of these children is becoming a matter of concern. After infection and trauma, developmental and behavioral problems are the most common problems in pediatrics. A range of factors are involved in behavior and development problems. Given the importance and prevalence of developmental disorders, the lack of detailed information on risk factors, this article aims to explore some factors associated with developmental delay in children. Method and Material: This review was performed by searching PubMed, Ovid, SID, Scopus, Magiran and Science Direct databases using following key words: Child Development, Socioeconomic statue, Violence, Social support, Psychological factors, Unhealthy behavior, Social Determinants. A total of 55 article were included in this review. The main causes of developmental disabilities remain unknown. Development of children affected by prenatal factors, psychological, social and biological factors, genetic, environmental factors and is dynamic interaction Biological and Acquired factors.

Anxiety is the most common psychological response of women who are in labour. One method for alleviating anxiety is aromatherapy in which natural oils are used to stimulate the olfactory system that leads to calmness and reduce the feeling of tension. Citrus aurantium is one of the oils uses in Aromatherapy. The present study was carried out on the basis of the effects that the pleasant smell of citrus aurantium had on nulliparous women during their first stage of labor. This clinical trial study has been done on 126 nulliparous women who were admitted to Valie-Asr hospital in Tuyserkan in 2013. 4ml of both، citrus aurantium distillate and normal saline were impregnated with gauze. Then they were attached to collars of subjects in the aromatherapy and control groups، respectively. This prescription was repeated every 30 minutes. Afterwards، the level of anxiety at baseline and after the intervention at dilations of 3-4 and 6-8 cm was measured. anxiety was measured with Spielberger questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22، independent t-tests، Mann-Whitney، chi-square tests، Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and exact fisher test. P values less than 0. 05 were considered significant. Before intervention، the mean level of anxiety was 55/16± 1/247 in intervention group and 61/86±1/327 in control group that was not statistically significant. The mean anxiety severity score after the intervention in intervention group with dilatation 3-4 cm (45. 32 ± 1. 216)، and 6-8cm (43. 19 ±1. 664) decreased significantly)P<0. 05 (compared with control group in dilatation 3-4 cm (56. 38 ± 1. 128)، and 6-8cm (59. 32 ± 1. 584). After the intervention، the mean level of anxiety in intervention group with indilatation 3-4 cm was (45. 32 ± 1. 216)، and in 6-8cm was (43. 19 ± 1. 664) which had decreased significantly)P<0. 05 (in comparison with control group with dilatation 3-4 cm (56. 38 ± 1. 128)، and 6-8cm (59. 32 ± 1. 584). Using Citrus aurantium in aromatherapy is a simple، inexpensive and non-invasive intervention that can be effective in reducing anxiety during labor.

Breast fissure is disorder during breastfeeding that causes cessation and failure of breastfeeding. With high prevalence of breast fissures, as well as the existence of evidence in favor of the application of Aloe vera gel as an anti-inflammatory herb, the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Aloe vera on improving breast fissures. This study is conducted using a clinical trial method on 110 cases. Samples were divided randomly into two groups of 55 women. The women in both groups were homogeneous in obstetrics and demographic characteristics (P>0.05). The women in the Aloe vera gel group applied 0.5 ml of Aloe vera gel and control group applied 4 drops of their own milk on their nipple and areola after each feeding. Then, the two groups were studied on days 10 and 14 postpartum. For intensity of pain, the Visual Analogue Scale and to measure the severity of damage, Amir Scale was applied and the existence or lack of nipple discharge was also recorded. The mean intensity of pain and nipple damage before treatment on day 10 and day 14 after delivery in the control group had a significant difference (P<0.001). In comparison of nipple discharge between the two groups before treatment on day 10 and day 14 after delivery, the case and control groups indicated a significant difference (P<0.001). According to the results of this study, it seems that Aloe vera gel can improve breast fissures.

Primary dysmenorhea is one of the most common disorders in women، causing occupational dysfunction and school absenteeism. In view of the high prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and its undesirable consequences on the quality of life، and due to the anti-inflammatory properties of wheat germ، this study was carried out to examine the effect of wheat germ extract on primary dysmenorrhea. The present study was conducted on 90 women employed at hospitals affiliated with Hamadan University of Medical Sciences using a triple blind controlled clinical trial method. The samples were divided into two 45-member groups; then، wheat germ extract 400 mg capsules or placebo was used three times a day for two consecutive months between the 16th day until the 5th day of the next menstrual cycle. The severity of the symptoms in each group and between the two groups was analyzed، respectively، with the Friedman and the Man-Whitney tests. The severity of primary dysmenorrhea was alleviated in both groups after intervention. The alleviation was remarkably higher in the wheat germ extract group (p<0. 001). The results of the present study confirm the positive effect of wheat germ extract on primary dysmenorrhea، showing that wheat germ extract can be used for easing the severity of primary dysmenorrhea.

Considering the painfulness of labor، the present study was performed aimed to investigate the effect of Citrus Aurantium aroma on the level of pain in the active phase of first labor. The present research has been done as a clinical trial study on 126 nulliparous women (63 subjects in intervention group and 63 subjects in control group) admitted to Valie-Asr hospital in Toyserkan. In aromatherapy group 4ml essence of Citrus Aurantium impregnated gauze، and in the control group، only 4ml normal saline impregnated gauze were attached to their dress collar، and the administration was repeated every 30 minutes. The pain severity was measured at the beginning of the study in both groups and in dilatations 3-4، 5-7، and 8-10cm phase after intervention. Participants were followed up until the delivery time. The data were collected through demographic and obstetric questionnaire، observation checklist، and pain numerical rating scale. The data were then analyzed through using independent t-test، Man Withny-u and chi square. The mean pain severity score after the intervention in intervention group in dilatation 3-4 cm (4. 97± 0. 74)، 5-7 cm (6. 65± 0. 48) and 8-10cm (7. 57± 0. 56) decreased significantly (P=0. 001) compared with control group in dilatation 3-4 cm (8. 08± 0. 67)، 5-7 cm (8. 67 ±0. 56) and 8-10 cm (9. 46± 0. 53) The findings of the study revealed that aromatherapy of Citrus aurantium essence alleviates the labor pain; therefore، this method is recommended to reduce the labor pain.

Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological complaints of women which interfers with daily activities and causes missing work and school. Complementary therapy is a safe، and reliable treatment for primary dysmenorrhea that its effectiveness has been showen in many studies. Considering the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and harmful side effects of some synthetic drugs، the present study aims to summarize the effect of complementary medicine on primary dysmenorrhea. A search for English and Persian literature published from (000 to 01 was conducted using key words: dysmenorrhea-primary dysmenorrhea، complementary therpy and nonpharmachologic tetherapy from databases Pubmed، SID، Scirus and Elsevier. A total number of 30 publications were included in the review. Complementary medicine includes the use of dietary supplements، vitamins، aroma therapy، herbal therapy، homeopathy، acupressure، sport and massage and is safe، affordable، and accessible. It has less side effects، acceptability and high tolerability and can replace highly morbid chemical agents. based on the findings of the present research and the high prevalence of dysmenorrhea، further studies on the side effects and benefits of complementary medicine and comparing the influence of complementary medicine with chemical drugs is mandatory.

Preeclampsia one of major risk maternal morbidity and mortality. inflamation plays a pivotal role in the Preeclampsia The aim of this study was to compare Prevalence of plasma Helicobacter Pylori IgG between Preeclamptic and normal pregnant woman. In a case control study، prevalence of 64 Patients with Preeclampsia and 64 normal pregnant women were chosen. Matching was done on age H. pylori serum Immunoglobulin IgG antibody Concentration were determined by enzyme- linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). Data was analyzed using Chi-square، t-test، logistic Regresion and Roc Curve Althought seropositive IgG against H. Pylori was higher in preeclamptic mothers. There was not any statistical significant association between prevalence of plasma Helicobacter Pylori (IgG) and preeclampsia OR= 1/79 (0/95 CI، 3/66- 0/88) Roc curve analysis show that IgG H. among weight and hypertention Drugs with Preeclampsia was meaning Association. pylori can predict 65preeclampsia the aria under ROC curve surface was %56 95% CI (0/46 – 0/66) IgG seropositive was no association of H. Pylori infection with Preeclampsia and mor than studies needs and larger namber to explainde these Association.

Genital tract infections are one of the main causes of frequent referrals to gynecological clinics. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is the second common infectious vaginitis. On the other hand، probiotics are microorganisms that can have beneficial effects on the host. Noticing the limited number of studies reporting new treatments for this disease، the present study was designed to compare the effects of the combination of fluconazole and oral protexin and fluconazole on the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.

A double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 90 women who were referred to the 12-e-Bahman Clinic in 2011. The patients were randomly classified into «combination of fluconazole and oral protexin» or «fluconazole and placebo» groups. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (t-test، Chi-square test، Fisher’s exact test، and McNemar’s test).

The combinations، fluconazole-oral protexin and fluconazole-placebo، were equally effective in reduction of complaints and symptoms; however، the effect of fluconazole-oral protexin on dysuria was more (P=0. 02). Also، the fluconazole-oral protexin combination elicited a better therapeutic response (P=0. 01). In addition، fluconazole-oral protexin combination treatment demonstrated a better recovery time (P=0. 04).

This study demonstrated that complementary treatment with probiotic lactobacillus increased the efficacy of fluconazole in treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Further research، however، is suggested.

Because of the necessity for more and different follow-ups in children with developmental disorders in the early years of lifetime، determination of effective factors during pregnancy is important in any society. This study was performed to reveal a correlation of anemia in mothers during childbirth with developmental status of 12-month infants.

This study was performed through designing descriptive correlation on 250 mothers and their 12-month infants who visited to health services centers affiliated to Qazvin University of Medical Sciences and Health-Treatment Services in 1390 in multistage sampling method. Data collection tool included informational forms، Ages and Stages Questionnaire، as well as infant anthropometric measurements were taken by the researcher with the meter and scale. Thereafter، the data was statistically analyzed with Software SPSS16 and Chi-square، Independent T، Mann-Whitney and Logistic regression tests.

The results showed that the average age of mothers in developmental delay group was 28. 39±5. 17and in natural developmental group was 27. 68±5. 15. The most frequency of mothers had primary school education and homemaker. 66. 7% out of all infants in anemic group and 55% in non-anemic group are boys. Prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in the studied society was 12% and prevalence of developmental delay of children was 22. 4%. Anemia had a significant correlation with developmental status of infants and its communicational domain (p<0. 05). In the logistics model، hemoglobin showed significant correlation with developmental status of infants (p=0. 02 and OR=0. 31). Also the male gender had a value close to significance level (p=0. 55 and OR=0. 052). Other variables had no correlations.

There is probability that occurrence of infants’ developmental delay is as a result of anemia because iron is necessary for development of central nervous system.