فهرست مطالب فرح فراهانی

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the essential oil of the medicinal plant Thymus vulgaris L. in the production of probiotic dairy products by determining the viability.

Thyme essential oil is used as a flavoring agent in the production of traditional and industrial dairy products (yogurt, buttermilk, and curd). To produce probiotic products and pasteurized dairy products, bacteria are inoculated and different concentrations of thyme essential oil (0, 25, 40, 70, 100 and 130 micrograms/ liter) are added to dairy products. The viability of bacteria in dairy products is checked at specific time intervals (0, 4, 8, 12 and 20 days).

By increasing the concentration of thyme in traditional and industrial dairy products, there is a significant decrease in the logarithm of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bacteria (P<0.05). The highest viability of bacteria was observed with low concentrations of thyme in traditional yogurt, and with moderate amounts of essential oil in buttermilk and traditional curd, within 20 days. The highest viability of bacteria is in yogurt and industrial butter with high concentration and in industrial curd with a decrease in the amount of essential oil. The highest viability of Bifidobacterium bacteria is found with high concentrations of thyme in yogurt, buttermilk and traditional curd (P<0.05), also with low concentrations of thyme in industrial yogurt and buttermilk, and with high concentrations in industrial curd.

In industrial dairy products with thyme, the viability of Bifidobacterium bacteria is longer, and in traditional dairy products, the shelf life of Lactobacillus bacteria is longer.

Considering the importance of potato in the economy and human nutrition, the need to produce healthy seeds through tissue culture in order to increase the quality of the tuber and ultimately maintain the yield of the product is noticeable. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the morphological and biochemical traits in the seedlings of four early and late potato cultivars under in vitro conditions. Four commercial varieties of potato were cultivated as single-node microspecimens in MS culture medium without any plant growth regulators. Seedlings grew after 5 weeks. Seedlings were evaluated in terms of morphological traits (number of seedlings produced from one seedling, stem length, number of branches, nodes, roots and micro-gland) as well as biochemical traits (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, anthocyanin, catalase enzyme activity and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity). In morphological traits, late cultivar Satina, number of seedlings and stem length, and early cultivar Sante showed more roots than other cultivars. In the study of biochemical traits, the late cultivar Agria was superior to other cultivars in terms of the amount of pigments and catalase enzyme. In the same vegetative conditions, different cultivars have different potential in vegetative and biochemical traits. The growth pattern of different genotypes is determined by the synthesis of food and different levels of internal hormones and the balance between them, and as a result, they give different responses to the conditions of the culture environment. The present study showed that in the same vegetative conditions, the early cultivars of Satina in terms of vegetative traits and Agria in terms of the amount of pigments can be selected for mass cultivation.

Actinomycetes are useful for biocontrol against soil fungi and increase seed growth, plant weight and yield in some crops. In this study, the isolation, identification and investigation of the population of Streptomyces species in the agricultural soil of C Bagh Fadak area and the effect on the seed growth of olive (Olea europea L.) cultivar Conservalia were investigated.

In this study, actinomycetes were isolated from the soil of region C, then primary screening, culture and secondary screening were done by diffusion in agar and DNA extraction and the effect on seed growth of conservalia cultivar olives. DNA molecular identification was done for all the isolates andtheir  rRNA 16s genes were amplified by PCR reaction and the positive samples were sequenced. The results of phylogenetic analyzes of all recorded sequences of this gene were downloaded from the NCBI database and saved for phylogenetic analysis with Mega 7 software in FAST A format. The whole sequence of isolating, identifying and checking the population of Streptomyces species was entered into the software.

40 actinomycete bacteria were isolated from the soil of area C of Fadak garden. By performing specific tests, Streptomyces isolates were identified. Biochemical and morphological tests (stringy and white appearance) on 5 isolates confirmed the presence of streptomycetes. By producing auxin, the isolates were effective in increasing the rooting of Conservalia cultivar olive seeds. The rooting capacity of Streptomyces isolate D was statistically significant (probability level 0.05).

Streptomyces of agricultural soils are effective on tree rooting.

The pomegranate fruit is one of the most important horticultural products due to the presence of polyphenolic, antioxidant and anti-fungal compounds. In the present study, morphological and phytochemical compounds diversity was investigated in eight Iranian commercial pomegranate cultivars. Fourteen morphological characters and 10 chemical compounds were measured. Based on PCA analysis the most variable morphological characteristics among Punica cultivars studied were the wood surface, the leaf tip, the leaf incision, growth power and rained condition. High-performance liquid chromatograms of chlorgenic acid, caffeic acid, Para Coumaric acid as well as titrable acidity, total soluble solid, total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity in juice and peel of cultivars differentiated the cultivars studied. Comparing the two UPGMA dendrograms of Punica cultivars based on morphological data and chemical contents indicated certain disagreement between them. The correlation between morphological and chemical compounds and geographical distances of Punica cultivars was not statistically significant by the Mantel test. These findings indicate that Punica cultivars studied differ in their genetic content, however, this genetic difference is not correlated with their geographical distance.

Punica granatum L. (pomegranate), is among important horticultural plants which is cultivated in many parts of the world and appreciated for its fruit value and medicinal properties. Several pomegranate cultivars are cultivated in Iran which differs in fruit characteristics and agronomical features. In spite of economic importance of pomegranate cultivars, limited knowledge is available on genetic and cytogenetic peculiarities of these cultivars. Therefore, we aimed to investigate cytogenetically twelve unreported cultivars and also compile all available data on chromosome pairing, chiasma frequency and meiotic irregularities in 88 cultivars and carry on a meta analysis. We found all cultivars to have 2n = 2x = 16 chromosome number, but significantly differed in all meiotic features studied. Most of meiotic features studied were significantly correlated while PCA analysis revealed that characters like chiasma frequency and distribution as well as ring bivalents are associated to each other and differentiated the cultivars which were distributed towards longitude. Similarly, characters related to meiotic irregularities such as chromosome stickiness and anaphase failure differentiated the cultivars which were distributed toward altitude. PCA plot placed pomegranate cultivars in three major groups due to meiotic difference. Data obtained can be used in future conservation and breeding of pomegranate.

Catharanthus roseus is widely cultivated around the world.  Cold atmosphere plasma (CAP) has been used to improve crop plants seed germination, and plant growth. In the present study, three different times of CAP (40, 50 and 60s) were used for the treatment of C. roseus seeds, and the changes in morphological traits, antioxidant enzymes and the genetic content of the treated plants were examined. Cold plasma (50s) markedly raised the seed germination, length of the leaves and the stem length of the plants in comparison with those in the control group. The catalase and peroxidase enzyme activities had the highest value in 60 and 40 s CAP treated plants, respectively. The sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers showed the highest degree of genetic diversity in 50s cold plasma treated plants (Ne = 1.388, I = 0.316, He = 0.217, uHe = 0.237 and P % = 50.08). Based on Neighbor Joining, principle coordination analysis (PCoA) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) test, four significantly distant groups were formed. The 40s and 50s cold plasma treated plants stand far from the control plants due to genetic difference. The results indicate that cold atmosphere plasma could be used as an economic and environmentally safe tool in increasing C. roseus growth characteristics in addition to inducing genetic variations.

Aloe barbadensis is perennial, monocotyledonous, fleshy plant belongs to Aloaceae family. In this study, somoclonal variations of regenerated A. barbadensis plants were investigated. The plantlets of forth subculture transferred to the soil for further study. The genomic DNAs of 40 regenerated plantlets were extracted and genetic variations were studied using SPAR markers including RAPD and ISSR primers. The amounts of Aloe gel also were extracted from regenerated A. vera plants. Average percentage of polymorphism, Shannon index, Nei's genetic diversity and number of effective alleles based on RAPD data were higher than genetic parameters obtained from ISSR data. NJ cluster and STRUCTURE plot based on molecular markers grouped regenerated plants to distinct clusters. AMOVA analysis also showed a significant (P = 0.01) genetic distinction between studied groups. This result also confirmed differentiation of regenerated plants. The amount of Aloe gel in the four groups (based on clustering method) was compared by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed no significant (P = 0.746) differences between the amount of gel in four group. In total, our findings showed somaclonal variations on genomic level while no significant differences were observed in amount of gel among regenerated Aloe plantlets.

The cultivated apple (Malus domestica) is one of the most important fruit crops cultivated in different regions of the world including Iran. For production and breeding of high quality apple, the knowledge of genetic diversity of the cultivated apples is necessary. Therefore we studied genetic diversity of 25 genotypes by using ISSR molecular markers. In present study, ten ISSR primers produced 85% polymorphism. (AGC)5GG and (GA)9C primers produced the highest number of bands, while primers (GA)9A, (GA)9A and UBC 807 produced the lowest number. Some of the genotypes showed presence of specific bands. PCoA (principal co-ordinate analysis) plot of genotypes based on geographical origin (Netherland, France, Lebonan and Iran) grouped cultivars from different geographical regions together and intermixed. UPGMA (unweighted paired group method with arithmetic average) and NJ (Neighbor Joining) dendrograms produced 4 major clusters with few subclusters in each of them indicating intra-group genetic diversity. AMOVA (Analysis of molecular variance) test performed on molecular features of the genotypes present in the 4 clusters revealed significant difference among the clusters. This high value of within clusters genetic variation is in agreement with subclusters formed in each major cluster due to intra-population group variation. STRUCTURE plots of k = 2-7 were obtained and the best groupings was done by k =7. It indicated differences in allelic composition and frequency of the subclusters. The results showed presence of high level of genetic diversity in apple samples studied which can be used in planning further selection and hybridization of apple trees.

Apple belong to Malus Miller genus. Today, more of 10000 varieties known in the world, some of varieties are economic , resistance to diseases and sexual proliferation of ability. The vegetative rootstock (M26 and MM106) are early harvesting, yield is high and effect on quality of fruits. The subject of project is research kinds vegetative rootstock of varieties and number of subculture on rate of in vitro proliferation. The basal medium culture MS (Murashige , Skoog, 1962) supplemented with BAP (2 mg/l) and IAA (0.5 mg/l) have prepared. In M26 rootstock, length of stem (1.11 cm) increased during the second and third subcuktures. In mm106 and M26, maximum number of leaves (18.7 and 9.2) produced in two subculture and such as, length of stem elongated during the first subculture. The length of shoot and number of leaves increased with repetitive subcultures but on effected on branching.Apple belong to Malus Miller genus. Today, more of 10000 varieties known in the world, some of varieties are economic , resistance to diseases and sexual proliferation of ability. The vegetative rootstock (M26 and MM106) are early harvesting, yield is high and effect on quality of fruits.

Banana is one of strategic and economical plant. It is important in nutrition of humans and animals and economic in tropical countries. The Vallery belong to Musa balbisiana Colla and Musa acuminate Colla species and Eumusa and musa genus. The subject of project is developmental phases somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of banana from terminal and axillary buds in cv. Vallery. The meristematic tissue of terminal and axillary used for somatic embryogenesis. Four media culture were contain : (MS1, BAP 3 mg/l, IAA 2 mg/l) ،(MS2, BAP 22.5 mg/l) ، (MS3, BAP 0.4 mg/l , IAA 2 mg/l) prepared. MS1 and MS3 treatments did not observed callus, shoot grown from terminal and axillary meristem. The length of shoot plantlets was longer in MS1 than MS3 but roots was shorter. The cream color and compact of callus (some of part brown color) in observed in MS2 treatment by Stereo Microscope. The circular aggregated embryo raised and increased gradually. The embryo differentiated and green color showed in embryos, after that plantlets regenerated from embryos. Mean length of shoot and root were (3 cm, 1.5 cm) respectively, and number of shoot and root were (0.3) .MS4 treatment produced brown callus and non-compact. The plantlets regenerated from meristematic tissue, length of shoot and root were smaller and number of shoot was higher than other treatment.

Comparison of subcultures on the success of plant micropropagation of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr)Review :Recent scientific advances in biotechnology lead to new methods of micropropagation of pineapple plant pineapple, mass propagation and reduce production costs is provided. Genetic changes associated with micropropagation of pineapple plants to create new varieties from the economic point of view, resistance to major pests and diseases are the most important goals pineapple application of biotechnology. In this study different stages of plant micropropagation of pineapple under the influence of concentration were compared. In order to micropropagation, meristem of the plant Pineapple isolated in sterile conditions and then it Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) with various concentrations of 6-benzyl Mynvpvryn ((1-2-3-4-5 Mgl NAA acid ((6 Mgl were cultured. by increasing the amount of hormones 6-Ynzyl Mynvpvryn average stem length (2 inches) and the proliferation rate (3 per explants). the growth rate rose. Keywords: pineapple seedlings - micropropagation - growth regulators

Rose belong to Rosa genus and Rosaceae family. The tissue culture technique is useful for scale up to short time (in all of seasons) and secondary metabolites production and proliferation medicinal plants. Optimization of rosa micropropagation has been done in MS medium with IBA (0.1 mg/l) and BAP (2 mg/l) during two subcultures. The number of bloom and flower, percentage of flowering, bloom formation of time and flower annthesis of time have been researched from 5 different In vitro flowering treatments, they were MS medium culture with IBA (0.5, 1, 1.5 mg/l), BAP (0.02, 0.05, 0.1 mg/l) and GA3 (0.2, 0.5 mg/l) during two subcultures. In vitro flowering did not initiate in one and five treatments, %46.6, %40 and %33.3 were in 2 to 4 treatments, respectively. The bloom formation time was 53-57 days and flower formation time was 61-67 days in 2 to 4 treatments, respectively. The statistical analysis showed means had significantly in 2 and 4 treatments. Optimization of rosa miniature In vitro flowering has been done in MS medium culture with IBA (1 mg/l), BAP (0.02 mg/l) and GA3 (0.2 mg/l). The bloom formation time and anthesis flower were in 53 days and 63 days.

Increased resistance of bacteria to antibacterial agents is one of the most important problem in medicine. Place of medicinal plants in the country's traditional medicine as well as available rich herbal resources on the one hand and the problems exist in the treatment of infections caused by resistant bacterial strains on the other hand, is a reason for closer investigation of medicinal plants. Some herbal essential oils, including (Melissa officinalis L.) from Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family have antimicrobial effects and can be used as antimicrobial agents in the treatment of infections. This study was performed to determine the compounds and antimicrobial effects of essential oil from Melissa officinalis L. In this experimental study, (Melissa officinalis L.) was collected from Qom province. Then, the compounds of the essential oil were analyzed using GC/MS apparatus. The diameter of inhibition zone and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined using disk diffusion and dilution liquid medium methods against strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. In this study, caryophyllene oxide was the major compound of the essential oil. Essential oil at the concentration of 20µg/ml had an inhibitory effect against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeroginosa, but had no effect on C. albicans. According to the results of this study, the essential oil of this plant has a significant inhibitory effect on growth of pathogenic bacteria, especially gram positive ones. Therefore, further researches are required for clinical application of the essential oil.

Aloe (Aloe littoralis) is important clinically and economically. This plant is native in Iran and natural and traditional of proliferation is very slow, in the result, needs of medicinal industry do not prepare. Aloe (A. littoralis) can proliferate from micropropagation technique rapidly. The subject of project is micropropagation of Aloe (A. littoralis) native in Iran. The terminal and axillary buds of explants cultured on media culture, MS with BAP (0.5 , 1, 2 mg/l) and IAA (0.5 , 1 mg/l). The largest number of shoot (1.25) and the highest length of shoot (1.13 cm) produced on MS medium culture with BAP (2 mg/l) and IAA (0.5 mg/l), the largest number of leaves (1.25) and root (2.32) and the highest length of root (4.66 cm) produced on MS medium culture with BAP (0.5 mg/l) and IAA (0.5 mg/l). Aloe micropropagation used low concentration of hormones, mother plants are native in south of Iran region, medicinal properties are common with aloe vera (Aloe barbedensis). In the results, cost of production is low and is better economically.

Author(s): Farzaneh Tafvisi *, Massoud Sheidaei and Farah Farahani Tehran-Saveh high away, parand new city Study Type: Research | Subject: Research Article Article abstract: Aim and Background. Cotton is considered as one of the most important crop plants in Iran, cultivated in various regions of the country. Continuous cultivation of the same genotypes may bring about genetic erosion in the long term; therefore study of the available genetic variability as well as introducing the new ones is of importance. Materials and Methods. Molecular study was performed in 10 tetraploid cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles for ten cotton genotypes were generated with 30 random primers. Results. Out of 30 primers used 22 primers produced reproducible bands. The primers generated 387 RAPD loci, of which 178 were polymorphic. The primer OPM11 produced the highest number of Polymorphic bands and Primer OPC09 produced the highest number of unique bands while some of the primers produced no unique band at all. Siokra cultivar produced the highest unique bands (6). Conclusions. NJ clustering methods performed on molecular data. Two parental cultivars of Nazilli and Siokra are grouped together with 100% bootstrap value in NJ dendrogram. Key words. Gossypium hirsutum L., genetic diversity, RAPD markers

In order to optimize embryogenic calli production in date palm, meristematic tissues were excised from 2-3 years old offshoots of Zahedi, Kabkab and Dayri genotypes and cultured on MS medium containing 100 mg/l 2,4-D, 3 g/l activated charcoal, 30 g/l sucrose supplemented with different concentrations of zeatin and TDZ as cytokinin resources. The samples were incubated at 25±2oC in the darkness. Initial calli were generated from explants cultured in various treatments which were able to produce embryogenic callus after 6-8 weeks of sub culturing in the same medium. The best callus production was observed in 0.5 and 3.0 mg/l of zeatin with respect to Zahedi and Kabkab cultivars and 0.1 mg/l of TDZ for Dayri. Meanwhile, the shortest callus generation time was correspondent to Kabkab, Zahedi and Dayri genotypes, respectively.