فهرست مطالب مصطفی صفدری رنجبر

Obtaining feedback from the results and achievements of the science, technology, and innovation systems, especially at the national level, is a requirement for any policy system's long-term success. The Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT), the most vital player in Iran's science, technology, and innovation system, needs to have such a feedback mechanism based on its priority functions of the science, technology, and innovation system, obtaining the best performance.For this purpose, in this research, using the methodology of framework synthesis, an integrated and comprehensive framework for evaluating the performance of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology based on the selection of 40 key indicators has been presented and validated using the expert panel method. The results of applying the proposed evaluation framework should be adapted to the goals and policies of the national STI system. Based on the latest statistics and information available (from September to March 2022), the performance of the MSRT in the evaluation quadrants is lower than average. Also, we offered some policy recommendations focused on improving key indicators' performance.

Using the institutional mapping approach, the present research has investigated the important actors of the science, technology and innovation system of Iran's cyber space and their functions in this system. The importance of this issue stems from the fact that the science, technology and innovation system of cyber space has a high number and diversity in actors and functions, and the effort to investigate them can help to better understanding the structural and functional complexities of this system. The data collection of this research has been done through a library study, including the review of previous studies and documents, including the description of the duties of organizations, statutes, laws, and upstream documents, as well as a field study, including holding a panel with key stakeholders. Classification of identified actors based on the theoretical framework in five levels of government, educational and research institutions, intermediate institutions, companies (large companies, small and medium businesses, start-ups and technological units), and non-governmental organizations (specialized association, trade association, unions, non-governmental organization) was done. Then, through the actors-functions matrix, it was determined what functions each actor plays in the science, technology and innovation system of cyber space. According to the findings, the main guardian of the cyber space science, technology and innovation system is the Supreme Council of Cyber Space. Also, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology has the largest role among other players in this system. The role of civil institutions and the private sector also needs to be highlighted in this system. The policy implication of this research is that the governance of science, technology and innovation system of cyber space requires a networked and evidence-based approach that, in addition to considering the views and expectations of all stakeholders, operates based on the facts and objective conditions.

This study focuses on designing a digital transformation model for the offshore oil and gas industry in Iran to be utilized in the strategic planning and policy-making process in the industry. While applying digital achievements and novelties in the oil and gas industry is not new, employing digital transformation in this sector is relatively new. Digital transformation, when implemented in the Iranian offshore oil and gas industry, helps the sector become a world leader, therefore benefiting from all the benefits that come along with digital achievements.
 
This research adopts a qualitative approach and utilizes the grounded theory research strategy. The data gathered from interviews with industry experts and documentation and reports concerning digital transformation, especially in the oil and gas industry, helped the researchers construct a comprehensive model. Through the grounded theory approach, the study could design a model of digital transformation in the offshore oil and gas industry of Iran, including six main elements: phenomenon-centered, consequences, causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, and strategies.
 
One of the most notable instances of phenomenon-based digital transformation in the offshore oil and gas industry involves using digital technology tools for data-driven decision-making, consistency in industry decisions, and improving operational efficiency and productivity of personnel and equipment. Furthermore, among the most effective strategies to achieve this goal at the organizational level, stand cooperation with various bodies such as reputable information technology and communications companies, universities, and active startups in the digital technology sector. Also, promoting an organizational culture based on the adoption of digital technologies at industry and national levels via establishing stringent environmental and safety regulations for personnel who work on offshore platforms and supporting investment in digital transformation in the oil and gas industry can help with reaching the set targets.
 
The key consequences of digital transformation in the offshore oil and gas industry at the organizational level include increased efficiency in organizations active in the offshore oil and gas industry, increased accuracy and speed in decision-making based on data analysis, and the possibility of proactive, targeted maintenance and cost-saving in organizations. Digital transformation in this industry can lead to consequences such as increased oil recovery factor from offshore oil reservoirs, reduced environmental risks in marine environments, and improved performance in the offshore oil and gas industry at the industry and national levels.

In recent decades, start-up businesses have played a significant role in creating jobs, creating wealth and increasing the gross domestic product of countries and have attracted the attention of many policy makers and decision makers. In order to develop start-up businesses in the country, it is necessary to have an effective ecosystem in accordance with the nature and needs of the society and in line with the national development plans. The purpose of this research is to analyze the role of hard and formal institutions in the development of the ecosystem of start-up businesses in the country. In this regard, the current research is practical from the perspective of goal, descriptive-exploratory and research orientation. Also, qualitative approach and content analysis method using MAXQDA software have been used. The required secondary data were extracted from documents, reports, articles, etc. Primary data was also collected through semi-structured interviews with 14 experts in the field of technology and innovation, and especially experts with experience and knowledge in the field of developing start-up businesses in the country in the second half of 1401. The results indicate that the most attention has been given to the ten dimensions of the ecosystem of new businesses in the laws of the fourth and fifth development programs among the 13 laws proposed in the present study. Also, the minimum amount of attention to these dimensions is in the Law on the Implementation of the Policies of Article 44 of the Constitution and the Law on Patents, Industrial Designs and Trademarks. Also, the most dimensions that are addressed in the thirteen laws, including financing dimensions; Education and Research; innovation and technology; And it is the government. In addition to the dimensions of counseling and support; Promotion; and the market have had the least importance in the mentioned laws. The findings of this research have practical and policy implications and suggestions for policymakers and legislators in this field.

The Ministry of Science, Research and Technology and its subordinate actors, as one of the crucial sub-systems in the national innovation system, play a vital role in the structure, functions, and performance of the national innovation system. In this regard, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the functions and sub-functions of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology in the national innovation system. In terms of methodology, this research is mixed research that has benefited from thematic analysis in the qualitative part and importance-performance analysis in the quantitative part. In the qualitative part, the review of international documents, laws and regulations, and upstream documents and the analysis of data related to focus groups with different stakeholders led to the preparation of a list of 60 sub-functions under the 7 main functions of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology. Then, to achieve the priority sub-functions of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology, the importance-performance questionnaire was sent to universities, research institutes, and science and technology parks, and 33 completed questionnaires were collected. Based on the importance-performance analysis, 40 sub-functions were selected as priority sub-functions (low performance and high importance) of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. Identifying the priority sub-functions of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology can be a basis for a more accurate functional and performance analysis and formulation of policies and programs in order to strengthen the role of this Ministry in the national innovation system.

This paper proposes an evolutionary view of economic catch-up by latecomers, considered as a long run process of closing the gap in capabilities by promoting learning and innovation in interaction with innovation systems (national, sectoral or regional). According to this perspective, catch-up is viewed as a dynamic evolutionary process which is not deterministic and cannot be planned in details because it faces uncertainty and continuous change; is associated with a variety of exogenous events (windows of opportunity) and is the result of the idiosyncratic behavior of heterogeneous actors characterized by different understanding, views and experiences. This process leads to a variety of responses and strategies by latecomer firms and countries, even in the presence of similar external technological or market conditions. One major point that emerges from this perspective is that there is a strong complementarity between learning and capabilities by domestic firms and the national, sectoral, and regional systems in which firms operate. The paper also discusses various strategies, such as detours and leapfrogging, along the stages and the different paths and trajectories that this long-term evolutionary process of countries and sectors follows.

The variety of functions and tasks expected from the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology (MSRT) to play a proper role in the innovation system requires the design of a mix of policy instruments. Although there are many policy documents and laws that have been approved especially in the last decade and the duties and powers of the MSRT are foreseen in them, previous studies show that the overall performance of Iran's innovation system is not favorable in many aspects. The design of any new policy mix should be done according to the gaps in the previous documents. This study was conducted with the method of content analysis of documents to investigate policy gaps and focused group interviews to have expert opinions about the policy mix for improving the innovation system in the field of science, research, and technology which, according to the identified gaps, consists of 7 macro policies, 25 policy goals and 60 instruments. From the viewpoint of the type of instruments, tools of the type of "regulation", "support for education, research, and human resources", "networking and infrastructure development", "information support and brokerage", "demand, market creation, and government procurement", "financial support, loans, grants" and "Tax incentives, customs exemption" had the largest share in the policy mix, respectively. In terms of the type of instruments, the number of supply-side instruments, direct support instruments, and non-financial instruments are dominant in the designed mix. The internal consistency analysis of the instruments also showed that the proposed policy mix is internally consistent.

This policy report has been written with the aim of providing policy programs to support scientific and technological supremacy. In this report, an attempt has been made to present a clearer picture of the concept of scientific and technological supremacy based on the studies conducted in this field, and to review domestic experiences and selected international experiences in the field of supporting scientific and technological supremacy. Finally, an attempt has been made to provide some policy programs to support scientific and technological supremacy in the country by taking advantage of selected domestic and international experiences. These policy programs include: 1) Program to cultivate and strengthen young talents and support the pioneers in the field of science and technology; 2) Program for the development and strengthening of pioneering science and technology organizations; 3) Program in sync with scientific and technological trends in the world; 4) Program for responsive, inclusive and mission-oriented sciences; 5) Program for science for all (popularization and socialization of science and technology); 6) Program of intelligent and targeted scientific and technological interactions and collaboration with the world; and 7) Program for useful, wealth-creating and value-creating sciences and technologies.

Artificial intelligence is a rapidly emerging and crucial technology that has significantly impacted various fields, including public policy. This qualitative research aims to identify the potential applications of artificial intelligence in the public sector policy-making process. It involves extracting 339 basic themes that align with the research goal, creating 33 organizing themes from these basic themes, and classifying these concepts into four overarching themes that cover the applications, methods, advantages, and challenges of artificial intelligence in the public policy cycle. Based on the research findings, one critical application of this technology in public policy-making is prioritizing issues based on society's actual needs and demands. It also aids in diagnosing issues and problems by recognizing patterns in big data, leading to the formulation of evidence-based policies. Additionally, using methods such as machine learning algorithms, neural networks, and natural language processing has advantages such as increased intelligence and dynamism in the policy formulation process. As a result, this technology can be more efficiently applied in the public policy cycle, allowing policymakers to play a more effective role. However, several challenges require further investigation, such as ethical issues in data usage, human resource gaps, management biases, and security challenges.

Some attributes of the agricultural sector in Iran are low Value-added, low amount of Total Factor Productivity, and a traditional structure, which facing these facts requires supporting agriculture through knowledge and technology. Therefore, the qualitative research was conducted to propose the policy tools for the transition to knowledge-intensive agriculture in Iran by identifying policy gaps and system failures in this field. In order to achieve the research goals, a literature review, a comparative study, and a focus group were used. The results of the comparative studies of the policy experiences of knowledge-intensive agriculture development in Iran, India, Turkey, and Switzerland led to the typology of the related policy tools in these countries. These results formed the input of the focus group meeting. The data from the focus group meeting was analyzed through thematic content analysis into the framework of system failures which led to the extraction of 51 challenges of knowledge-intensive agricultural development in Iran and 20 policy tools for the transition to knowledge-intensive agriculture.

The concept of national innovation system has attracted a lot of attention during the last three decades. Modern theories describe the national innovation system as a set of organizations and institutions in the process of creating, distributing, and using knowledge and technologies with the aim of achieving strategic goals such as the sustainable development of the economic system and helping to increase the competitiveness of its subjects including governments at the international level interact. The purpose of the current research is to present the framework of the national innovation system based on the knowledge functions and the knowledge role of the actors of this system and to achieve this framework, the approach of systematic research synthesis has been used. Based on this, by studying and examining in depth 180 study sources in the form of articles, books, reports and other documents, six main knowledge functions including "creation, acquisition, dissemination, development, exploitation, and commercialization of knowledge" and four support functions including "support and foundation, financing", mediation and policy-making and regulation" and seven main actors "government, research organizations, financial institution - financial institutions, universities, and higher education centers, industry, intermediaries, society and supporters, and enablers" were defined. Based on main and supporting functions, related roles were extracted and actors were categorized based on roles. The final result of the research is the framework of the national innovation system with a focus on knowledge functions and a new category of actors identified in 5 related layers, including the main knowledge function as the most central layer, layers of supporting knowledge functions, knowledge roles and actors as the next layers and Finally, it presents the classification of the subsystems of the national innovation system based on the helix cycle and as the outermost layer.

The increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in various aspects of human life has forced policymakers in different countries to adopt appropriate policies to increase the advantages of this technology and deal with its development challenges. By examining 18 national documents published by seven countries, the United States, England, China, Australia, Germany, Australia and India, as well as seven international documents published by the European Commission and the OECD in the field of AI policy between the years 2017-2021 and interviews with 15 experts engaged in different sectors of AI policymaking, this research has sought to design a suitable policy package for the development of AI in Iran. By using thematic analysis methods and the fuzzy MCDM model, this research has tried to discover the most important policy objectives and their prioritization, as well as the prioritization of policy instruments to achieve each of these goals. The results show that the most important goals of AI development in the country, in order of priority, are: 1) Economic Growth, 2) Enhancing human capital, 3) Improving infrastructure, 4) Increasing social welfare and improving public services, and 5) Improving research capacities. Also, the most important policy instruments to achieve the discussed policy objectives, in order of priority, are: 1) Regulation and Standardization, 2) R&D Financing, 3) Culture making and education, 4) Networking and cooperation support, 5) Stimulating market demand, 6) Government procurement and 7) Consulting and acceleration. Identifying the most important policy objectives and instruments for the development of AI in the country and their priority will help policymakers make appropriate decisions for the balanced development of the innovation ecosystem of AI in the country.

In this paper, we investigate the implementation experience, performance, and challenges of open innovation tools under the law for supporting New Technology-Based Firms (NTBFs) from 2012 to 2022. This law is the most important national initiative for supporting innovative and technologically capable firms entailing more than 110 tools – of which 10 tools are dedicated to supporting open innovation and we focus on them in this paper. By adopting a qualitative research method and we conducted a content analysis of data gathered from semi-structured interviews, reports, and documents pertinent to open innovation (inbound, outbound, and coupled) tools. Our findings reveal that events and networks and meeting the technological needs of large companies are the two tools with higher influence on performance in match-making and the exchange of ideas and knowledge among NTBFs. Compared to international experiences, the creation and diffusion of knowledge and joint research are less supported tools in Iran. Assessing open innovation tools, policy-level open innovation coordination, and encouraging large public firms toward engaging in open innovation, are the key practical and theoretical implications of this paper.

Due to the increasing need for preparation against environmental uncertainties in New Technology-Based Firms(NTBFs), In this research, the signs of the need to change strategy in new technology-based firms had been discovered.

This study is descriptive in terms of applied purpose, qualitative in terms of method, and in terms of data collection, it is descriptive. The statistical population of the study was CEOs or board members of NTBFs. fourteen CEOs or board members of NTBFs located in the University of Tehran and University of Qom science and technology parks entered the interview process using purposeful sampling and observing the principle of theoretical saturation as a sample. In this study, the thematic analysis method was used to extract themes.

In this study three layers of signs of the need to strategy change had been discovered for example Change in customers' attitudes and lifestyle, the emergence of new and creative technologies (macro environment); The emergence of disruptive products and increasing the attractiveness of the income and financial level of the industry (industry environment); Weakness in leadership and project management, weakness in supply chain management (internal factors).

There are similarities within signs of the need for strategy change among NTBFs (startups), By knowing those signs CEOs of these start-ups can respond appropriately in response to the signs in three layers including macro and industry environment and internal factors

Government research institutes, as one of the main actors of the innovation system, are not only responsible for the realization of some of the main functions of this system, such as carrying out research and development activities, but they also contribute to the development of innovation driving engines through direct and indirect cooperation with other actors. However, clarifying the role and function of government research institutes in the transition to a knowledge-based economy has received less attention and related policies have not been sufficiently discussed. Therefore, in the current research, using the qualitative research approach and the methods of forming a focus group and thematic analysis, the functions of government research institutes and the policies that facilitate their role in the realization of the knowledge-based economy have been examined. The findings of this research indicate that playing roles such as a host to specialized innovation centers and accelerators; Strategic and problem-oriented research management platform; Standard reference and regulatory support of the economic sectors; Specialized service center for companies active in the economic sector; Center for cooperation, transfer, dissemination and promotion of technology in the economic sector; and the think tank of technological and political intelligence, are the most important functions of government research institutes in line with the transition to a knowledge-based economy. In addition, to create a suitable environment for the role of government research institutes in the realization of the knowledge-based economy, policies dedicated to governance and division of tasks; strengthening the supply side; strengthening the demand side; Strengthening the linkage between supply and demand and developing and providing infrastructure are needed, which have been identified in this research.

Technology authority has been mentioned explicitly and implicitly and with different expressions in the laws and science and technology documents of the country for many years. However, so far, no special theoretical effort has been made to conceptualize and clarify the different dimensions of this concept. In this regard, in this research, the identification of indicators and criteria, requirements, and policy solutions for the realization of technological supremacy has been addressed by exploiting the theoretical foundations and background of technological catch-up. In other words, this article tries to shed light on the issue of technological authority by using the theoretical background of technological catch-up and taking advantage of the theoretical developments made in that field to advance the goals of this research. The reason for using the concept and theory of technological catch-up in this research is that reaching technological authority in itself is a kind of catch-up with leaders and leading players in the field of technology, getting close to them, reaching their place, and in some cases leaving them behind. The last case is referred to as the "catch-up cycle" or "transition to industry leadership". The current research is applied research from the point of view of objective and qualitative research from the perspective of the approach, which was conducted to identify the indicators and criteria of technological authority and the requirements and solutions for its realization. From the point of view of the data collection method, the data of this research was obtained from two sources: First, the focus group with the presence of seven experts in the field of science and technology policy with the title of "Technological authority: from idea to practice". Second, the focus group with the presence of eight experts in the field of science and technology policy and industrial policy with the title of "Technology authority with the approach of economic complexity". Data analysis is also done by thematic analysis method. Thematic analysis is a method to determine, analyze, and express the patterns and themes hidden in the data and has been used by various experts in recent years to analyze policy and management issues. The findings of this research show that international patent registration, sales of technology and technical know-how, and the number of leading companies in the field of technology at the international level can be suitable criteria and indicators for measuring the realization of technological supremacy. Also, paying attention to the requirements of realizing technological supremacy in various fields, especially economic, social, cultural, institutional, and political, focusing on the necessity of being present in regional and global value chains, strengthening legal infrastructures, and taking advantage of windows of opportunity is necessary. In addition, formulating a suitable policy mix including objective and synergistic policy tools to achieve technological supremacy with an emphasis on human capital development policies, financing, social foundation, networking, and ecosystem development, strengthening international interactions, stimulating the demand side, and encouraging large companies to play a stronger role in the development of technology and innovation can be effective. As policy implications derived from the findings of this research, some policy recommendations are presented to policymakers, legislators, and activists in the field of governance of science, technology, and innovation: First, the definition of specific, quantitative, transparent, and measurable indicators and criteria for monitoring the realization of technological authority with an emphasis on international patent registration, sale, and export of technology and technical know-how, the number of leading companies in the field of technology at the international level, the number of technology standards compiled by the country's companies and research institutes and the country's ranking in global indices such as the Global Innovation Index (GII) and the Technology Complexity Index. Second, paying attention to the requirements and duties of realizing technological authority in various fields, especially economic, social, cultural, institutional, and political, focusing on the necessity of presence in regional and global value chains, international interactions, and cooperation in the field of development and commercialization. of technology, strengthening the legal infrastructure, taking advantage of the windows of opportunity, providing financial resources to support research and technology, paying attention to the necessity of forming and developing technological and innovation ecosystems, suitable and favorable political, social, and cultural context, national and international vision, coherence and integration in the national system of innovation and correct logic in prioritizing and targeting the fields of technology. Third, developing a suitable policy mix that includes synergistic policy goals and tools to achieve technological authority with an emphasis on education policies, preservation and development of human capital, financing policies and investment in research and technology, policies for improvement of legal infrastructure improvement, selective policies and technology prioritization, policies to promote social capital and increase social participation, networking policies and development of innovation ecosystems, policies to strengthen international interactions, policies to stimulate the demand side and policies to encourage large companies to play a stronger role in the development of technology and innovation.

This paper aims to investigate transition paths and reasons of failure of Iran’s wind turbines industry in transition to sustainability successfully. In this regard, a qualitative approach and case study strategy have been used. For this purpose, based on type of national innovation system, the transition path and sustainability transition status of the wind turbines industry in selected countries were studied. Then the historical evolution of wind turbines industry in Iran has been surveyed from 1988 to 2020, and the current situation of this industry based on sustainable transitions and multilevel level perspective theoretical framework (MLP) and transition paths in each period of development has been identified. In the next step, the reasons of failure in the development stages of the industry are extracted based on the qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with industry experts. Then, based on innovative logic in the literature of innovation policies and the experiences of the studied countries, appropriate policy proposals are presented to pave the way for the transition of Iran’s wind turbines industry. The results of this study show that transition of Iran's wind turbines industry has been identified in the three stages, the path of first stage (1988-2007) was of the transformation path type, the second stage (2007-2016) was of the reconfiguration type. However, in the third stage (2016-2020), Iran's wind turbines industry has not been able to use technological alternatives to transition to sustainability because of some reasons such as directionality failure, demand articulation failure, policy coordination failure and reflexivity failure.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the emerging technologies that has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. The tremendous economic effects of this technology and, on the other hand, the potential risks and challenges have caused policymakers in different countries to pay special attention to appropriate policies for developing AI innovation ecosystems. This research identified the basic functions of AI in the world by examining the innovation ecosystem development policies in 6 countries, the United States, China, England, Russia, India, and the UAE, and interviewing AI experts in the Iran. In addition, the present research has identified the actors of this ecosystem and the roles and mutual relationships between them by presenting the structural and functional mapping of the AI innovation ecosystem and offers some policies to improve the development of the AI ecosystem in Iran. The seven basic AI functions identified in this research are policy and governance, education, financing, research, networking, innovative and startup activities, and technical infrastructure development. Also, the results of this research show that Iran's AI ecosystem has 41 governmental, quasi-governmental and private major actors. Moreover, the research results indicate that to develop the country's AI innovation ecosystem and prevent lagging behind other countries, high-level coordination of government, industry and university actors is needed.

Technological catch-up is an important and key component of the development process of countries that are behind the leading countries in the world in terms of technology and economy. Subsequent countries can enter the global competitive environment from the opportunities created by the emergence of new technologies. The purpose of this study is to identify the key factors affecting the catch-up process in the Iranian banking software industry and to investigate their effectiveness and prioritization. The research method used is a mixed method that in the qualitative part of the content analysis and in the quantitative part of the confirmatory factor analysis has been used. In this regard, the main influential factors were identified using the thematic analysis method and semi-structured interviews, and 55 themes were identified which were classified in the theme network. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the effectiveness of all identified factors was confirmed. Among the effective factors at the enterprise level, appropriate security platforms, among the effective factors at the industry level, increase interaction and communication with users and regular customers, and among the effective factors at the national level, the interaction and communication factor for producing, disseminating and using knowledge. New ones have the highest impact.

Eco-innovations as a solution to achieve competitive advantage and sustainability have become an inevitable strategy in various industries. In this regards, the purpose of this paper is to first identify the various dimensions of eco-innovation performance drivers and eco-innovation performance and then to examine the impact of these drivers on eco-innovation performance. The present study uses a quantitative approach and survey strategy and is descriptive-correlational research. The results of this study show that the drivers of eco-innovation in this industry have technological, market, legal, and standards dimensions and they affect the innovative eco-innovation (product, process, and organization). According to the results, it is observed that the path coefficient of the technological drivers' dimension is higher than other dimensions of eco-innovation and as a result, this dimension is more important than other dimensions. Also, in the dimension of eco-innovation performance, it is observed that this product innovation dimension has the highest path coefficient among the dimensions of eco-innovation performance. The main finding of this research is that the drivers of eco-innovation in the copper industry in Iran can lead to an increase in the eco-innovative performance of companies active in this industry.

To improve the quality of life and economic conditions of retirees, they need to return to the business environment through entrepreneurship and self-employment. However, at first, it is necessary to teach these people the topics related to entrepreneurship and running a business. The purpose of this article is to study the programs and tools of entrepreneurship education and business development in selected and leading countries with a focus on military retirees. Using the method of document analysis and benchmarking approach with the best experiences, this research has studied and reviewed programs and tools for entrepreneurship training and business development for retirees of the military forces. While reviewing entrepreneurship training courses in selected countries, tools such as entrepreneurship incubators, coaching and mentoring, online platforms, social media, technical and vocational centers, and business schools, and finally, business boot camps for training Entrepreneurship were introduced to retirees. Finally, some policy proposals to develop entrepreneurship education for armed forces retirees are presented to assist policymakers. These policy programs include primary policy programs (implementation of entrepreneurship training courses and business development in training centers, creating and developing an online platform for entrepreneurship training, developing platforms for exchanging experience, knowledge, and technology, and forming joint activities among retirees, using media to create and Development of entrepreneurship training courses, creation, and development of entrepreneurship training courses and in-service business development and supportive policy programs (encouragement and support of leading entrepreneurs, establishment and development of retirement entrepreneurship clubs, development of innovation and accelerator laboratories and teaching the concepts of digital economy and industry 4.0).

Endogenizing windows of opportunity in an industry can be analyzed and evaluated through using the Technological Innovation System (TIS) approach. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the functions and mechanisms needed to endogenize blockchain windows of opportunity in Iran’s banking industry. To this end, this paper employed a quantitative approach, survey research strategy, a questionnaire tool for data collection, and confirmatory factor analysis for data analysis. The sample is selected from experts who are proficient in the banking industry and blockchain technology. Findings of this study indicate that mechanisms such as internal project research by banks (knowledge creation function), increasing the diversity of actors and their interactions (knowledge diffusion function), using international platforms instead of local platforms (market orientation function), internal operational and research projects (technological entrepreneurship function), the need to determine the orientation of blockchain development by obtaining the views and needs of leading users by the Central Bank as a key player (search orientation function), removing business barriers (shaping market function), the entry of fintech companies into business development (legitimation function) are important for endogenizing blockchain windows of opportunity in Iran's banking industry.

 Today’s businesses are facing numerous uncertainties. So far, many solutions have been studied to encounter these uncertainties. This article aims to introduce a new typology of business strategies to deal with uncertainty, which is based on previous researches. Accordingly, after a multistep process, 87 valid and relevant articles, published in reliable international journals, were chosen. The qualitative data were excavated from these articles and were analyzed with thematic analysis approach. As a result, 203 solutions to deal with business uncertainties, were coded. By combining these codes, 29 organizing themes were devised. Finally, the combination of organizing themes led to four business strategies to deal with uncertainty including anticipation, adaptation, acceptance, and moderation. By considering the results of this article, managers and counselors are able to identify suitable strategies to encounter their own business uncertainties. Moreover, the organizing themes of this article pave the way for the implementation of the strategies.

Artificial intelligence is one of the emerging technologies that has recently changed the world dramatically. With the increase in the use of artificial intelligence in recent years, policymakers in different countries of the world, in order to further improve the conditions of use of this emerging technology, as well as to address its challenges and potential risks, have developed various policy programs.Using a qualitative approach and content analysis method, in order to achieve the most important goals and policy tools considered during the selected documents of different countries, has extracted the key themes of the national artificial intelligence documents of six countries in this field between 2017 and 2021.The findings have shown that 5 policy objectives and 7 policy instruments have been the most important issues that have been given special emphasis in the studied documents. The objectives of the extracted policy are: 1) achieving competitive advantage and economic growth, 2) promoting human capital and knowledge, 3) increasing social welfare and improving public services, 4) enhancing scientific capacity, and 5) improving technical and data infrastructure. Also, the policy tools identified during the research were as follows: 1) financing research and development, 2) regulating and developing standards, 3) culture and education, 4) consulting and acceleration services, 5) networking and ecosystem development, 6) Government procurement, and 7) Stimulating market demand.The results of the review of national documents for the development of artificial intelligence indicate that the objectives of the development of artificial intelligence include various economic, political, social, and technical areas and in addition to economic benefits and welfare, consider ethical and security challenges surrounding the development of this technology. Regarding the policy instruments, balanced attention to the four categories of supply-side stimulation, demand-side stimulation, system-building relationships, and finally, legislation and regulation, can ensure the success of countries in the face of increasing development and diverse applications of artificial intelligence.