فهرست مطالب akram neshat

Given the abundance of desert and desert areas in Iran, it is necessary to recognize the basic capabilities of these areas to eliminate restrictions, prevent migration of people and achieve their sustainable development. KhoroBiyabank region is the tourism hub of the central desert of Iran. The aim of this study was to identify the most suitable place for ecotourism in Khorobiabank city and to identify the potential of the region in the field of various ecotourism activities. 30 questionnaires were completed by experts in this field and its results were used using hierarchical analysis in Expert Choice software to achieve the set goals. The results showed that the six criteria studied in order of importance are: 1- biological environment, 2- special values, 3- physical environment (geology and geomorphology), 4- socio-economic and political environment, 5- physical environment ( Climate and climate) and 6- Cultural environment criteria, the options of each criterion are Iraj village for the first criterion, Egypt village for the second and third criteria, Khor city for the fourth criterion, Iraj village for the fifth criterion and again Khor city for the sixth criterion.

Desert ecosystems have a considerable potential to attract domestic and foreign tourists, and it is essential to pay attention to their market and non-market values in sustainable economic development. The purpose of this study is to estimate the conservation value of Khoor-o-biabank city and investigate the factors affecting people's willingness of people to pay for the protection of this area using the logit model and the maximum likelihood estimation method. For this purpose, 388 questionnaires from the visitors of the studied area were collected and analyzed using the conditional valuation method using the two-dimensional double choice extraction method. The analysis of the collected data showed that 71.8 percent of people are willing to pay for the protection of the area, which indicates its high importance from the point of view of visitors. Also, the results show that the maximum willingness to pay each person for the protection value of the area is 108,540 Rials. Based on this, the annual protection value was determined as 4,228 million Rials. Gender, occupation, frequency of visits to the region, importance to the environment, income and membership in environmental protection organizations have had a positive and significant effect on the willingness to accept the proposed amounts. The results of the present research can help the managers of the tourism field in the planning of the province in improving the tourism conditions and also prioritizing these points.

Economic valuation of environmental, agricultural and social impacts is one of the tools of ecosystem management aimed at achieving sustainable development, emphasizing the need for its use in large construction projects. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate the environmental, agricultural and social effects of Kermanshah Railway in terms of stated preferences. 200 questionnaires were distributed and completed among the inhabitants of the adjacent areas of the railway in different seasons of the year 2017. The results of the conditional logit model showed that the amount of damage caused by railway for each of the environmental (habitat characteristics and vegetation and climate), agricultural (land use) and social (vibration and noise) characteristics of the order is 79250, 60430 and 12370 Rials per person per year, respectively. Also, the highest willingness to pay for the sub-sectors was obtained for compensation of 224800 Rials for land use specificity and then 46000 Rials per year for social property per household. Finally, the total value of the damages caused by the railroad was 29685 million Rials. According to the results of the current study, people's desire for environmental protection is higher than other sectors. Which illustrates the importance of the environmental sector from the people's point of view. Finally, according to the results of the present study, it is recommended to pay attention to various social, environmental and agricultural sectors before carrying out construction projects such as railways to prevent their adverse effects.

The issue of food self-sufficiency is one of the most important and strategic issues in our country.With the introduction of the model of resistance economy in recent years, this has become more important. Self-sufficiency in the production of agricultural products, especially wheat, is very important as the most basic product needed by society. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the self-sufficiency coefficient of Iranian wheat with respect to the resistance economy during the period 1989 -2017 in Iran, using the VAR. The results of estimating the self-explanatory model show that the value-added variables of agricultural sector (as an indicator of resilient economy), mechanization coefficient of agricultural sector, facility rate of agricultural bank and guaranteed price of wheat have a positive and significant effect on wheat self-sufficiency coefficient. There is a causal and positive relationship between the added value of the agricultural sector. Also, the change by the value-added variable has positive and decreasing effects on the self-sufficiency coefficient during a ten-year period, and at the end of the shock, the effect of this shock is adjusted with a slight decreasing effect in the corresponding region. Therefore, considering the positive relationship between self-sufficiency coefficient and value added as an indicator of resilient economy, it is suggested to increase the facilities and credits required to improve the wheat self-sufficiency coefficient.

Due to the limited water resources used in the agricultural sector, water is considered an economic commodity and should be planned for consumption. The use of government policies can lead to the conservation of water resources to reallocate this natural resource. In this study, the economic value of agricultural water is calculated using the production function, and For this purpose, the required information from pistachio producers in Ardakan County was collected by completing 300 questionnaires using the multistage cluster sampling method in 2019-2020. After reviewing the results of various production functions, the generic quadratic production function was selected as the appropriate production function. The water elasticity was the highest among other outputs, equal to 0.54, which indicates that if the water supply increases by 1%, the production increases by 0.54%. The economic value of water per cube meter was calculated at 38790 tomans. The results of the contingent valuation method indicated that farmers will to pay for each cubic meter of water, a sufficient supply of water per cubic meter, and for one more cubic meter of water, 43.50, 113.64 and 26.458 tomans, respectively; they are also willing to receive 1215.30 tomans regardless of their cubic meter of consumption water. Therefore, there is no possibility of forming a market in this region.

Given the importance of the agricultural sector in food production and security, countries around the world are using various policies to support the agricultural sector. One of the food security clauses is the dependence on food imports, especially cereals. Due to the growth of production in the last three decades in Iran, it is still forced to import some agricultural products to meet domestic demand. Success in increasing agricultural production requires the implementation of correct and codified policies to support producers. With the scientific implementation of supportive policies such as setting a guaranteed price for a strategic wheat crop, it can have positive effects on the production of this crop. As a result, given the importance of the issue, The purpose of this study is to investigate the policy of guaranteed price on wheat productivity in Yazd province in the period 1368-1395 using It is an indicator of Malm Quest and a self-explanatory model. The results showed that wheat yield and yield in the short term have a positive and significant relationship with guaranteed price, but gradually and in the long run the effect of this policy will decrease. As a result, given the different effects of guaranteed price on wheat productivity, it is suggested that this policy be reconsidered and continued.

The market structure of the sugar industry in Iran, due to the production of high share of products by a few firms, has moved away from competitive market conditions, which is expected to result in market failure due to the inefficiency of monopoly. So the main questions addressed in this paper are; How we can increase the share of low-income firms and what is the relationship between the efficiency of firms and the market structure of this industry. In order to answer these questions, using the cross-efficiency ranking method, the maximum relative distance from the anti-ideal virtual decision-making unit based on the data envelopment analysis method and the efficiency of these companies was evaluated. Then, using parametric models, the relationships among behavior, profitability, efficiency and market structure of these firms were examined. Statistics and information of sugar factories in Iran in 2014 were analyzed using GAMS and SHAZAM softwares. Based on the results, there is an interaction relationship between structure and performance in the industries in sugar supply chain. Increasing the profitability of small-scale units compared to large units by implementing supportive policies and reducing the cost of providing inputs, increasing the efficiency and quality of sugar production through investment in R&D, branding, developing new markets by implementing export incentive policies and productivity management cycle are ways to modify the structure of the sugar supply chain.

The protected area can provide broad areas for tourism industry development which be available to planners, executive and local people. In this research, the tourism potential of Oshtrankouh protected area and the appropriate strategies for tourism development have been addressed.

Methods and Materials:

 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were identified using the SWOT model, after field visits, interviews with experts and local communities, and distributed between experts, environmentalists and tourists in the form of a questionnaire. Then, weighing and prioritizing criteria and sub criteria were carried out by the AHP matrix to provide strategies for tourism development.

Strengths with a weight score of 0.313, weaknesses with a score of 0.376, opportunities with a weight of 0.148 and threats with a weight score of 0.163 were identified. To determine the strategies, the defensive strategy with a score of 0.539 with the highest score and review strategy, diversity strategy and aggressive strategy were ranked in the order, respectively.

  The current status of the tourism in Oshtaranku Protected area is not proportional to its potential and capabilities and planning sustainable tourism is essential for real protection of the region.

Sugar beet is one of the industrial productions of agricultural sector that plays an important role in providing the required sugar inside. In the present study, the types of efficiency including technical efficiency Under Constant and Variable Return to Scale efficiency, allocative, economics, scale, and management efficiency have been calculated. In addition, Sugar beet producers were ranked using method basis application of data envelopment analysis. This research was performed using data of 13 sugar beet producing provinces in 2014 in the GAMS software. Based on the results of calculating the economic efficiency of sugar beet producers, there is a great potential for improving economic efficiency in the studied areas. The investigations of this research reflect the fact that the main factor in the difference in economic efficiency is technical efficiency and the scale efficiency is the factor of lowing in technical efficiency. Based on the cross-efficiency results West Azarbaijan, Kermanshah and Khorasan Razavi provinces have the highest and provinces of Semnan, South Khorasan and Ilam have the lowest rank. The results of the ranking also show that, among the more efficient provinces, those who have a larger share than sugar beet production have a better performance. The approach of the maximum relative distance from anti ideal decision making unit provides the most favorable outcome for the differentiation of the efficiency of decision-making units. Government support increasing and shopping law reform can reduce the risk of production and thus increase the scale of production in the cultivation of sugar beet yield.

Air pollution is one of the dimensions of environmental pollution. Arak is the industrial hub in the country. The purpose of this study is to estimate the value of improvement of air quality in Arak metropolitan area. In the present study, conditional valuation method has been used for the value of clean air and the cost of installing a municipal air purifier. Distribution of 547 questionnaires by simple random sampling has been completed in spring and summer of 1396 in Arak city and the Logit model has been used. The willingness to pay each person to improve the air quality was 190969 Rials per month and was estimated to be 126950 Rials per month for installing an air purifier. The total value of Arak for improving the air in this region is 150,829 million Rials per year, and the total value of Arak for the installation of urban air purification plant is 1002888 million Rials per year. according to this, investments from policy makers in order to improve the air quality looks necessary.

Considering the high transportation costs of sugar market (produced by sugar beet), the logistic management of its supply chain is of particular importance, which can reduce costs as well as air pollutants, and help with locating facilities, on-time delivery of services and customer satisfaction. Up until now, few studies have been conducted on the optimization of the distribution network of agricultural products in the supply chain, taking into account the economic and environmental impacts. Therefore, the present study aimed to optimize the sugar beet’s distribution network from production areas to refineries in Iran’s sugar supply chain and determine its economic and environmental impacts. In this study, in addition to comparing transport costs in the current and optimal distribution situation, changes in fuel consumption per shift in sugar beet’s distribution, reduced emissions due to the reform of the transportation network and its economic benefits in the country were also evaluated.

The present study was carried out using data obtained from Iran’s statistics center in 2014 for 10 provinces producing sugar beet’s sugar, including Western Azerbaijan, Kermanshah, Khuzestan, Fars, Yasuj, Lorestan, Semnan, Qazvin, Khorasan Razavi, and northern Khorasan and 24 demand centers. This study used a linear programming model to consider the simple transport model to analyze the data using GAMS software.

The implementation results of optimal transportation plan showed that the implementation of the proposed program decreased the costs of about 4.5 billion USD, equivalent to 3.84%. Also, the implementation results of the optimal transportation plan considering the environmental impacts indicated two million and 177 thousand liters reduction of gasoline and 5.7 billion rials increase in environmental benefits.

It can be concluded that implementing an optimal transportation plan may reduce transportation costs as well as environmental pollution. Therefore, implementation of an optimal plan resulted in the reduction of transportation costs and consequently, on the final price of sugar. Based on results, it is suggested that, during transportation planning in the sugar supply chain, the proposed model in this study should be used for sugar beet transport

Population growth and the spread of science and technology have led to the removal of natural resources from natural sources of danger to the environment. The natural resources of each country are one of the major infrastructures of its economic development, and this is especially true in developing countries. Sustainable management of natural and semi-natural ecosystems requires adequate information on the economic value of ecosystem services. Economic valuation of ecosystem services is aimed at preventing the destruction and unnecessary utilization of natural resources and modifying and modifying the national computing system. The purpose of this study is to estimate the value of environmental capital of Ben in 201. In this study, in order to calculate the relative value of environmental capital markets, alternative methods of cost-effective engineering and cost of opportunity and to estimate the economic value of non-market capitalization of the environment through the conditional valuation method, utilizing the approach of the proposed preferences and the model Logit is used. Data needed in this study include statistics and information recorded in the provincial departments, as well as completion of 554 two-dimensional double-choice questionnaires in Ben in 2016. The non-market values of this city were divided into two sections: recreational and recreational areas.The results of the study showed that recreation and conservation value of the region was estimated using the conditional valuation method, 37727/96 and 30420/02 million and the market value was estimated using the opportunity cost method of 3307107/16 million million rials. The total value of the environmental capital of the city was 3375255/14 million rials in 2016, which represents the minimum value of the investment of politicians in the region.

The lack of proper management and adequate water supply in agricultural sector has been followed by many harmful social- economic and environmental side effects. The main objective of the present study is to estimate the value of supplying adequate water and to compare it with the lost agricultural income due to the lack of adequate supply of agricultural water from the Latyan and Mamlu dams in the city of Varamin. To achieve the objectives of the field research study in 1395, Using the Michael and Carson method, the number of samples was selected and, by completing 320 questionnaires, information was obtained from farmers in Varamin plain. In order to estimate value of water supply, the conditional valuation and single bounded dichotomous choice technique were utilized. The results show that the water supply value is 1575 rials per cubic meter, compared with the values obtained in water (300 rials per cubic meter) higher. According to the construction of two dams and Mamlou Latyan that the allocation of 160 million cubic meters of water to the plains of Varamin is, Water was estimated total value of 252.000 million riyals. Also, based on the price of products in 1395, the lost income of farmers was estimated at 3.251.850 million rials due to insufficient supply of water; By comparing the total value of water lost income of farmers was found that the supply of water from the perspective of farmers due to loss of income of farmers and the harmful effects of social-ecological entered the plains of Varamin due to lack of adequate supply of water. The results of this study can be used to planners and policy makers in the water sector it may act as a criterion in estimation of the benefits of new water transfer projects and water supply for reliable and adequate irrigation.

The natural resources in any country are considered as the important infrastructures for economic development; this mainly applies to developing countries. Climate change and imbalance of rainfall over the year has made shortage of water a fundamental crisis in Esfahan Province; therefore, providing strategies and instructions which are in accordance with climate conditions of the country will significantly help to get out of the present critical situation. In this regard, dam-building projects have been one of the strategies which have been used to face these crises. Lack of attention to consequences of human interventions in environment and lack of considering these damages in considering pros and cons of man-made structures will cause reduction of natural resources and will increase the growing process of dam-building in the country. Prevention of damages to the environment can increase construction of dams in the country.
The purpose of this project is environmental analysis of one of the 10 dams of the country using comprehensive management program, so by estimating the damage and its cost, in addition to making managers aware, it is possible to announce maximum support of people for ecosystem management. Results in cost-profit analyses of developing Zayanderood Dam and its watering and also authoritie's attention to more investment on the most important performance in view of the people of this province. This method can also be used to reform national accounts. In this method, first, created values of Zayanderood River flowing are considered and then each performance was evaluated. Improving environmental features of building a dam includes reducing public recreational areas (because the river does not flow), destroying some plant species around the river, Gavkhuni Swamp, animal species (such as fishes, water and migrant animals) and also destroying Gavkhuni Swamp (which in general because of no more flowing of the river Zayanderood and lack of watering of this swamp by Zayanderood river, it has been totally dry and destroyed) has been estimated. Similarly, choice experiment was employed for estimation of economic value of recreational areas, some plant species around the river, Gavkhuni Swamp, animal species by means of D Optimal design and distributions of 150 questionnaires in river ward zayanderood district during various seasons (2016) and the nested logit model.
The results of this research indicated that total value of recreational areas, some plant species around the river, Gavkhuni Swamp, and animal species were estimated 1176,610,852, and 566 thousand rials respectively. Among services damaged of zayanderood rangeland ecosystem, the maximum value belongs to recreational areas and of protection Gavkhuni Swamp. Ignoring and destruction can be the cause of not enough knowledge about the value of the local and natural ecosystem. Sometimes these effects may decrease the remedy of justification of collusion, and cannot evaluate composing dam and gains for local people. All the payment appetency of the family to improve all the properties, computed 320 thousand rials in this year. This research has prepared for estimating environmental effects of composing zayanderood dam and estimating effects of different sides of dam. Final results of the final orientation of the interest of families in paying each environmental feature of Zayanderood Dam determine the environmental damage of this dam and showed that mwtp (marginal willingness to pay) was positive for every recreational, vegetative species, animal species and Gavkhuni Swamp and this means that improving these features increases the average satisfaction obtained by using these dams. Regarding the results of this study, significant amounts of interest in payment for different features of the river showed the strong will of people to exit these conditions of the river.
Based on the results of this research, it can be argued that increasing the amount of attention to the various characteristics of the Zayandehrood River is due to the strong determination of people to get out of the current situation. Thus, one of the strategies for improving the environmental conditions of river in the current situation is the general participation of the people of the region. On the other hand, through the development of a coherent program to allocate water between Isfahan and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces, and also improving water use efficiency, especially in the agricultural sector which is a major consumer of water, the rate of decline in water can be controlled. Obviously, the present research is a preliminary study and a comprehensive assessment of the profit-to-cost ratio is necessary for providing more accurate information on the cost of constructing the dam(s).The finding indicated that the study area had high importance and value therefore it is necessary for accurate administration and planning to increase awareness of the people in the study area. Also the results showed that the studied case zone has a high importance so planning to decrease the remnant of environment is very necessary. User-friendly and comprehensive studies (especially environmental) are essential for increasing economic plans.

Extraction from underground waters more than natural discharge of watershed has led to balance deficit and lowering level of water tables and water shortage in many regions. The current research mainly aims to estimate economic and environmental consequences of extraction from underground waters in Ardakan County. In order to determine final personal cost of consumers, sum of annual pumping costs and sum of well drilling costs were calculated 63 billion and 290 billion Rials respectively. In section of additional costs due to extraction, the sum of protective value of underground waters was estimated 22 billion Rials in Ardakan County, using conditional valuation and a two-dimensional technique. The cost for reducing production of farming crops as a part of additional costs caused by extraction was estimated 1’211 billion Rials with respect to statistics of years i.e. 1987-2016. Much difference between additional cost of extraction and personal cost of consumers may be useful in changing attitude of the officials and sectors of industry and agriculture as the greatest consumers of water supplies for optimal consumption of subterranean water supplies. Also, sum of cost for extraction from underground waters (1’586 billion Rials) contribute to the government and policymakers to justify alternative for water transfer in this zone.

One of the phenomena related to air pollution that has been witnessed in western and south-western regions of Iran in recent times is that related to dust, an atmospheric phenomenon that has adverse environmental effects and impacts. Dust storms have had many negative effects on health, economics, society and the environment, resulting in huge damage to human resources, health, industry, and especially agriculture. The purpose of this study is to quantify the tangible (market) and intangible (non-market) damages caused by dust-related phenomena in the city of Ardakan. The data required in this study were obtained from the statistics and data recorded in Ardakan offices, as well as the completion of 244 double bounded dichotomous choice questionnaires in the agricultural sector and 509 questionnaires in the air pollution and urban green areas during 2016 using 30 pre-tests and Michels and Carson. In this study, the tangible and intangible damages of dust are valued using the conditional valuation method and market price. Using the logit model, the factors that affect the willingness to pay are estimated for each section using Shazam 9 and mathematical calculations using Maple Version 18 software. The results of this study showed that income and education variables have a positive and significant effect on people's willingness to pay for air pollution and urban green space. The variables of age, number of households and gender all had a negative and significant effect on people's willingness to pay for air pollution and urban green space in the face of the dust phenomenon. In the agricultural sector, variables such as age, number of employed people, education and income have a positive and significant effect on farmers' willingness to pay for agricultural products in the face of the dust phenomenon. The total value of the damages against this phenomenon to respond to air pollution is estimated at 33,185,478,480 Rials, the maintenance of agricultural products at 50,431,570,000 Rials and the maintenance of green space against dust- related phenomena at 30,736,160,140 Rials per year for the city of Ardakan. Also, the tangible losses from dust-related phenomena in terms of increased water consumption due to washing during dusty days is 2,762,736,640 Rials, the negative impact of dust on physical health and treatment costs and mortality due to asthma and bronchitis diseases at 15,548,414,040 Rials and the negative impact on the livestock sector and treatment costs and cattle losses were calculated 131,451,400,000 Rials using a market approach The results indicate that the total value of intangible and tangible damages for the city of Ardakan in 2016 were 114,353,208,620 Rls is 149,762,550,680 Rials, respectively. The value of the willingness to pay people in agriculture was higher than for other sectors. The livestock and poultry sector also has the highest figure among other tangible costs. Therefore, this estimate provides policy makers and authorities with the guidance needed for controlling the effects of dust on human environments.

In recent years, coinciding with the rise of limited water resources, the concept of "water use efficiency" has also received more attention. Water is one of the important inputs in agricultural production is limited. The purpose of the management of water resources in agriculture, increase productivity and enhance water use efficiency. For this purpose, in this study, using data envelopment analysis, efficiency of water per crop in the province of Egypt during the years 1383 to 1394 were reviewed.Data input on six companies which produce exclusively the product of the sugarcane industry in Khuzestan province, the collection and use of software Gmzbrrsy and the results showed that the average efficiency of irrigation water use for the cultivation of sugar cane in the period under review about 70% and an average efficiency of inputs for production in the period under review 80 percent.