ali mohammad sharifi

Oxidative stress (OS) is related to the onset and development of different disorders including neurodegenerative diseases. Attenuation of OS may be an appropriate way to combat such a situation. Ferulic acid (FA) as a natural antioxidant compound has been shown to have potent free radical scavenging activity. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of FA to inhibit the intrinsic apoptosis pathway evoked by H2O2 in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells.

PC12 cells were treated with various concentrations of FA at different times. Then, H2O2 (300 µM for 2h) was added. Afterward, cell viability was assessed by MTT assay followed by determining the levels of total antioxidant power (TAP), and malondialdehyde (MDA) level. The protein expressions of Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 were also measured by western blotting.  

Current results indicate that after 72 hours, FA significantly protected PC12 cells against H2O2-induced damage by reducing the generation of MDA levels as well as increasing TAP. H2O2-induced caspase-3 overexpression and the increase of the Bax/BCL-2 protein ratio were also diminished by FA treatment.

Taken together, FA may be considered a protective agent to prevent or postpone the progression of oxidative neurodegenerative diseases through its anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.

The functioning of the parliament in democratic governments on the one hand and the relationship between the executive and legislative powers in this system on the other hand plays a prominent role and it also raises the merit of responsiveness of the bureaucratic system to elected political representatives andparliamentarians. The main question of the article is that according to the status effectiveness of the islamic council in the sixth and seventh periods, which of the presidential and parliamentary models was iran,s political system close to? In this reseach work, three variables of legislative function, supervisory function, function of the parliament and relationship of the parliament with other political institutions have been studied and analyzed using archived information and qualitative research method. The result suggests that the role and influence of the islamic council as an independent authority has decreased and iran,s political system is close to the presidential system, which has been an increasing trend.

Phytomedicines, also known as plant-derived drugs, possess preventive and therapeutic effects. Herbal medicines exert a wide range of biological and medicinal properties along with beneficial advantages, including less side-effects and lower costs compared to their chemical counterparts. Herbal derivates form basis of many available chemical medicines such as Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Quinine, Colchicine, Digoxin, Codeine, and Morphine. Asian and African populations consume herbal medicine for therapeutic purposes by 60-80%. In the United States, 25% of pharmaceutical medications have at least one herbal-derived ingredient in their structure. Regenerative Medicine (RM) employs stem cells and tissue engineering technology to restore injured cells and repair tissue damage. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells, which can be differentiated into numerous cells. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) as multipotent stem cells are the most frequently used stem cells in RM, which can be differentiated into several cell types such as adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. Bone disorders and cartilage injuries are not responsive to currently available therapies; thus, researchers have focused on herbal-based stem cell therapies. The present study aimed to review the mechanism underlying the therapeutic application of phytomedicines in the RM and their efficacy in osteogenesis and chondrogenesis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis characterized by progressive loss of articular cartilage, causing pain and loss of articular function. High glucose is a crucial inflammatory factor playing a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of OA that induces ROS production. Since most of the current therapies for OA are short-term benefits, hence, there is high demand for finding novel therapeutic agents for OA treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells secrete important therapeutic factors that protect chondrocytes. In the current study, we investigated the protective potential of Adipose-derived stem cell conditioned medium (CM-ADSC) as an alternative to cell therapy in high glucose-mediated oxidative stress in C28I2 human chondrocytes.

This experimental study was performed in the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran from May 2018 to August 2020. Adipose-derived stem cells were cultured until they reached 90% confluence then washed with PBS and cultured in a FBS-free medium for 48 hours. The conditioned medium was collected and centrifuged. The protective effect of the concentration of conditioned medium on high glucose (75mM)-induced oxidative stress in C28I2 cell viability was evaluated by WST-1 assay. Total RNA was isolated from the treated and untreated cells with TRIzol reagent. The mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes including, glutathione S-transferase-P1 (GSTP1), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1) was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in treatment and non-treatment groups.

Adipose-derived stem cell conditioned medium pretreatment remarkably protected C28I2 cells against high glucose. The expression of mRNA of CAT, GSTP1, and SOD1 significantly increased following treatment with the conditioned medium (50%) for 24 hours in high glucose-exposed cells as compared to the control.

Present study indicates that the Adipose-derived stem cell conditioned medium can reduce oxidative stress. It seems that the conditioned medium may protect cartilage in the progression of osteoarthritis.

Insufficient angiogenesis is associated with serious diabetic complications. Recently, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADScs) are known to be a promising tool causing therapeutic neovascularization. However, the overall therapeutic efficacy of these cells is impaired by diabetes. This study aims to investigate whether in vitro pharmacological priming with deferoxamine, a hypoxia mimetic agent, could restore the angiogenic potential of diabetic human ADSCs.

Diabetic human ADSCs were treated with deferoxamine and compared to normal and nontreated diabetic ADSCs for the expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF- 1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), at mRNA and protein levels, using qRT-PCR, western blotting and ELISA assay. Activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 and -9 were measured using a gelatin zymography assay. Angiogenic potentials of conditioned media derived from normal, Deferoxamine treated, and non-treated ADSCs were determined by in vitro scratch assay and also three-dimensional tube formation assay.

It is demonstrated that deferoxamine (150 and 300 μM) stabilized HIF-1α in primed diabetic ADSCs. At the concentrations used, deferoxamine did not show any cytotoxic effects. In deferoxamine treated ADSCs, expression of VEGF, SDF-1α, FGF-2 and the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly increased compared to nontreated ADSCs. Moreover, deferoxamine increased the paracrine effects of diabetic ADSCs in promoting endothelial cell migration and tube formation.

Deferoxamine might be an effective drug for pharmacological priming of diabetic ADSCs to enhance the expression of proangiogenic factors noted via HIF-1α accumulation. In addition, impaired angiogenic potential of conditioned medium derived from diabetic ADSCs was restored by deferoxamine.

Considering the potential impact of health literacy on strengthening the health belief model and also the role of health literacy in adopting preventive behaviors and the role of health volunteers in transmitting health messages to the community, this study aimed to assess the structures of the health belief model combined with health literacy in predicting the adoption of osteoporosis preventive nutritional behaviors among health volunteers.

In an analytical cross-sectional study, 290 active health volunteers referring to health centers in Qazvin in 1399 were selected through multi-stage random sampling to participate in the study. Data collection tools included a standard questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model, Iranian Adult Health Literacy Assessment Tool (HELIA), and a questionnaire to assess the adoption of osteoporosis preventive nutritional behaviors. Using SPSS software version 23, data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression tests.

The mean and standard deviation of health literacy and adoption of preventive eating behaviors scores were 65.47 ± 12.54 and 6.104 ± 1.417, respectively. Multiple regression test showed the constructs of perceived barriers (P = 0.026, β = -0.155), self-efficacy (P = 0.009, β = 0.317) and health literacy (P = 0.016, β = 0.259) were predictors of osteoporosis-preventive nutritional behaviors. Together, these variables were able to predict 37.8% of behavioral changes.

The integrated health belief model with health literacy can be used as a suitable framework for designing educational interventions to encourage health volunteers to adopt preventive nutritional behaviors from osteoporosis.

the present study aims to comparative analysis for the orientation of the positions and institutional approach of representatives of the 6th and seventh session of the council of the islamic council to political development. in this regard, the main question is whether the political trends of MPs have an impact on their performance with the level of political participation? the results of this research, which are based on descriptive - analytical method and Huntington's approach to the relationship between political parties and political development is necessary to advance the present research, thus making the theoretical basis of the research necessary and makes it necessary to address the issue. because of its importance in islam, system leaders have a special importance. It showed that there are signs of cooperation between parliament and other political institutions whenever there is a field for political competition among parliamentarians. The situation in an analysis leads to an increase in political participation and an important step towards political development. The MPs considered it a crucial lever for political development and considers their failure to examine their failure in this regard to political sociology issues. In the event of discussion, there are many factors in the realization of political development: structural, legal.

Avascular necrosis of the lunate or Kienböck‎ disease is a rare disorder with unknown etiology and challenging treatment. 

In this study, we evaluated the effects of local deferoxamine injection as an angiogenic molecule and core decompression to treat Kienböck‎ disease.

In a pilot clinical trial, 8 patients with stage I to IIIA of Kienböck‎ disease were treated with core decompression and local deferoxamine injection (0.5 mL 500 mg/mL). The outcome measures included wrist range of motions, pinch and grip strength, patient-rated ‎wrist/hand evaluation (PRWE), a short form of disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (Quick-DASH), and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. The assessment of lunate revascularization was also done by T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. All measurements were done before the intervention and 3, 6, and 12 months after the intervention.

Wrist flexion, extension, ulnar and ‎radial deviation, and pinch and grip strength were continuously improved over the postoperative periods. These improvements were statistically significant. The mean final pinch and grip strength averaged 87.4% and 72.8% of the non-involved hand, respectively. PRWE, Quick-DASH, and VAS scores were also continuously and significantly improved over the study period. The lunate vascularization revealed a continuous improvement in 6(75%) patients.

Local deferoxamine injection in addition to core decompression could improve the radiologic and clinical outcomes of patients suffering from Kienböck‎ disease.

 
the present study aims to comparative analysis for the orientation of the positions and institutional approach of representatives of the 6th and seventh session of the council of the islamic council to political development. in this regard, the main question is whether the political trends of MPs have an impact on their performance with the level of political participation? the results of this research, which are based on descriptive - analytical method and Huntington's approach to the relationship between political parties and political development is necessary to advance the present research, thus making the theoretical basis of the research necessary and makes it necessary to address the issue. because of its importance in islam, system leaders have a special importance. It showed that there are signs of cooperation between parliament and other political institutions whenever there is a field for political competition among parliamentarians. The situation in an analysis leads to an increase in political participation and an important step towards political development. The MPs considered it a crucial lever for political development and considers their failure to examine their failure in this regard to political sociology issues. In the event of discussion, there are many factors in the realization of political development: structural, legal.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of conditioned mediumderived from human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (CM-hADSCs) on C28I2 chondrocytesagainst oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis induced by high glucose (HG).

C28I2 cells were pre-treated with CM-hADSCs for 24 hours followed by HG exposure(75 mM) for 48 hours. MTT assay was used to assess the cell viability. Reactive oxygen species(ROS) and lipid peroxidation were determined by 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA)and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays, respectively. Expressionsof glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX 3), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H quinonedehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) were analyzed by RT-PCR. Finally, western blot analysis was used tomeasure Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, and Nrf-2 expression at protein levels.

CM-hADSCs pretreatment mitigated the cytotoxic effect of HG on C28I2 viability.Treatment also markedly reduced the levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation, and augmented theexpression of HO-1, NQO1, and GPx3 genes in HG-exposed group. CM-ADSCs enhancedNrf-2 protein expression and reduced mitochondrial apoptosis through reducing Bax/Bcl-2 ratioand Caspase-3 activation.

MSCs, probably through its paracrine effects, declined the deleterious effect ofHG on chondrocytes. Hence, therapies based on MSCs secretomes appear to be a promisingtherapeutic approaches to prevent joint complications in diabetic patients.

The purpose of the present study is to comparatively analyze the political tendencies of the representatives of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Iranian Parliament) with regard to the institutional approach in the 6th and 7th terms. The main question is: what are the commonalities and differences between the political tendencies of the Iranian parliament representatives in the 6th and 7th terms in the framework of political development? The research relies on the hypothesis that the variables of the principlist discourse are based on political development following the progressive principle of Wilāyat-e Faqih and Iranian Constitution, the comprehensiveness of religion in the realm of politics and anti-hegemony, persistence on the basic principles, purposes, and goals of the Islamic Revolution, and continual realization of the ideas and ideals of Imām Khomeyni. The results showed that despite the difference between the representatives’ approach and function with respect to politics, within legislation and supervision duties, their political tendencies in the 6th and 7th terms of the Islamic Consultative Assembly have been towards performance in political development and so it has prepared the ground for familiarity with Iran’s political elites.

This study aims to make a comparative analysis of the orientation of the positions and institutional approach of the representatives of the sixth and seventh rounds of parliament towards political development and obstruction. The purpose of this study is to study the relationship between political and social tendencies of MPs in Iran with a case study of the sixth and seventh periods. Therefore, the article tries to analyze the political and social tendencies of the members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly with an analytical and comparative approach by collecting information in a library and documentary manner and using descriptive statistics as well as answer this question that what were the political and social tendencies of the members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly during the sixth and seventh terms? While the main hypothesis is based on research findings, which is based on analytical and descriptive research methods. The results of this study can provide a basis for familiarity with Iran's political elite

The present study analyzed the factors affecting the survival time of patients with leukemia from diagnosis to death, taking into account the cure rate. The aim of the present study was to apply two models of mixed and unmixed healing in the data of patients with leukemia who received bone marrow transplantation.

In this descriptive-analytical (Cohort) research, the data of 351 patients who were referred to Taleghani Hospital in Tehran affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and received bone marrow transplantation due to leukemia were examined. Patients received bone marrow transplantation between 2007 and 2014 and were followed up until 2016. In this study, the cured models of Bernoulli-Weibull blended (taking into account the Bernoulli distribution for latent variables and the Weibull distribution for survival time) and the Poisson -Weibull blended cured model (considering the Poisson distribution for latent time variables for hiding and distribution and distribution for survival time) were fitted to the data.

In this study, 351 patients, 197 males (56.1%) and 154 females (43.9%), were studied in which 67 patients (19.1%) died. Among the significant variables of recurrence after transplantation, recurrence before transplantation, hemoglobin, type of transplant, age, body mass, blood type and type of diagnosis, variables age (p=0.01), recurrence after transplantation (0.03) and type of transplant (p=0.03) are among the variables affecting the survival time of leukemia patients. In the mixture cured model of Bernoulli-Weibull and the variables of age (p=0.004), recurrence after transplantation (p=0.013) and type of diagnosis (p<0.008) were variables affecting the survival time of leukemia patients in the non-mixture cured model Poisson -Weibull.

Patients with autologous bone marrow transplantation under the age of 30 have a better chance of survival, and also the non-mixture cured model has a better outcome than the mixture cured model.

This study aimed to investigate the reliability of diabetic adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) for autologous cell-based therapies by exploring the functionality of signalling pathways involved in regulating oxidative stress and apoptosis.

In this experimental study, ADSCs were isolated from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (dADSCs) and normal rats (nADSCs). The colonies derived from dADSCs and nADSCs were compared by colony-forming unit (CFU) assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and total antioxidant power (TAP) were also measured. Furthermore, the expression of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (Cat), superoxide dismutase (Sod)-1 and -3, glutathione peroxidase (Gpx)-1, -3 and -4 was measured at mRNA level by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. The expression of Bax, Bcl2, caspase-3, total and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) at protein level was analyzed by western blotting.

The results of this study indicated that viability and plating efficiency of dADSCs were significantly lower than those of nADSCs. ROS generation and TAP level were respectively higher and lower in dADSCs. The gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, including Cat, Sod-1, Gpx-3 and Gpx-4 in dADSCs was significantly greater than that in nADSCs. However, Sod-3 and Gpx-1 mRNA levels were decreased in dADSCs. Moreover, Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio, caspase-3 protein expression and phosphorylation of JNK and P38 proteins were increased in dADSCs compared to nADSCs.

Taken together, diabetes might impair the cellular functions of dADSCs as candidates for autologous cellbased therapies. This impairment seems to be m

We investigated the role of various biomaterials on cell viability and in healing of an experimentally induced femoral bone hole model in rats. Cell viability and cytotoxicity of gelatin (Gel; 50 µg/µl), chitosan (Chi; 20 µg/µl), hydroxyapatite (HA; 50 µg/µl), nanohydroxyapatite (nHA; 10 µg/µl), three-calcium phosphate (TCP; 50 µg/µl) and strontium carbonate (Sr; 10 µg/µl) were evaluated on hADSCs via MTT assay. In vivo femoral drill-bone hole model was produced in rats that were either left untreated or treated with autograft, Gel, Chi, HA, nHA, TCP and Sr, respectively. The animals were euthanized after 30 days. Their bone holes were evaluated by gross-pathology, histopathology, SEM and radiography. Also, their dry matter, bone ash and mineral density were measured. Both the Gel and Chi showed cytotoxicity, while nHA had no role on cytotoxicity and cell-viability. All the HA, TCP and Sr significantly improved cell viability when compared to controls (p <0.05). Both the Gel and Chi had no role on osteoconduction and osteoinduction. Compared to HA, nHA showed superior role in increasing new bone formation, mineral density and ash (p <0.05). In contrast to HA and nHA, both the TCP and Sr showed superior morphological, radiographical and biochemical properties on bone healing (p <0.05). TCP and Sr showed the most effective osteoconduction and osteoinduction, respectively. In the Sr group, the most mature type of osteons formed. Various biomaterials have different in vivo efficacy during bone regeneration. TCP was found to be the best material for osteoconduction and Sr for osteoinduction.

Cartilage is a very specific tissue, which does not have the capacity to heal and renew itself. Although the invention of the method of surgery with autologous chondrocyte transplantation, developed tools to treat the cartilage lesions, it couldn’t gain a great success due to problems such as damage to the area of donation. Using the mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose and culturing and differentiating them on scaffolds was considered appropriate as a successful research and clinical strategy. In the present study, the mesenchymal stem cells were separated from adipose tissue and cultured in two scaffolds of fibrin glue and alginate medium. After 1, 7 and 14 days of cell differentiation, the survival ability of the differentiated cells were analyzed by Chondrogenic MTT. Moreover, type I and II collagen, aggrecan and Sox9 expression were measured via real time-polymerase chain reaction. In addition, cartilage reconstruction on scaffolds was shown by a histological investigation. Our results showed that the expression of CD90 and CD105 as mesenchymal markers is at a high level whereas the expression of CD34 and CD45 reaches a low level. The LSD test demonstrated that there was no remarkable difference among the chondrogenic MTT, scaffolds groups and control in 7 and 14 days after cell differentiation (p<0.05), although, fibrin glue had the highest expression in chondrogenic gens. Finding suggests that in order to utilize a new strategy for tissue regeneration utilization of inherent scaffolds such as fibrin glue can act as a protector for mesenchymal stem cells.

To investigate the protective effect of preconditioning with non-toxic dose of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a possible cell signaling molecule, against cell death induced by toxic concentration of H2O2 or by serum deprivation in human Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HWJ-MSCs) and underlying mechanisms. HWJ-MSCs were isolated and identified using flow cytometry. After finding non-toxic concentration of H2O2, cells preconditioning was performed by H2O2 (20 μM) for 12 h and cell tolerance against serum deprivation or toxic levels of H2O2 was assayed by MTT test. Effect of preconditioning on mRNA and protein expression of Akt-1, Bcl-2 and Bax were examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting respectively. Role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α was explored in presence HIF-1α inhibitor. Preconditioning with 20 μM H2O2 for 12 h was non-toxic and decreased cell death induced by oxidative stress and serum deprivation in MSC cultures. However, the increased tolerance reversed in the presence of inhibitor of HIF-1α. By regards to RT-PCR and western blotting data, although expression of Akt-1, Bcl-2 and Bax was not change considerably but phosphorylated Akt-1 (pAkt-1) was up regulated after treatment with 20 μM H2O2 compared to control group. Moreover after exposure to 100 μM H2O2, western blotting analysis showed that cell pretreatment with 20 μM H2O2, decremented Bax/Bcl2 ratio and up-regulated HIF-1α and pAkt-1 compared to the control group. Increased tolerance of H2O2-pretreated cells led to the suggestion that transplantation of H2O2 preconditioned MSCs may improve therapeutic potential of stem cells in cell therapy procedures.

Collagen has a wide range of applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Collagen from cow has a risk for contamination from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). This study proceeds to extract collagen from the skin of  Rutilus Kutum main and economical species of the Caspian Sea and Scomberomorus guttatus. Scomberomorus guttatus  one of the tuna species of Persian Golf. Acid-soluble collagens (ASC) from the fish skin of Scomberomorus guttatus and Rutilus Kutum were extracted and characterized by Pico.Tag, SDS-PAGE, FTIR and UV spectrophotometry. Based on the data from the SDS-PAGE and the composition of amino acid, both collagens  were probable that the obtained collagen classified as type I collagen. Collagens consisted of two different types of α chains, including α1 and  α2,and  β component. Also, FTIR analysis revealed the presence of helical arrangements of collagens. Moreover, UV spectrophotometry exhibited this collagen have an absorbance at 220 nm. According to the basis of dry weight, the yield of Rutilus Kutum  and Scomberomorus guttatus ASC were calculated 15.6 % and 14.5 %. Amino acid analysis revealed a much higher glaycin content in the both collagens extracted which accounted to one third of the total amino acids. Besides, proline as an unique amino acid in Rutilus Kutum  and Scomberomorus guttatus ASC had the specific amount of89.6  and  86.8 residues per 706.1 residues.

Tacrolimus is a macrolide lactone antibiotic, and acts as a calcineurin inhibitor. It is widely
used to prevent organ transplant rejection. It has been approved as first-line treatment after
organ transplantation. Tacrolimus has narrow therapeutic range and wide individual
variability in its pharmacokinetics. In organ transplantation, immunosuppression is associated
with important risks, in particular, related to infections and cardiovascular diseases, which are
the predominant causes of death in those with a functioning graft. This review focuses on
toxicity of tacrolimus after transplantation. Tacrolimus toxicity is a major determinant of
morbidity and mortality in organ recipients after transplantation. Therefore, reducing
toxicities has become a priority. To decrease the incidence of side effects, and expand graft
survival, the appropriate initial and maintenance dose of tacrolimus is essential. Clinical
conditions that influence tacrolimus pharmacokinetics, such as hemorrhage, systemic
inflammation and shock, all result in higher variations of tacrolimus concentrations. In
addition, unbound plasma concentration is a major important reasonable parameter for
monitoring of receiving optimal tacrolimus dosing in the unstable patient. Therefore, the
approach of tacrolimus monitoring is vital and will support to avoid tacrolimus toxicity in the
early days after transplantation

The present study was conducted in the rangeland of Glandrood watershed in the province of Mazandaran. The objective of this study was to compare between the ecological amplitude of Festuca ovina L.، and Poa bulbosa L.، using the function HOF along the gradient of the environmental variables. For this purpose 150 plots of 1m2 were established along the altitude gradient. The sampling method was randomized-systematic. In the area sampled، frequency of Festuca ovina and Poa bulbosa، altitude and slope were recorded. Soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm in each plot. In each sample، bulk density، pH، N، EC، organic matter، organic carbon، the percentage of sand، silt and clay were measured. In order to study the shape of response curve and the ecological optimum in relation to the mentioned variables، HOF function was used with binomial distribution function. The data were analyzed by R ver. 3. 0. 2 software. The two species Festuca ovina and Poa bulbosa، mainly showed different ecological amplitude along the gradient environmental variables. The results showed that the ecological amplitude and optimum alonge altitude gradient for Festuca ovina has been recorded 2244-3037m and 3037m respectively for Poa bulbosa 2335-3037m and 2636 m respectively. Also the response curve of Poa bulbosato the altitude has unimodal and symmetric but for Festuca ovina was monotonically increasing trend. The response curve ofPoa bulbosato pH is monotonically decreasing but for Festuca ovina was unimodals symmetric.

Hyperglycemia is the principal factor responsible for microvascular complications of diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy is a serious and common complication leading to end stage renal disease. The exact molecular mechanisms of high glucose-induced toxicity on renal cells are still incompletely understood. Therefore in the present study, glucose-induced toxicity was studied in HEK (human embryonic kidney) cells as an in vitro model for diabetic nephropathy. First, the viability of HEK 293 cells exposed to glucose was measured by MTT (Methyl Thiazolyl Tetra-zolium) assay. Caspase-3 activity was determined spectrophotometrically using enzyme specific substrate. Moreover, the alteration in expression of Bax, Bcl2 and caspase-3 were measured by Western blotting. The results showed that high glucose significantly reduced cell viability after 48 h (p<0.05). In Western blot analysis, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression in cells treated with high glucose was significantly increased compared to controls (p<0.001). The activity of caspase-3 was significantly increased in treated cells compared to control (p<0.01). Moreover, high glucose exposure induced a significant decrease in protein level of procaspase-3 (p<0.01), indicating conversion of pro-form into the mature caspase. On the current data, it could be concluded that high glucose can cause HEK cell death, in which apoptosis plays an important role possibly by the mitochondrial pathway through higher expression of Bax pro-apoptotic protein and also by activation of caspase-3 related pathways.

The brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an organ with the specialised function of intracellular fat oxidation; in other words, brown fat points to a potential natural tool by which energy expenditure is being stimulated. Obesity is a serious illness which can lead to many medical complications such as cardiovascular disorders. The BAT production, therefore, could be a promising therapeutic strategy for managing obesity. While different approaches have been examined to generate brown adipocytes from various precursor cells, no study has proposed an efficient procedure for direct trans-differentiation of white to brown adipocytes. Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-7 is a possible potential agent by which most of the main factors involved in induction of brown adipocytogenesis such as early regulators of brown fat fate, positive regulatory domain containing 16 (PRDM16) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) are stimulated, but the rate of success was not so promising. It has been documented that mature white adipocytes exert endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ESR) and consequently unfolded protein response (UPR) becomes activated for the purpose of ESR recovery since the ESR exceeds the capacity of UPR to overcome the imposed stress, and in turn disables the cell to manage the protein synthesis cascade including those required for BMP-7 induction of brown adipogenesis. This was performed using three main ESR sensors: PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol requiring enzyme-1 (IRE-1) and activating transcription factor 6 alpha (ATF-6α) resulting in attenuation of protein translation by blocking the activation of transcriptional machinery of UPR genes and the cell behaviour would also be changed towards apoptosis.

Stem cell-based therapies have recently opened up new horizons for treatment of various types of diseases including diabetes mellitus. However, long-term efficacy and safety of these novel modalities still remain a serious question. Hereby, we aim to report the one-year follow-up results in the diabetic patients who underwent fetal liver-derived hematopoietic stem cell allotransplantation. Fifty six patients with type one (n=30) and type two (n=26) diabetes, aged 10-58 years old (32.8 ± 16.3) were divided into the intervention and placebo group. The patients in the intervention group underwent fetal liver-derived hematopoietic stem cell transplantation while the patients in the placebo group received 5 ml of normal saline both via an intravenous route. The patients were visited at regular intervals to evaluate the efficacy of transplantation in glycemic control as well as possible complications. In the 6th month of the follow-up, there was a significant decrease in HbA1c levels in all groups without any rise in the fasting c-peptide. However, none of the precipitants transiently or continuously became insulin free in the first year after transplantation. It can be concluded that, in this study, fetal liver-derived hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had no significant effects on glycemic control. The heterogeneity of our patients might account for the negative results. Hence, longer follow-up results will be reported in the near future.

In social science the term “civil society”, as against state, is applied to a field of social relations which is untouched by political power and includes civil and private institutions, associations and foundations. If we take state to be characterized by authoritative power construct, it can be said that the civil society lacks such a construct. The early manifestations of civil society existed in the feudalist era and the Middle Ages in Europe. Generally civil society is applied to the field of civil rights of individuals and groups, natural rights, laissez-faire economy and cultural area. Civil society plays an important role in the participation of different social groups and the mobilization of people in decision-making and the elections. The role of civil society in the political, social and economic development of a country is undeniable; however, it has not played its part in Iran and has not accomplished its historical mission. The main questions of this article are as follows: what problems and drawbacks have been hindrances to the development of civil society in Iran? Why was the civil society thwarted and driven out at the periods of time when the civil society was the most brilliant institution of Iran? Why are these institutions conquered by the power of state, and cannot they defend themselves? To answer these questions and examine the reasons for the failure of civil society in Iran, three important factors, with regard to historical evidence, can be highlighted. Also, the concepts of political development and political culture will be analyzed.

Cardiovascular disease including hypertension are complications of long-standing diabetes. A few Studies had shown the positive effects of L-carnitine on hypertension. In this study, the possible effects of L-carnitne on nitric oxide (NO) levels and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in serum as well as systolic blood pressure (SBP) in diabetic and normal rats were studied. In this study forty rats were used in four groups including non-treated control (C), L-carnitne treated control (CT), diabetic (D) and L-carnitne treated diabetic (DT). Diabetes was induced in rats by injection of stereptozotosin. Both of C & D groups had a free access to food and water and CT & DT groups were received daily dose of L-carnation in drinking water. At the end of 12 weeks SBP, serum NO and ACE activity were measured. Systolic blood pressure was significantly decreased in DT group compared to D group. Serum ACE activity was also significantly decreased in DT group compared to D group and the serum NO levels were significantly increased in DT & CT groups compared to D & C groups respectively. Finally it could be concluded that L-carnitine may reduce SBP in diabetic rats via elevation of serum NO levels and reduction of serum ACE activity.