aliasghar mirakzadeh

An integrated perspective between the three sources of water, energy, and food is necessary for agricultural management and policies adapted to climate change in order to prevent anomalies and promote sustainable development. The goal of this study was to examine how Dehloran county's four summer agricultural products—watermelon, sesame, mung, and maize—are produced in relation to the water-energy-food nexus. Farmers were given a questionnaire to complete in order to obtain the necessary data. The questions focused on water and energy consumption, physical and economic energy efficiency, and, lastly, the water-energy-food correlation index (WEFNI) for each product. The findings indicated that the production of summer crops in Dehloran City uses 1167.14 m3.ha-1 of water; watermelon (7641 m3.ha-1) and sesame (994 m3.ha-1) had the highest and lowest respective water consumption. The total energy used in product cultivation was 205093 MJ.ha-1. Maize (103558.85 MJ.ha-1) and sesame (17306.73 MJ.ha-1) had the highest and lowest input energy consumption, respectively. Additionally, the two energy-intensive industries in the agriculture sector are electricity and chemical fertilizers. According to the data, sesame had the highest economic productivity of water (297000Rls.m-3) and energy (17050Rls.MJ-1), while watermelon had the highest physical productivity (6.67 Kg.m-3) and energy (0.90 Kg.MJ-1). The most sustainable product in terms of resource consumption was watermelon (WEFNI = 0.71), while the least stable product was mung beans (WEFNI = 0.035), according to correlation index values. The outcomes of this study can support the region's agricultural industry's sustainable growth by implementing appropriate resource management practices and cultivation patterns.

A look at the starting point and analysis of extension activities in Iran shows that the factor that affects the success or failure of the agricultural extension system is rooted in the structure and components of it. On the other hand, according to the theoretical models of the extension system and the theoretical basis of the structure of the extension system, it is necessary to understand social issues, the nature of the social life cycle, and to accept the basis of social sustainability, so that agricultural extension is effective in addressing social issues and in promoting sustainability in its triple conceptualization. Therefore, in the process of the sustainable development agenda and the topics related to development, due to the lack of social sustainability in the programs and even development projects, they show the need to revise the activities, missions, goals of programs, development projects and agricultural extension. ccordingly, this research has been conducted in a qualitative and meta-combinatorial method, in order to emphasize the life cycle of social sustainability as a potential field in which agricultural extension can play a role.

Insurance of agriculture is one of the risk management tools, and customer's satisfaction with the quality of agricultural insurance services can be effective in the development and promotion of insurance. In this regard, the present research was conducted to evaluate the satisfaction with agricultural insurance services concerning the damages caused to selected crops in Sahneh County. This research is part of the descriptive-correlational research group. The questionnaire data collection tool and the statistical population comprise 7,624 farmers. G*Power software was used to determine a sample size of 200 farmers. Experts' opinions were used to confirm the questionnaire's validity, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0.72). Analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation coefficient and SPSS software. Among the factors that cause damage in the hot months of the year, drought has caused the most damage to farmers. Frostbite is the most significant cause of damage during the cold months. In general, the most damage is related to the rice crop. 79.6% of farmers were dissatisfied with the compensation they received from agricultural products insurance for the damage caused to their products. Additionally, the obtained results indicate that the amount of damage caused to agricultural products has a negative relationship with the level of satisfaction with the received compensation; as the damage increases, the level of satisfaction with insurance services decreases. Considering that satisfaction with agricultural insurance services can play a decisive role in motivating farmers to insure their products or dissuading them, it is suggested that adequate mechanisms be put in place to ensure timely payment and provision of damages to farmers.

The increasing demand for limited resources, especially water resources, is one of the most fundamental problems of the agricultural sector. The excessive extraction of water resources, especially underground water resources, has caused the level of underground water resources to decrease. In this regard, planning for the optimal use of these limited resources, taking into account the conflicting goals of increasing profit, increasing performance, and environmental goals, including reducing the consumption of water, fertilizers, and chemical poisons seems necessary. It should be noted that decision-making in such conditions is associated with many complications. The present study aims at optimizing the production of agricultural products by simultaneously considering the goals of profit maximization, yield increase, and minimization of water, fertilizer, and chemical pesticide consumption by using the fuzzy goal programming in the Sanheh Plain for 7 products including wheat, sugar beet, alfalfa, coriander, sunflower, grain corn, and rice. Exploitation of deep and semi-deep wells of this plain was selected as the statistical population of the study. The results show that in the optimal model in the final scenario, in addition to the fact that the cultivated area is in a good condition and less than the existing condition, the economic benefit environmental goals and increased yield have also been provided. As a result, it is suggested that to obtain better results in the studied society, the current situation should be gradually improved and the model should be updated to ensure the expected results according to the existing conditions.

The study's objective is to investigate farmers' satisfaction with the quality of services provided by agricultural insurance companies in Kermanshah province. It utilized a descriptive survey research method, with the statistical population being agriculture, horticulture, and livestock insurers in Kermanshah Province, numbering 18,391 individuals. The study employed a multi-stage sampling technique to select 377 participants. Data was collected through a researcher-generated questionnaire designed to measure satisfaction levels across five dimensions - tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy, consisting of 27 items.The research revealed that policyholders mainly acquired their insurance information from insurance companies, agricultural jihad organizations, friends, and acquaintances, with radio, rural cooperatives, and promotional publications playing a less significant role in providing insurance-related information. Brokers selected by insurance companies were ranked lowest among insurance information sources by policyholders. The study determined that insurers' overall satisfaction levels were moderate, with higher dissatisfaction in terms of facilities and equipment, and lower dissatisfaction with confidence.Furthermore, the research findings showed significant differences in satisfaction levels based on the type of insured product. Farmers and gardeners had different satisfaction levels compared to ranchers. These results suggest potential ways for improvement in the quality of insurance services by agricultural insurance agents based on the identified dimensions. It is important for insurance providers to use the research outcomes to enhance service quality, ultimately benefitting the farmers in the region.

Entrepreneurship plays a vital role in promoting economic development and improving the living standards of people in society. Promoting entrepreneurship among university graduates can be highly effective in creating jobs and reducing the problem of unemployment. One of the factors that is strongly associated with predicting entrepreneurial behavior is entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the role of contextual factors in forming the entrepreneurial intention of agricultural students in the Iranian higher education system based on the theory of planned behavior.To this end, the effect of three important contextual variables, namely perceived university support, perceived government support, and perceived environmental support, on students' entrepreneurial intention in the Iranian agricultural higher education system was investigated.The statistical sample of the research included 455 fourth-year undergraduate students in agricultural fields in the Iranian higher education system, who were selected using a multi-stage sampling method from 9 universities in the country.The results of the study showed that the variables of attitude towards entrepreneurship, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and also perceived university support and perceived environmental support had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial intention of agricultural students in the Iranian higher education system; however, the effect of perceived government support on the entrepreneurial intention of students was not confirmed.The findings of this research have appropriate theoretical and practical implications for helping policymakers, planners, and educators in the Iranian agricultural higher education system to promote entrepreneurship among students.

Because agriculture plays a major role in economic growth, food security, foreign exchange, and rural development, investments in its productive sector are extremely important. Thus, this study's primary goal was to examine the variables influencing the growth of investment in the agriculture industry. All of Kermanshah's farmers (N = 34386) were included in the research's statistical population.  A simple random method was used to select 264 of them for the study using Bartlett's sampling table. The primary tool used in this study was a questionnaire, and content validity was used to determine its validity. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient (α=0/71) was computed to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. SPSS22 software was used for data analysis. The results showed that eight factors—infrastructure, education and information, institutional development in agriculture (effective and appropriate laws and regulations), farmer economic conditions, support and credit facilities, investment security, price stability, and quantity and quality of production factors—affect agricultural investment in the studied area. These factors accounted for 77.707% of the variance in the factors' total variation. The development and strengthening of infrastructure, equipment, and access to new technologies, as well as the preparation of strategic programs to raise the level of financial literacy, knowledge, and agricultural skills, will therefore lead to the development of investment in the agricultural sector. As a result, education and information have emerged as the three most significant determinants of investment in the agricultural sector.

This study analyzed the trust network among the forest and pasture users of  Naghareh Koub village in Ghaleh Shahin watershed of Sarpol Zahab Township. Parallel mixed method was used for this study. The statistical population was forest and pasture users of Naghareh Koub village, Ghaleh Shahin watershed, Sarpol Zahab Township (534 people), who were randomly selected according to Karjesi and Morgan’s table (223 people). Then, using the whole network approach and the snowball technique, 39 users were selected. Structured interviews and network analysis questionnaire were used for collecting the data. The indices of density, size, transmission, ambidexterity, centrality and concepts of intersection points and structural holes were studied. The data were analyzed using UCINET and NetDraw, and SPSS software. The results showed that the level of trust among local users was an average level, and among the types of trust, communication trust and procedural trust were more than other types of trust, and the lowest type of trust was dispositional trust. In the trust network with low density, the stability of the network (reciprocity) is average and fewer people are connected through intermediaries (weak transmission); therefore, the balance of the network is weak and information circulation in the network is medium to low. The results confirmed the high percentage of concentration in internal links compared to external links. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively manage conflicts in this area by forming a balanced and stable network of trust and considering key actors.

Livelihood diversity with emphasis on the off-farm activities and expansion of employment opportunities for different active groups in rural communities has been a successful approach in rural development. Disability is a reality that human societies should accept and consciously manage and plan for it, especially in high-risk rural environments where it occurs more often. Disability increases the burden on communities and the cost of living for rural households. This pressure is doubled when disabled people who are able to work and create value are deprived of getting a suitable job and opportunities to participate in the economic cycle are not provided for them. In the research conducted in the field of entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurship of certain groups in rural communities has received less attention from researchers and managers of rural development projects. The rural disabled people of Kermanshah province constitute a significant part of the unemployed in the province, and only four percent of disabled people in the province are employed. Dealing with the entrepreneurship category of disabled people has multiple functions in economic, social and political dimensions. The aim of present research is identifying the factors affecting the entrepreneurship of rural disabled people in Kozran district in Kermanshah Township.

The general approach of research was mixed qual-quan method and data collection method was semi-structured interview. The participants in the qualitative part were 21 rural disabled people from Kozran district and 15 managers and experts of the welfare organization in Kermanshah province. The samples were selected using the purposeful sampling method and based on the rule of data saturation. The data of the qualitative section analyzed by the grounded theory coding method and using Maxqda software. At this stage, the validity and reliability of the research was investigated using four related concepts, including the concepts of credibility, transferability, verifiability, and reliability. The used method in the quantitative part was descriptive method of correlation. The statistical sample of this part was 130 rural disabled people with employability in Kozran sector. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. Convergent validity (mean variance extracted) and divergent validity (Fornell and Larcker criteria) approaches used to check the validity and reliability of the questionaire. SPSS22 software was used in quantitative data analysis. In order to investigate the relationships between the researched structures, the method of structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach was used in the SmartPLS version 3 software.

As a result of the research data analysis, 58 concepts related to the factors affecting the entrepreneurship of rural disabled people were identified. These concepts are in the form of 15 structures and 4 main categories. Thise categories consisted of 1) the entrepreneurial competencies of rural disabled people include: commitment competence, learning competence, communication competence, and strategic competence. 2) Individual factors include utility and social identity; sense of altruism; entrepreneurial awareness and entrepreneurial personality traits. 3) Contextual factors include perceived local support; turbulences and limitations; perceived support from the family and human capital and 3) structural factors includes infrastructural-environmental factors; administrative bureaucracy and measures of the welfare organization. Also, 27 concepts related to entrepreneurship development strategies of rural disabled people were identified, in the form of five educational-empowerment strategies; cultivation and change of public attitude towards entrepreneurship of disabled people; support and material-spiritual support; diversification of the field of employment and branding of disabled products and improvement of the quality and quantity of human resources were categorized. The results showed that learning competence, human capital, turbulences and limitations, perceived support from the family and commitment competence are the most important factors affecting the entrepreneurship of rural disabled people. The findings of the quantitative model indicated learning competence with a beta value of β=0.811; human capital with a beta value of β=0.679; And turbulences and restrictions with a beta value of β=0.672 respectively have the greatest impact on the entrepreneurship of rural disabled people had the greatest impact on the entrepreneurship respectively of rural disabled people among the 15 identified factors.

Entrepreneurship of rural disabled people as a forgotten dimension of rural employment can be effective in realizing integrated rural development. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to pay attention to factors that facilitate the process of spontaneous employment of employable rural disabled people. This research was conducted in a mixed manner in line with this goal, and the results showed that rural disabled people and related experts have pointed out the lag of the atmosphere of rural entrepreneurship and the need to address it. Creating the basis for employment and using the talents of rural disabled people firstly requires the authorities and the rural community to believe in the possibility of employment for disabled people. Secondly, it requires finding talents and empowering the disabled, and finally, it requires the three basic dimensions of this pyramid, namely the family, officials and the disabled, to play a role and take responsibility. In this regard, reforms and institutional development of the employment of rural disabled people are the basis for the successful performance of these three dimensions. Therefore, it is suggested to update and facilitate regional laws and circulars to support the investors of the ideas of rural disabled people with a supportive approach. It is suggested to provide self-employment for rural disabled people by identifying and concluding contracts with related and potential sectors, and in case of using the potentials of disabled people in private sectors, tax exemptions, low interest facilities and subsidies for energy carriers for employers should be considered. In addition, networking and introducing the capabilities of rural disabled people in supply networks and the value chain of agricultural and rural products can be effective in developing the employment of rural disabled people.

Considering that social impact assessment is a social prerequisite for solving social problems andinefficiencies, and even one of the most important starting points for economic growth, and providesopportunities for fundamental application of the foundations of sustainable development. Therefore, it isnecessary to pay attention to the social dimension and focus on assessing this dimension in order to provide ageneral conclusion of the social impacts of sustainable development measures and programmes. However,literature studies show that there are few studies on the description and interpretation of social impactassessment methods despite the importance and attractiveness of assessing this dimension in sustainabledevelopment measures. Despite the availability of metrics to measure social impact, it is difficult to choose toolsthat meet the exact needs of social science researchers. In order to address this challenge, the main goal of thecurrent research is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the common and widely used tools for measuringsocial effects in social projects, which has been done using a systematic review of the subject literature. Fromthis point of view, in this study, the model of George Z. L. Brady has been used as one of the most importantstandard methods for the comparative comparison of these tools in the form of four stages of description,interpretation, juxtaposition and comparison. The results show that there is not always one best method andeach method definitely does not rule out other methods. On the other hand, each method is not better thananother method, and the choice of the best method depends on factors such as the research field, research topic,research design, choosing suitable and appropriate methods, reviewing the choices made, re-examining thequestions, the nature of the problem, and others. There are underlying factors.

The purpose of this study was to identifying the different types of vegetable growers' values in Kermanshah and determining those effect on the behavior of safety vegetable production.

A researcher-made questionnaire in three sections was the main tool of this study which its reliability and validity were confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Content Validity Ratio (CVR), respectively. The One-Way Anova analysis, Correlation statistic, and regression analysis were used to achieve to the research's aims. Data were analyzed using Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel 2013 software.

The results showed that vegetable growers can be classified into three groups in terms of safety vegetable production behavior: ecological, moderate and conventional. There was a statistically significant difference between their values types at the level of 0.01% error. There was a significant relationship between their different types of values and their safety vegetable production behavior, expected of economic values. Regression output identified that tree types of values including of theoretical, social, and religious in total predicted 26.1% of variances of vegetable growers’ behavior to product safety vegetable.

Apart from the governmental organization reflections to deal with unsafety vegetable production in agricultural sector, vegetable growers’ values play a fundamental role in safety vegetables production. Therefore, considering them in planning processes in relation to agriculture sector can significantly contribute to the safety products and consequently the community health.

Correct communication between organizations and production centers leads to increased career opportunities production, performance and the loss of wastes resulting from rework. So, this research was paid to identify the organization involved in this process and their duties. The main organizations studied included the Agricultural Jihad, the Agricultural Research Center and credit institutions. The main paradigm of research was mixed. In order to measure the level of communication and the importance of communication between livestock farmers and each of the investigated organizations was considered a score from 1 to 10. Value chain performance was compiled by economic, social, environmental and technical performance indicators by reviewing the literature and examining the views of experts, indexing and ranking weighting. In the qualitative section, 43 experts and ranchers were selected and analyzed in a targeted and snowball way, and in the quantitative section, 382 ranchers were selected and examined by cluster method. The results showed that more than half of farmers (50.9%) had weak and middle connections with organizations involved in the value chain. While the effective communication of these organizations had a positive and significant effect on the performance of sheep value chain. The role and importance of intermediator communication did not have significant impact on value chain performance. On the other hand, according to the results of the Mann-Whitney U test, farmers were related directly with credit institutions, mutual of livestock production improvement, veterinary office and intermediator, they have performed differently than those who were indirectly associated with these organizations.

The agricultural sector accounts for 70% of fresh water and about 30% of the world's total energy consumption through food production and supply chain. Water, energy and food are three basic interrelated sources of human health, as water and energy are vital to food production. In recent centuries, increasing pressure due to scarcity of resources and increasing demand for food and ultimately environmental pollution necessitates the need for optimal management of water, energy and food. In this regard, this study was conducted Analysis of Water and Energy Consumption and Environment Impacts of Agricultural Production in Miandarband Plain.

The present study was conducted using a quantitative approach for wheat, barley, maize-grain, canola, tomato and potato crops. The statistical population was 1676 farmers that according to Krejcie and Morgan table, 315 farmers were selected using stratified random sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire and secondary data of the Meteorological Organization of Iran were used to collect information. In order to calculate the amount of energy consumed by the studied products, first the input and output energies of the products were measured and then converted to their equivalent energy. Input energy in food production systems is both direct and indirect. To calculate the water consumption by each product, two elements of green and blue water of the products were calculated. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions for the inputs of the studied products was calculated using CO2, N2O and CH4 emission coefficients for different inputs.

The research results showed the dominant crops production in the region consumes 50,827 m3 ha-1 of water; Potato (11440 m3 ha-1) and maize-grain (10492 m3 ha-1) consume the most water. The total energy consumption was 975608.50 MJ ha-1; the highest input energy consumption is related to potato (25%), maize-grain (22%) and tomato (15%). Chemical fertilizers, diesel fuel and water for irrigation used the most energy in the agricultural sector. Total CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions were 3729.79, 152.05 and 0.293 kg ha-1, respectively and total Global Warming Potential, 50872. 52 kg CO2eq; that tomato with emissions of 15592.48 and barley with emissions of 3279.88 kg CO2eq, had the highest and lowest share. According to the results, the amount of water consumption by the studied products, except for tomatoes, is more than the recommended amount of water required during the growth period of the desired products by experts; In this regard, it can be said that low irrigation efficiency, poor supervision by relevant agencies, the existence of a large number of illegal wells, mismanagement, uncoordinated management, lack of long-term attitude and inefficient water consumption of irrigation and especially the land use system has caused high water consumption in the studied crops. According to the results, the smaller the farm area, the higher the water and energy consumption and the higher the GWP. In such farms the farmer has lost the advantage of scale and by applying pressure on the ground by increasing the irrigation cycle, the use of fertilizers and pesticides seeks to gain more efficiency. On the other hand, due to the small size of farms, they use less up-to-date technologies, thus indirectly increasing water and energy waste. The results showed that crops that are mainly grown in agriculture in the region with the lease system have the highest input consumption and have a negative impact on the environment of the region. In this regard, it can be said that land tenants in the region try to get the most economic benefit from the land in a shorter period of time, and this increases the pressure on resources.

In general, it can be said that low irrigation efficiency, existence of a large number of illegal wells, allocation of agricultural subsidies and the lack of calculation of water and energy costs has caused the inefficiency of the agricultural system of Miandarband plain. Therefore, increasing irrigation efficiency using strip irrigation system and increasing water and energy prices in the agricultural sector can be effective in the optimal use of water and energy.

Agricultural transformation and supplementary industries are one of the most important rural industries. The purpose of this research was to identify technical and managerial solutions to improve fuel efficiency in the conversion and complementary industries in Kermanshah province. Descriptive survey method was used in this research. A questionnaire used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of faculty member and related experts. Pre-test and calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were used to measure the reliability (0.71-0.94). Managers of agricultural transformation and supplementary industries units in Kermanshah province formed the population of this study (N=69) and 46 samples were selected using stratified random sampling. Based on exploratory factor analysis, the most important technical solutions to improve fuel efficiency in the agricultural conversion and supplementary industries of Kermanshah province was summarized in six factors including continuous updating of equipment, strengthening the use of equipment to reduce energy loss, automation of ventilation machines, technical management of systems, replacement of fuel with gas and periodical service of equipment. These factors explained 76.14 percent of the total variance of technical solutions. Management solutions to improve fuel efficiency were also summarized in four factors: investment in optimization and renovation, education and information, targeted government interventions with an optimization approach and reforming energy price policies, which explained 75.52% of the total variance of management solutions.

Due to the drought in the country and the indiscriminate use of groundwater resources in the agricultural sector, the installation of smart water gauge for optimal use of water wells in the Mahidasht plain seems necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the acceptance of smart water gauge among farmers in Mahidasht plain.

In this research, a survey method has been used. 185 farmers were selected using random cluster sampling method. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed by content method and its reliability was calculated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Descriptive and inferential statistics analysis was performed with SPSS and AMOS statistical software.

The results of path analysis showed that the variables of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and attitude towards using smart water gauge have a positive and significant effect on the tendency to use meters. The results also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between contextual factors, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Based on the overall results, farmers' attitudes have had the greatest impact on the willingness to use smart water gauge and thus its acceptance, so it seems necessary to change farmers' attitudes about the role of smart water gauge. To this end, farmers' relationships and interactions with exemplary farmers and agricultural extension and service centers can be effective. The results of the research have confirmed the necessity of using technology acceptance models in introducing water-based technologies to farmers.

Entrepreneurship is a concept that is used for value-creating activities and plays an important role in the development of technology and innovation, job creation, and economic development. Although the entrepreneurship literature has increasingly focused on investigating the factors influencing entrepreneurial intention based on intention-based models, no coherent study has ever been conducted to identify the factors underpinning the formation of entrepreneurial behavior among students, especially agricultural students, in Iran's higher education system. To fill this gap, the present study uses the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to conduct a gender analysis in order to explain the entrepreneurial behavior of students in Iran's agricultural higher education system. The statistical population of the research included all senior undergraduate students of agricultural fields in Iran's higher education system, out of whom 455 were selected by multi-stage sampling from nine universities. The results showed that the variables of attitude toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control had a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial intention and behavior among the studied agricultural students. In addition, the results of multiple comparisons analysis showed that the gender variable moderated the effect of attitude toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and behavioral control on entrepreneurial intention. The present findings indicate the applicability and reliability of TPB among Iranian agricultural students, so policymakers and planners of governmental and educational institutions can use the results of this research to formulate strategies and solutions to promote entrepreneurship among agricultural students.

Introduction:

 the necessity of paying attention to social and understandable aspects of social sustainability during the evaluation of development projects is one of the most important and key tools in planning and policies for growth and development by governments.

The overall paradigm of this mixed research is sequential-exploratory (qualitative-quantitative). In terms of controlling variables, it is non-experimental and in terms of purpose, it is an applied-developmental research. In the sequential-exploratory project, first the process of collecting and analyzing qualitative data is done and then these results are used for quantitative (questionnaire) section. Finally, both quantitative and qualitative analyses are interpreted and analyzed in one place.

The findings indicated the fact that social sustainability was maximum in the time constraints of the project implementation and among the components of social sustainability, the component of social participation was identified as important points and high effects on social sustainability.

The results of social sustainability assessment based on the social lifecycle approach can promote things such as creating a common view on comprehensive management of natural resources, sharing past information, advanced and planned development activities, better coordination of measures with existing investment, improving the design and regulation of future projects and plans, and identifying and addressing the main obstacles and bottlenecks for the development of successful approaches.

Evaluate the performance of the value chain of livestock products lead to added value, reduce waste and increase productivity in this sector, employment and the economic growth of agricultureand rural development. This study was analyzed the value chain of mutton in Lorestan province according to the understanding of topic necessity. The research method was quantitative. Data collection tool was a questionnaire with structured interviews. The statistical population consisted of 380 traditional farmer. Data analyzed by financial-accounting and descriptive methods. The efficiency achieved in the previous production sector 70 % and in the production sector 47 %. The Gross production in the processing sector was 550.03 million Rials, in the distribution and marketing stage was 1099.73 million Rials and in the consumer sector was equal to 933.42 million Rials. The performance of the processing sector was positive and the overall performance of the production, marketing and consumer cycles was below average and negative. The farmer makes the best use of pre-production conditions in preparing animal feed. However, the production sector is not able to use sufficient financial resources and financial facilities. On the other hand, the possibility of producing various products in the processing sector and the income from this sector has increased the performance of this loop. In the marketing and distribution loop performance was low due the high cost of transportation, lack of timely purchase of livestock at a reasonable price and buying sheep at a lower price by brokers. The impact of the consumer's financial situation on the current economic system and the reduction of his financial capacity to buy mutton has reduced the performance of this sector.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing economic poverty of rural female-headed households. The statistical population of this study were consisted those rural female-headed households who were under support of Assistance Committee and Well-being Organization of Kermanshah County. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The results of regression analysis showed that the variables of having skills in a job, financial status of the paternal family, lack of initial capital, level of familiarity with the labor market and the presence of educated unemployed in the household have the greatest effect on the economic poverty of rural female-headed households. In general, it can be argued that almost half of the female headed households are housewives and do not have any jobs or sources of income. Therefore, it is recommended that the authorities and custodians provide the room for creating home-based jobs and jobs that do not require much skills, and also provide conditions for these women to be able to take care of household responsibilities while working.

Food insecurity is a major obstacle to the wellfare and development of rural areas and if a serious solution is not found, the future of mankind will be in jeopardy. Meanwhile, rural household’s headwomen are more vulnerable than other groups. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the causes of food insecurity of rural household’s headwomen in Kermanshah and to identify the strategies to deal with it. The research was carried out by descriptive-survey method. Statistical population consisted of rural household’s headwomen in Kermanshah County (N=2215) by which using Krejcie and Morgan sampling table, 235 women were selected as a sample applying multi-stage sampling method. Research Instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire, that its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to assess the reliability (α=0.79-0.84). The results showed that about 85% of women suffer from food insecurity. The results also revealed that increasing the number of family members, and the cost of clothing and transportation increases food insecurity. Food insecurity has decreased by increasing literacy. Based on the results, doing extra work is the most important local strategy used by women to deal with food insecurity.sustainable employment and income was the most important necessary strategy to combat food insecurity.Therefore, by providing sustainable employment opportunities and income through education and empowerment of rural household’s headwomen, the severity of food insecurity in this group of society can be reduced.Keywords: Food security, Household’s Headwomen, Rural poverty, Food insecurity.

The development and implementation of effective safety educational program for minimizing hazards in a farm, is the most important activity that can be done to improve safety level there. This program, however, requires to needs assessment process. So, the present study was designed to analyze of the educational needs of farmers in the field of agricultural occupational health.

This quantitative study was conducted with a survey method. Statistical population consisted of farmers in Mahidasht County, Kermanshah Province, Iran (N =213), where 140 farmers was selected as sample by simple random sampling method and base on Krejcie & Morgan table. Research instrument was research made questionnaire that its validity confirmed by a panel of experts and the reliability was confirmed through a pilot study and calculation of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. SPSS/16 software was used for data analysis.

Findings showed that educations in the field of occupational health were done neither sufficient nor according to the principles. Educational needs identified in the area included exposure to noise, exposure to dust, ergonomic issues, compliance with hygiene and protection principles in spraying, individual protection in working with tractors and other machinery.

Dangers of farming in one hand and the lack of appropriate education and  the farmers’ dissatisfaction in the other hand, has highlighted the necessity of implementing correct eductional programs according to needs assessment principles in Mahidasht County. In this regard, considering the knowledge and occupational health behaviors of the studied farmers, they need to receive education in most areas of health, among which, environmental hazards (sun and noise, dust on farms), ergonomic issues, proper and safe use of chemical input and adherence to safety principles in working with agricultural machinery are considered priorities.

This research was conducted quantitatively to identify and analyze the sources of risks of saffron production in Kermanshah province. The statistical population consisted of 114 saffron farmers of the province, of whom data were collected by complete enumeration technique. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of two sections including the demographic and occupational characteristics of the participants and items to measure risk. The data were analyzed by opinion polls and related formulas. The results of the multi virtual cluster analysis showed that most saffron farmers reported low production risk, price and financial costs, and moderate and high natural and human risks. According to saffron farmers, the most important risks include production risks (such as the lack of timely delivery of inputs), human risk (the shortage of available labor to harvest saffron, disease, and migration of young family members, and the theft of agricultural products and equipment), market risk (guaranteed sales, lack of equipment and facilities for packaging and bulk sales of the product, and arbitrary pricing), financial risks (lack of access to bank facilities, lack of liquidity, shortage of funds, lack of savings accounts to avoid selling the crop at a low price, and a short interval between receiving and repaying loans), natural risk (lack of government support and assistance for the sale and marketing of saffron at reasonable prices, absence of state-sponsored insurance, lack of communication network between saffron farmers at the local and regional level). The development of saffron production calls for efforts to eliminate the relevant risks.

  Agriculture is one of the most important activities, whereas observing ethical dimensions (human, environment, animals, society, economy and policy) are necessary. Therefore the purpose of this study was develop strategies to apply ethics in agricultural in Sonqor County.

This study is a Qual-Quan research. The study population consisted of experts and farmers producing healthy products in the city of Sonqor (n = 32) who were selected purposefully.

Based on results, comprehensive government attention to Agricultural ethic and financial, technical, and legal support from the farm food to the table  as a first strategy and evelopment of good agricultural production for all products, regional, national, international contracts and agreements in order to meet the needs of healthy consumer markets  as a second important strategy was recognized which both of them are among the aggressive strategies. Also result showed that considering ethical actions towards development of sustainable agricultural, allocation of annual budgets, leading agricultural education to ethical agriculture (WO) are the most important conservative startegies.

in the current situation in study the, aggressive strategies should be prioritized. This means that with considering the factors affecting the non-observance of ethics in agriculture, instutational development in this area, amend the rules, guidelines and most important social institutions and ethicl norms in the community of farmers need to be addressed in this county. In this regard the approach of farmers and related organizations should be changed toward appliying manifest of ethic in agriculture.

Although poverty is a global problem, it is more dominant in villages of Iran. Dramatic and widespread changes occur every day in all areas of human life and the dominant culture in communities has has introduced rural entrepreneurship as an effective strategy for mitigation of poverty, economic development and sustainable job creation. In this regard, in developing countries, investment in green jobs and green entrepreneurship education can greatly contribute to sustainable job creation, economic and social development and environmental protection. The present study seeks to launch green entrepreneurship as a strategy for empowering the poor villagers based on the qualitative method and the Grounded Theory approach. Sampling method was of purpose-oriented type, and the professors of the faculty of agriculture in Razi University were selected and interviewed. Central questions covered in this study are: what are their views towards launching green entrepreneurship as a strategy for empowering the poor villagers? What are their individual strategies for launching green entrepreneurship? What are are the consequences of empowering the poor villagers by launching green entrepreneurship? Findings revealed that explaining the views of the professors towards launching green entrepreneurship as a strategy for empowering the poor villagers were "infrastructures creating green entrepreneurship", "green entrepreneurship culture", "supportive framework of green entrepreneurship" and "green products culture". The results showed that he consequences of empowering the poor villagers by launching green entrepreneurship from viewpoints of the professors were economic poverty reduction, reduction of unemployment, access to comfortable housing, life expectancy, reduction of immigration, empowerment, satisfaction and imrovement of level of life, sustainable food security, empowering and more importantly environmental protect and sustainable development.

Undoubtedly, manufacturing and exploiting civil projects such as dams and irrigation and drainage networks have inevitable and unexpected negative effects on the environment and economic and social grounds of a region. Accordingly, in this study, the researcher explores the social effects of irrigation and drainage networks of Kavoshan dam followed by the analysis of users` satisfaction level from these networks.
Firstly,it was necessary to compare development level of social indicators in the villages under the coverage of drainage and irrigation network of Gavoshan dam and the results showed that village Cheshmeh Kaboud has the highest rate of exploitation from social indicators to use irrigation and drainage networks among 6 villages followed byGoharChegha,Gandab, Siahchegha,Jelogireh and Khoshinanolia.Based on the evidence collected,88% of beneficiaries stated that they benefited from irrigation and drainage networks and 12% did not benefit from these networks.
The results of investigating the villagers` exploitation from the benefits of using irrigation and drainage networks show that in the importance of priority, increasing revenue through agriculture is one the benefits from the irrigation and drainage networks for 81.3% of the villagers.
On the other hand, the results of villagers` experiencing the harms of using irrigation and drainage networks show that in the importance of priority , increase of conflict and dispute overed 28% of beneficiaries while others were spared of this harm.