halimeh enayat

Patriarchy has systematically marginalized many issues related to women, including their biological experiences, such as menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth, by relegating them to personal rather than social matters. As a result, women's issues have rarely been addressed in public discourse or socio-political discussions. Historically, in many cultures and religions, menstruation has been viewed as "unclean" and "taboo" (Buckley & Gottlieb, 1989), leading to its characterization as undesirable and shameful. Consequently, many women refrain from sharing their experiences or challenging the taboos surrounding menstruation in public, confining this natural process to the private sphere. Women’s biological experiences are profoundly influenced by power dynamics and cultural contexts. The marginalization of these experiences in private spaces necessitates their reintroduction and emphasis in public, cultural, and academic discussions. Acknowledging this is crucial as menstruation is an inherent part of every woman's life and has significant implications for their physical, mental, and social health. Addressing this issue is vital not only for improving public awareness and acceptance of menstruation, but also for combating gender and bodily discrimination, supporting women’s rights and health, and dismantling cultural taboos. However, due to the lack of proper information and education, as well as  the persistence of cultural taboos, many women experience feelings of shame and isolation during menstruation, resulting in their exclusion from public spaces. Therefore, structural changes in power and culture are essential for redefining women’s issues. Instagram as a social network that offers a free and visual platform plays a crucial role in dismantling socio-cultural taboos. Many social activists, feminists, and health brands leverage this space to share educational content on the menstrual cycle, hygiene products, and menstrual management through posts and stories. These efforts aim to shift negative attitudes and enhance public awareness on the subject. This study examined women’s experiences of menstruation on Instagram and explored how menstruation taboos function as mechanisms for controlling women’s bodies within the existing power structures and daily life. It also investigated the tools and strategies used to increase awareness and acceptance of this natural process within the society. By integrating the theories of Foucault and Kristeva, we gained insight into how this natural phenomenon was influenced by social, cultural, and discursive powers, as well as how the taboos surrounding menstruation shaped women’s lived experiences. Furthermore, these theories allowed us to explore the representation of women’s bodies and menstruation in virtual spaces like Instagram, revealing how socio-cultural powers were exercised through the female body and how menstruation remained marginalized as a shameful and impure topic. However, social media provided a platform for women to challenge these power structures and share their experiences.

This research employed feminist ethnography, utilizing Charmaz Grounded Theory for data analysis. Feminist ethnography is a research approach rooted in feminist principles that not only considers individuals' experiences and perspectives within their social contexts, but also emphasizes power dynamics, gender inequalities, and representation of women and marginalized groups. This approach allowed the researchers to critically examine findings, amplifying the experiences and voices of those on the margins rather than relying solely on dominant societal narratives. It asserted that the everyday experiences of women often overlooked warranted serious study.When the initial idea for this article took shape, we began with non-participatory observation by visiting pages that shared content about menstruation and women's bodies. I actively engaged with these pages through likes and comments, collecting a wealth of information, screenshots, and field notes. Gradually, we transitioned from an observer to an active participant by sharing posts and question boxes related to menstruation on our private Instagram pages. We then selected participants from our followers and those we followed. All participants were women, who had experienced menstruation, were active on Instagram, and were willing to discuss the topic.Participants were initially selected through purposeful and convenience sampling followed by snowball sampling. This process continued until theoretical saturation was reached, ensuring that no new categories emerged and theoretical sufficiency was achieved. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 individuals, who also identified Instagram pages, such as Mahsa Mousavi (a midwifery page), Zagah, Nabat Etemad, Farank Amidi, and Levva.Pharma, as valuable sources of information on menstruation. Additionally, screenshots were randomly collected from posts or stories by popular bloggers discussing the topic.To validate the results, 6 participants were given their interview transcripts for review. After receiving their approval, the analysis process was discussed with two methodology experts. Subsequently, using triangulation, the codes derived from the analysis were reviewed by specialists, yielding consistent results. The interviews were carefully transcribed and incorporated into the text. Given the qualitative nature of this research, the findings were context-specific, while different outcomes might emerge in other settings with different participants.

We analyzed the social experiences of our participants, each of which, while unique, shared commonalities with others. Despite their differences, these experiences were shaped by patriarchal structures. Utilizing feminist ethnography and Charmaz grounded theory, this research provided a critical exploration of women’s experiences related to menstruation. The aim was to amplify the voices of women whose life experiences—such as housework, cooking, menstruation, and breastfeeding—were often dismissed as insignificant. Each woman’s story served as the foundation for this analysis.The central category identified was "menstruation as a social construct", which encompassed 8 main subcategories: menstruation as "becoming a woman", discovery of menstruation, women’s social life during menstruation, digitalization of menstruation awareness, presence or absence of legal support, menstruation as a social taboo, menstruation as a source of social shame, and men's encounters with women’s menstruation. These categories emerged from the contributions of women active on Instagram.The experience, perception, and acceptance of menstruation are influenced not only by biological factors, but also by social, cultural, and historical contexts. Attitudes toward menstruation vary across cultures shaped by social norms and power structures that can evolve over time. Women’s resistance to restrictive discourses manifests in awareness-raising efforts, open discussions about menstruation, participation in social movements that challenge taboos, and advocacy for healthcare rights. Understanding menstruation as a social construct is crucial for addressing related inequalities. By increasing awareness and providing appropriate education, we can enhance women’s understanding and experiences of menstruation, transforming it into a more positive and constructive process.In this study, participants shared how taboos and misconceptions surrounding menstruation had adversely affected women. Religious and traditional beliefs, the role of family, the educational system, and mass media had all contributed to reinforcing these taboos. However, the silence surrounding menstruation was gradually being broken through discussions on platforms like Instagram. In this space, women learned to observe their bodies, ask questions, and engage constructively with their own experiences. As this discursive space evolves, menstruation is continually reconstructed by a new generation of women. Understanding menstruation as a social construct allows us to recognize how women's bodies are shaped by power dynamics, resistance, and gender norms. Instagram serves as a platform for re(constructing) the menstrual experience, enabling individuals to redefine their own narratives, challenge gender taboos, and create an environment conducive to changing negative norms and attitudes.By employing Foucault’s concept of bio-power and Kristeva’s notion of abjection, this study illustrated how social and cultural systems influenced women’s bodies and how their experiences of menstruation were reflected in both social and digital spaces like Instagram. The research revealed the diversity and depth of women’s experiences in confronting menstruation-related taboos and stigmas, offering a more nuanced understanding of the subject. Menstruation was not merely a biological process; it was intertwined with social, cultural, political, and economic structures. Through sharing their experiences, women were transforming the narrative around menstruation, breaking the stigma, and paving the way for a more informed, open, and compassionate society where women could discuss their issues freely, without fear or shame.

Art is a fundamental component of the culture of a society, and its motifs can serve as a reflection of the society’s cultural, social, political, and economic status. In this investigation, the text of Mohammad Yaghoubi’s drama “Drought and Lie” from the 2000s serves as the data for analysis. The purpose of this research is to study the concept of gender in the aforementioned text in order to identify the manner in which this concept is generated or perpetuated within the context of the social conditions of Iran in the 2000s. Ruth Wodak’s discourse-historical approach has been selected in the research methodology section. The research results indicate that the drama “Drought and Lie” presents the definition of gender and gender roles in a state that is between the traditional official dominant discourse and the modern discourse (as the rival discourse), which was established in the 2000s, by employing the historical-social horizons of the era and utilizing Wodak’s fivefold strategies to analyze the linguistic aspects of words, phrases, and key contents of the text. The final conclusion posits that the author of the drama “Drought and Lie” has effectively conveyed the position of Iran's transitional society toward modernity in the 2000s, as well as the repercussions of cultural changes in the private sphere of family and marital relations.

In this research, the study of gender in Iranian women's international migrations has been studied in the interpretive paradigm and the qualitative methodology of Grounded Theory. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with independent immigrant Iranian women living in Western developed countries, using snowball sampling. Theoretical saturation was reached after 15 interviews. The core category was 'femininity and closure' and the causal conditions governing the core category were 'patriarchy, women and feelings of insecurity, gender restrictions, gender stereotypes and social exclusion of women'. The participants' strategy against the core category was "liberation from institutionalized patriarchy". The findings show that the social context and the intervening factors, shaped the confrontation between female agency with male structures in Iran, which influenced women’s migration strategy. The women migrated to seek more opportunities for their femininity and self-realization. The research findings indicate that gender as a social and cultural construct is closely linked to women's migration process. 

Iran has witnessed a significant increase in the share of women migrants since 2015. However, migration studies in Iran, have largely overlooked the growing and independent participation of women in these movements. This research aims to answer the following question: what are the conditions and platforms that enable independent international migration among Iranian women? 

This study used a qualitative approach and collected data through in-depth interview technique and grounded theory technique. The study participants were Iranian women who migrated independently and resided in developed western countries. The data collection was done using semi-structured in-depth interview and non-probability purposive sampling based on snowball method. 

Through continuous comparison of the data, 523 quotations were extracted. 106 concepts or open codes emerged from these quotations in the open coding stage. After reviewing the data and comparing the concepts repeatedly, 14 categories were extracted. These categories were categorized as causal conditions, intervening factors, background factors, strategy and consequence in the central and selective coding stages. The main categories of the research are shown in Table 1.Table 1: The categories extracted from qualitative data analysisThe Nature of categoriesThe main categoriesCore category Casual condition  Patriarchy     Femininity and closure Woman and insecurityGender stereotypesGender-based deprivationsSocial exclusion of women Contextual conditionthe instability of Iran's general situationideological hegemonylack of meritocracyacademic inefficiencyIntervening conditionsimmigration networkUniversity as launch padStrategyliberation from institutionalized patriarchyConsequencedisembedded and migration 

The findings indicate that female gender, along with economic, political and ideological categories, as well as dissatisfaction with the administrative system and the academic institution, influenced the migration and disembedding process of these women.In their narratives, most of these independent women migrants to Western industrialized countries have talked about the prominent role of categories associated with female gender in shaping their migration. These categories have been identified under the headings of patriarchy, women and the sense of insecurity, gender-related stereotypes, gender-based deprivation and social exclusion of women, which, together with economic and political instability, ideological hegemony, lack of meritocracy and dissatisfaction with the institution of the university, motivated these women to migrate to Western developed countries.The migration network, as the communication links with abroad, and the university platform as an environment that introduces people to the outside world and its facilities and opportunities, also facilitated their migration. In other words, the confrontation of female agency with male structures under the influence of background conditions and intervening factors led to the migration of the participants, which can be called "emergency-based selection" or "forced selection".Based on the results of this study, to reduce the outflow of women's migration, it is recommended that the political institutions should try to weaken the patriarchal system that dominates the various domains of women's lives. They should also create the conditions for the participation and recognition of more women in different sectors of society and reduce the gender gap in the country. AcknowledgmentsThis article is based on the doctoral dissertation of the first author in the field of sociology, completed at the Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences of Shiraz University. The authors appreciate the participants in the interviews of the research and the anonymous reviewers of the present paper for their constructive feedbacks.

The purpose of the current research is to qualitatively analyze the early child marriage experiences of married teenage students in secondary school in Maimand city. This study is part of the interpretive paradigm and its nature is qualitative, and it was conducted with the method of grounded theory with the approach of Strauss and Corbin. First, through purposive sampling and then theoretical sampling, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 students of the first and second high schools who got married at the age of less than eighteen years. Simultaneously with data collection, coding and analysis of findings were done. The findings include: 62 sub themes; The 12 main themes and central theme are under the title of early child marriage as "lack of voice and agency" of female students. The results of this research showed that in the traditional and tribal context where girls live and under the intervening conditions of identity crisis during adolescence, early child marriage occurs at school ages. The causal conditions that play a role in the occurrence of this phenomenon are: patriarchy, economic problems and poverty, and the chaotic environment of the girl's family. The actions that were presented in response to the phenomenon of early child marriage include: sexual experience, academic challenges, mother's child, domestic violence, and psychological effects. The consequences of early child marriage have also occurred in the form of disordered married life and divorce at teenage ages.

Rational action towards the peace and comfort of people's lives is closely related to sports; As an important sports factor, aerobics can make an important contribution in expanding and strengthening rational action. This research has investigated the effect of aerobic exercise with the rational action of women present in sports clubs in Tehran. Rational action has been investigated based on the theory of rational action by Eisen and Fishbein (1986) and aerobic exercise based on the theory of athletic motivation by Leiter et al. (2008). This research has a quantitative approach and descriptive-correlation strategy. The studied population was women between the ages of 25 and 40, active in sports clubs in Tehran. The researcher selected 60 women using the purposeful sampling method. The reliability coefficient for the variables of aerobic exercise and rational action were determined as 0.89 and 0.74 respectively, and convergent validity was determined as 0.52 and 0.44 respectively. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the hypotheses using SPSS software. The findings showed that lack of motivation has no significant effect on the rational action of women in Tehran. The internal motivation variable of rational interaction has a significant effect. The external regulator has a significant effect on the rational action of women in Tehran. Mixed regulation does not have a significant effect on the rational action of women in Tehran. Self-accepting regulation has a significant effect on the rational action of women in Tehran. The internalized regulation has a significant effect on the rational action of women in Tehran. By creating internal motivation, external regulator, mixed regulation, self-sustaining regulation, introjected regulation, the rational action of women can be strengthened.

Suicide and attempted suicide have been declared significant public health and an antisocial behavioral issue at the World Health Organization (WHO) Summit in 1996. In addition to personal and family losses, this phenomenon is also considered a social loss. Suicide attempts aim to consciously harm oneself when he/she becomes more anxious, aggressive, and incapable of communicating socially. According to the definition provided by WHO, suicide attempt is an activity, in which a person intentionally and without the intervention of others performs an unusual behavior, such as doing self-harm or eating a substance more than the amount prescribed for treatment and aims to achieve the changes he/she expects. The rate of suicide attempts is 10-40 times higher than suicide that leads to death, while this rate is increasing due to the complexity of interactions and communications in all human societies. Although suicide attempt is as old as human life, what has made it a problem today is a significant increase in suicide statistics, which has turned it from a personal anomaly into a social problem. Due to the condemnation of suicide in some societies, access to accurate statistics is complex and the actual number of suicide cases is not usually reported in official statistics. However, in most countries where information is available, suicide is among the top 10 causes of death in all years of life. In some countries, suicide is one of the first 3 causes of death between the ages of 15 and 34 (Hosseini, 1999: 138). The published statistics suggest that suicide is more than an individual anomaly and has become a complex social problem. If we consider any social harm as a social germ, it can be said that each embryo occurs only in an environment where it is possible to grow and grow. Therefore, it seems that this damage is also in a society where It can manifest and grow in family, social, and economic contexts, etc.. Consequently, it is necessary to process research in this field to accurately and comprehensively understand this problem and provide practical and valuable solutions and treatments.

This study aimed to identify the causes and consequences of suicide in the semantic system of suicidal women. The method used to achieve the above goal was based on the grounded theory. The statistical population consisted of 18 self-immolated women, who were hospitalized in Imam Musa Kazem Burn Hospital in Isfahan selected by purposeful and theoretical sampling. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed by the triple coding technique. The results comprised 16 concepts, based on which 6 main categories emerged: violence, incompatibility and marital conflict, lack of socioeconomic capital, disagreement in the kinship network, drug abuse, and social isolation. By combining the mentioned types, "women's inability" was identified as the main category.

The theoretical and empirical data showed that the issue of women's powerless and critical inability and the attempt to empower themselves was among the essential factors in creating and perpetuating violence in families. Violence against women is more than just a private matter and is rooted in the depths of cultural and social practices. Social, economic, and legal affiliation has historically put women in an inferior position, making them vulnerable to male violence. Therefore, increasing women's power and empowering them in all aspects can be essential for eliminating domestic violence. There are also several factors involved in creating marital conflicts, including imposed marriages and disinterality in spouses, ongoing family disputes, misunderstanding, depression, and mental disorders resulting from family problems and diseases. Of course, it should be noted that depression can be both the cause and effect of incompatibility and family disputes. Also, lack of communication skills, such as effective dialogue, problem-solving, and confrontation skills, should be added to these factors.In addition, economic problems, such as poverty, unemployment, and low incomes, exacerbate and strengthen family disputes. Financial pressures reduce people's resilience and thus increase family conflicts. On the other hand, being deprived of socialcapital as an indicator of family support causes feelings of insecurity, frustration, and incompatibility with the existing conditions during being involved in the problems.Disagreement in the kinship network is another vital factor for differences between couples. The findings showed that most of the subjects not only did not express the role of family positively when their family disputes occurred, but also stated that their families had exacerbated the differences between them with their wrong solutions and suggestions. The cultural and social status of some countries, including Iran, is such that there is a great deal of dependence between the prominent family and thesubordinate family (after children’s marriage). Although the prominent family can effectively support the subordinate family, its misplaced involvement sometimes may lead to family problems.Subculture of drug use was one of the other categories of this study. Women, who have addicted spouses, have many problems both socially and in terms of personality and family. Psychological nature and issues of communication with others, lack of anger management, communication disturbances, revelation of anger and violence, reprehensible and degrading treatment of society family, lack of social support, and uncertainty about legal protection of women with addicted spouses are among the most critical social issues of women with addicted spouses (Mohammadifar et al., 2010). Another major complication of a husband's addiction is women’s suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. In this study, husband's addiction and behaviors were the essential factors in several women’s suicide attempts. It can be said that living with an addicted spouse as an abnormal social factor provides the ground for several problems, while women's resilience decreases and their suicide attempts increase with the continuation of this situation.Finally, several factors are involved in isolated individuals, especially women. These factors include violence, deprivation of an efficient support network, wife addiction, imposed marriage, family disputes and conflicts, inappropriate patterns of action in the kinship network, etc. With the continuation of these conditions, the person feels helpless and finds himself/herself without a supporter. Instead of solving the problem, he/she tries to remove the face of the problem and finally attempts to commit suicide as the only way of escaping from human suffering.In this study, there was a strong bond between the extracted categories and the lack of empowerment among female victims. Violence, marital incompatibility, imposed marriage, and involvement of those around them were clear signs of the women's inability to manage their lives. These factors stemmed from the women's disability and lack of independence. Lack of agency as an essential element of empowerment had deprived the women from any choices and turned them into biological and unproductive beings, who had to finally embrace destiny. The right to have education, employment, acceptance, and collective support for this situation, which is subject to the first element of equity, i.e. resources, was also evident in some other categories. Being illiterate or not having primary education, as well as housekeeping (non-employment) had no consequence other than lack of awareness, poverty, and lack of support from families. In such a situation, the women were unwittingly possessed and merely transformed into service recipients. In addition, wife addiction and depression were also related to the women's inability. When a person lacks independence, he/she has no choice or has no control over the situation; he/she cannot naturally fall from the trap of high-risk spaces. In such circumstances, the victim inevitably experienced Gautagoni's methods of isolation and depression because he/she did not see a way out of the resulting situation and thus tries to eliminate the problem by inflicting self-harm.In the meantime, there could remain only one way: sacrifice. Suicide was the ultimate choice for the women in such a situation with tpurposes first, escaping the adversity of life and, in a sense, detaching from the world and second, deadly flipping those around for change.

The family, like other social institutions, may experience many problems over time. One of the issues related to this institution is the phenomenon of "work-family conflict". Due to the existence of a suitable background, the main purpose of this study is to review and critique the studies done in the country focusing on this issue. For this purpose, relying on a systematic review method, 20 scientific-research articles published in the period of 2010-2011 were selected from two databases. The results of the research after reviewing the articles on the two axis of methodology showed that most of the researches emphasized the role of social factors at the micro and middle levels as factors affecting this phenomenon. Other results showed that the studies have suffered from inattention to the type of jobs and their mechanism of action, repeated previous indicators and obvious inattention to the use of combined and qualitative approaches in the study of this issue. However, achieving some of the most important causes and factors affecting the creation and continuation of this phenomenon can help those experts in the field of employment and family in planning and adopting optimal policies to solve this issue

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases that could lead to cervical cancer. The current study aimed to assess the awareness of young girls about HPV and the relevant current sources of information about HPV. The present work also investigated the social factors related to young girls’ awareness of HPV. Methodologically, this was a cross-sectional study. The sample population was 303 single girls living in Shiraz, Iran. We used quota sampling. The data collection was carried out during October to November 2018. Data gathering tool included a two-part questionnaire: demographic information and HPV awareness measurement questionnaire. The validity of HPV awareness measurement questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was also assessed with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.942. We analyzed the data via descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS version 21. The findings of the present research showed that the participants’ mean awareness of HPV was 5.84 out of 23. A total of 48.5% of the respondents had information about HPV prior to this study, among which the awareness score was 10.12. There was a significant relationship between education level (p <0.001), monthly income, type of occupation (p <0.001), and field of study (p <0.001) with HPV awareness. Considering low awareness of girls about HPV, cultural, health, and governmental institutions, as well as non-profit organizations, need to make efforts to educate and inform the public about HPV and its transmission routes, which may result in the reduction of HPV-related diseases, including cervical cancer.

Infertility is one of the factors affecting the quality of women’s life. Infertility, as a kind of social mark, is more than just a medical diagnosis. The present study focuses on the quality of women’s life in infertile families and examines socio-cultural factors affecting the women’s life quality. In this study, using a survey method and a WHO life quality standard questionnaire, 400 women have been selected from infertile families referring to infertility centers on various reasons (female, male, both unknown and unknown) through simple random sampling method. The results showed that the factors of responsive age, household income, religiosity, general health and expectation were related to women’s life quality in infertile families. An explanation of the dependent variable in terms of the sum of the independent variables indicated that general health, religiosity and expectation were the strongest predictors of infertile women's life quality and accounted for 0.48% of the changes in the variance of the dependent variable.

The aim of this study was to study and understand the life experience of women of a disordered family in the process of addiction.

In this study, qualitative methodology and contextual theory method were used. Participants in this study were 25 women from South Khorasan who were in the stage of addiction withdrawal. Sampling was performed based on purposive and theoretical sampling. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and continued until the stage of theoretical saturation.

The results of data analysis were the achievement of five central categories and one core category. The central categories were: the unstable foundation of the family and the production of fundamental challenges, suffocation in the family and entanglement in the grip of all kinds of constraints and algebras, family breakdown and the desire for disintegration, rejection and deprivation in the family as the strategies of family punishment and isolation learning in the family. The core category of the research was: addiction in the context of the disordered family.

Based on the results of the study, it can be said that broken social relationships and social pressures in the family, along with conditions such as dropout and low level of education, compulsion to choose a spouse and experience failure and frustration in family life have multifaceted links with womenchr('39')s addiction.

this paper uses the critical sociology approach to explores how to generate symbolic domination against women at the level of personal, family, and social interactions, and reproductive symbolic domination at the family level, social structures and institutions that provided the basis for women's disabling and gender socialization. In order to achieve this goal, the critical ethnographic method for conducting research activities, the deep and semi-structured interview technique for data collection and its method analysis for analyzing the data has been used. The interviewees included 50 Dehdasht resident women who were selected based on purposeful sampling and according to theoretical Research findings include thematic networks: generating gender stereotypes and reproducing symbolic domination. The results show that symbolic domination of women is based on the social structure of patriarchy and its gendered stereotypes influenced by individual interactions (Women's self-censorship, negative self-concept and and concentrate on body management), family interactions (marital living experience, control, social validity, and domestic work sharing). And social interactions (social exclusion of women and educational and occupational discrimination). Reproduction of domination is achieved at the level of internalization of domination, , domination structural barriers, and cultural marginalization of women. "The role of tribal nervousness and historical patriarchy in the production and reproduction of symbolic domination against women" is the core issue.

Conclusion of prior research and narrative of participant confirmed the incorrect of wife selection in process of divorce. Because the first stage of family is the wife selection, and most of the divorcees for the reason of this incorrect selection of wife, so, this research with qualitative methodology and with approach of grounded theory and conservation with 14 divorced men's in Gachsaran city. Based of narrative of participant men of this research, three category "situation of inconvenient of marriage, heterogeneity, and paradigm of unsuitable of wife selection" as a contexts and reason for in correct wife selection. Men's of this research in situation that in constraint  of social pressure  and limited, and don’t have time for knowing their wife, and in spite of don’t love each others, and don’t have suitable situation for marriage, selected person for marriage that heterogeneity with property of special, familial, and socially of them. Thus, could tell that "if the selection of wife is incorrect, context of divorce in family's increase".

The increasing tendency of women towards the traditional and complementary medicine shows the changes taking place nowadays. The present study has been carried out with the aim of studying the factors related to the women’s use of traditional and complementary medicine.

 This was an analytical and a cross-sectional study in which 464 women who visited six non-conventional medical centers and gave   their consent were studied using complete enumeration method. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed and analyzed through SPSS software. The Andersen Socio-behavioral healthcare utilization model was selected as the theoretical model.

 Based on the theoretical model, the factors related to the use of traditional and complementary medicine were studied in three categories namely predisposing factors, enabling factors, and needs. The results showed that the variables such as job status, attitude toward the traditional and complementary medicine, social networks, and access to traditional and complementary medicine have a positive and significant correlation with the use of traditional and complementary medicine.

 The key factors related to the use of traditional and complementary medicine were predisposing factors like social networks and positive attitude toward the traditional and complementary medicine, and enabling factors like job status and access to traditional and complementary medicine. Since the findings of the present study show no correlation between many demographic factors and the use of traditional and complementary medicine, for future studies it is better to focus on other social and cultural factors related to the use of traditional and complementary medicine.

Plastic surgery intended to beautify has emerged along with modernity. It becomes one of the social norms by majority acceptance and it is considered as one of the individual daily concerns, particularly among women. In this research, it is stressed on the necessity of studying the psychological reasons women; tend to cosmetic surgery.
This study is a survey and the data collection tool are standard Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire (SES) and self-image questions based on Schilder theory that are filled by 400 people of women living in Shiraz in 1394. Then collected data was analyzed through SPSS16 software by logistic regression, chi-squared test and phi Cramer. The sampling was geographical cluster multistage. With the help of the urban block map, areas were randomly selected and questionnaires were given to the respondents at their homes.
It is found that there is a meaningful relationship between the studied depended variable and income, age and education. A significant relationship between marital status and the rate of cosmetic surgery has been also confirmed.
The existing meaningful relationship between married status and the rate of trend toward cosmetic surgery is denied. The significant relationship between employment and trend rates toward cosmetic surgery is rejected. By increasing the rate of self-esteem and satisfaction of physical image, trend to cosmetic surgery decreases
Modernity has provided a different conditions from before for everyone. It has given the power of choice and power of change to people including changes in body. In this research, which aims to study psychological factors affecting women tendency to cosmetic surgery, the findings are consistent with theoretical social psychology written in this study. But with the recent changes, some thinkers Considered, being a woman is high-risk in this period and they believe that the female body which is approved by others will be defined in a risky culture.

High rate of unintended pregnancies in Iran is one of problems in family planning. The main goal of this study was to determine the rate of unintended pregnancies and to examine factors among married women in Shiraz City, Iran. It also discusses the possible effects of new population policies on the rate of unintended pregnancy.
In this quantitative and survey study, data were collected by researcher-made questionnaire with interviewer from 400 pregnant women in Shiraz City referred to public and private health centers for prenatal care in 2013. Data were analyzed by SPSS both descriptively and analytically.
Overall, 17% of total pregnancies were unintended. The highest rate occurred among couples whose level of education was under diploma. In addition, women above 39 yr old experienced a higher rate of unintended pregnancy. The most popular methods were pills, withdrawal, and condom. The highest rate of unintended pregnancy was related to withdrawal. Knowledge about modern contraceptives particularly emergency contraceptives was low. Age, residence place, use of traditional contraception methods, knowledge about contraceptives, fear of side effects and couple agreement on contraception method were the main predictors of unintended pregnancy.
There is still unmet need in family planning. The main predictors of unintended pregnancies are high prevalence of traditional contraception methods and insufficient knowledge about modern contraception methods. Policymakers should pay more attention to these issues. Furthermore, although Iranian policy makers are worried about low fertility, they need to be aware that new population policy through restriction of access to family planning services is effective, but also may exacerbate the problem by leading to a higher chance of unintended pregnancy.

Bacground And Aim: increase of infidelity in social, had many consequences, that at least its consequence, is dispersion of families. Objective of this study is exploring of the process of forming of infidelity from perspective divorced mens.
researcher for this object used methodology of grounded theory. By using of purposeful sampling, participant of this research is composed of 16 divorced men's in gachcaran city.
result of this research extracted in frame of 3 main category "in adaptation sexual – emotional men whit women, social – cultural structure that preparing sexual dissatisfaction men and women, and incorrect wife selection" and 1 core category : meta coupling relation: latent
according to the narrative of the participants, their wife selection, or was in constraint circumstance or for instrumental using. In the most of their marriage, the men's had high age difference with their womens. so, at the start, they don’t love each other. Thus they don’t abolish their sexual – emotional needs of each other. For the reason of taboo of speaking about the quality of sexual relation in families, the women's couldnt express their real needs about the quality of satisfaction sexual relation with their husband. This circumstance prepared the dissatisfaction contextual in families. Women in this circumstance with the doing of meta couple relation with the latent expressed their apposed to the real circumstance in their families.

The aim of the paper is to estimate the prevalence and factors associated to health promoting lifestyles with emphasis investigate gender differences among older adults. The participants of this study consisted of 400 elderly males and females (aged 60 years and more) from Shiraz city, who chosen by proportional stratified-sampling method.
Binary analysis showed gender predicts significantly scores of four of six health-promoting lifestyle subs-cales. In fact, we found out that females had higher scores of health responsibility and interpersonal relations than males, and vis-a-vis males had higher scores of physical activity and stress management than females. But, that there was no significant difference between gender and scores of two subscales; nutrition and spiritual growth. For overall health-promoting lifestyle, binary analysis showed males has higher score than females, although this result wasn’t statistically significant. Multivariate analysis (MCA) showed health promoting lifestyle score were positively associated with female gender. In fact, controlling for socio-economic variables (such as age, education, Occupation, income, living arrangement, self-efficacy, and so on), we found significant difference in health promoting lifestyle between men and women, with women having higher mean score. Overall, Apart from biological differences between women and men, social conditions and inequality result to unfair healthy behaviors outcome among men and women.

Many of health system services are done in clinical counseling. A patient’s expectation of clinical consultation and physician office visits is to obtain diagnostic-remedial results, while such an expectation can be fulfilled only through an active relationship between the doctor and the patient. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of doctor- patient interaction in an educational clinic in southern Iran. This is a conversation analysis based on critical approach. So, 33 clinical consultations were analyzed critically. Results showed that paternalistic model is the overall pattern in consultations. This leads to limitation of the patients’ opportunity to participate in their diagnosis and treatment. Powers’ asymmetrical relations lead to conditions in which physicians determine the clinical counseling process. Also, physicians determine the subject of consultation in the counseling period. In this situation, the patients’ concerns were ignored. This ignorance leads to the patients’ suppression in problematic situations. The main point is that the clinical counseling occurs in one general contract that is unwritten but has been known for the two sides of interaction. Clinical counseling can be an active consultation when it included the symmetrical distribution of power and the patient has an active participation in the consultation. Therefore, the new patient-centered approaches can be an appropriate model for access to a type of consultation based on symmetrical power distribution between physician and patient.

This study aimed at investigating the relation between "parent's level of religiosity" and "their violent behavior towards their children" which was conducted in Shiraz applying measurement approach. To conduct this research, 384 members were chosen among high school students and their parents applying Kokran formula cluster sampling. The mediums of research were "The Measure of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ, (Bernstein, 1995)" and "The Measure of Gelak and Stark taken from Seraj Zadeh, 1377". The result clearly proved a remarkable relationship between parent's level of religiosity and their violent behavior towards children. It was also proved that there is noteworthy negative correlation between "belief and emotional aspect of religiosity" and "parent's violent behavior towards children", but there is no relation between "ritualistic and consequential aspect of religiosity" and " parent's violent behavior towards children".

Religiosity and adherence to the principles and values of families and religious factors decrease the domestic violence towards children in families. This study investigates the relationship between religiosity, parental violence toward children in Ahvaz. The study population consisted of all boys and girls (high school students) and their parents. By multi-stage cluster sampling method, 384 were selected as sample. In this study, two questionnaires, the measure of childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (Bernsterin, 1995) and the scale adoption of Stark (1988), were used respectively. For data analysis, statistical indicators, standard deviation and regression analysis were performed. According to the study, the overall dimensions of religiosity, parental violence toward children, there was a significant relationship. The results showed that among the religious rituals and the consequences of violence, significant correlations were observed. The results of this study indicate that the level of parental religiosity of domestic violence (physical, emotional, neglect) there was a significant relationship between the parents and children. The multiple regressions showed that the variables most affected by religious conviction have domestic violence towards children. According to the findings, it needs to pay more attention to families for planning and teaching of religion in the family and society.

The expansion of urbanization on the one hand, the phenomenon of the formation and expansion of urban space and urban social pathologies, on the other hand, have caused congestion and excessive population density and activity in the city. Interconnectedness and the density of the population have increased social anomalies, such as domestic violence. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between residential status of slum-dwellers with domestic violence against children. Research population consisted of all high school student's households in the slums of Ahvaz, of which, using multistage cluster random sampling technique, 384 persons were chosen as the sample. To gather data on each of the variables in this study, a questionnaire containing Likert type questions were used. Bernstein (1995) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), was used to collect data on violence against children. To test relationships among variables, Pearson correlation coefficient, the T-test, and regression analysis were used. The results of data analysis showed that violence against children was significantly correlated with residential status (F=7.89), socio- economic status (F=18.81), and parent's addiction (t=8.6). There was no significant relationship slum-dweller's ethnicity and violence against children. Generally speaking, more serious attention needs to paid by officials and the families to this issue so that it can be controlled, reduced, hopefully prevented altogether.

a pervasive phenomenon of globalization as a result of changes that all human societies and institutions has made it a challenge. All dimensional aspects of human life are involved in this process and affected by it. Family and unmatched role as a mother is no exception to this rule and has experienced changes and developments. This research by using the Water's theory is trying to drag crisis and its impact of globalization on the role of motherhood in a documental way. Based on this research today in the process of globalization there are various crisis on Motherhood. As the globalization develop some thoughts and beliefs in the field of gender and gender roles, family and the position of the mother suffered from serious problems and it has a crisis line. The present research by a critical view is talking about the process of globalization and it's affects on motherhood over the three aspects of this process (the position of structural, cultural and political dimensions), by showing especial elements of each of these dimensions and their relationship on the mother's role in world.

The research aims to study the related context factors with structure of power in family. The method by which this research has been done is survey and the data has been collected through the inquiry from a sample size of 600 women in shiraz through Quota _ Classification.The instrument of data collection sampling is questioner. Our research is based on resource theory. Structure of power has 3 dimensions, including decision – Making areas, construction of power relations and way of power impose. The findings indicate that there isnt any significant correlation between two independent variables include age of women's marriage and local of residence. Also long of marriage is effected by decision – making areas and way of power impose. There is a significant difference between two independent variables including the difference of husband age and academic educations with decision – making areas. Also there is a meaningful relation between way of power impose and situation of job.

The examination of the relationship between gender and feeling of public security of the youths of Shiraz and Yasuj city is the main goal of this paper. The quantitative method is used to collect the necessary data for this study. In general, there are two perspectives to the relationship between gender and feeling of security: essentialists and minimalists. Essentialists believe that men and women have intrinsic¬ differences in emotional and behavioral characteristics (emphasis on sex). In contrast, minimalists put focus on the economic structures and social and cultural specialties that lead to the relative superiority of men over women (emphasis on gender). In addition, they emphasize the intra- gender differences rather than inter- gender ones. The result of this research reflects the importance of both sex and gender in security studies. It means that, women, in general, have lower feeling of social security than men in each three comparative conditions in Shiraz, Yasuj and together (i.e.sex effect). But, in other dimensions of feeling of social security, social- cultural differences of two cities have more determinant effects on amount of feeling of social security than sex differences (especially in political dimension of security).

This study examines the relationship between migration and power structure in Larian labour families. The research method for conducting this study is fieldwork research, and the technique of data collection is self- administration questionnaire, using face to face interviews. The sample size of this research was 570 women. 285 ones were selected amongwomen whose husbands were labor migrants and 285 women whose husbands were employed in the city of Lar, Iran. The findings show that there is a small difference regarding women's power in migrant familiesy and those whose husbands live in Lar. The linear regression shows that there is a relationship between husbands' migration and women's power. This value increases with regard to the duration of the husband's absence.