hamidreza ansari

The complexities inherent in the participatory design process necessitate that designers acquire a diverse range of specialized skills to engage effectively and meaningfully with their peers. These essential skills encompass not only visionary capabilities that enable designers to conceptualize innovative solutions but also a nuanced and comprehensive understanding of various architectural issues and challenges that may arise during collaboration. To gain deeper insights into these vital skills, it is imperative to explore and critically analyze existing research on participatory architecture. This exploration will involve synthesizing the main concepts, theories, and findings presented in the literature, thereby providing a clearer understanding of the competencies required for successful collaboration in architectural design. By delving into these scholarly works, designers can better equip themselves with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the complexities of participatory environments, ultimately enhancing their effectiveness and contributions to collective projects. This study aims to identify and categorize existing research focused on the cognitive skills required by architects in participatory contexts, define participatory architecture as it pertains to these cognitive skills, and outline the specific cognitive skills necessary for architects involved in participatory processes. Employing a qualitative review methodology, relevant studies were collected and categorized, followed by thematic analysis and coding. A keyword network was generated using VOS VIEWER software to illustrate the connections among various concepts, leading to the articulation of the cognitive requirements for architects in participatory settings. The findings reveal two primary categories of participation: engagement with fellow architects and interaction with the community, comprising six subgroups. Participatory architecture is defined as a narrative-driven dialogue among citizens aimed at generating new stories. Conceptual network analysis indicates that architects must possess a diverse array of cognitive characteristics to engage effectively in participatory processes. These characteristics include the ability to discover, interpret, and apply narrative and emotional dimensions related to key concepts such as the city, home, democracy, perception, and poverty. Architects should view the city as a complex web of cultural narratives and utilize the concept of "land" to connect with the historical and cultural roots of its inhabitants. Regarding the notion of home, architects must be sensitive to gender issues and the meanings of residential spaces while interpreting the physical impacts of residents and understanding the significance of place in informal settlements. In terms of democracy and rights, participatory architects should maintain a strong commitment to citizenship rights and equality, enabling them to resolve intergenerational conflicts and adapt to changing conditions. They must also facilitate dialogues that may be culturally or socially conflicting and decentralize established concepts. In the realm of perception, architects should grasp narratives and intertextual concepts within social contexts, connecting with the hidden layers of the social psyche while appreciating the importance of open structures and the notion of incompleteness in social arts. Finally, concerning poverty and deprivation, architects should engage in dialogues with marginalized communities and connect with narratives related to disability and the emotional needs of neglected users.

The participatory approach stands as a pivotal method in architectural design, highlighting user involvement in the process of building and shaping the environment. In this realm of extensive research, comprehending the breadth of existing literature becomes paramount. With the objective of deepening the understanding of participatory architecture and delineating a framework based on its principles, this study delves into articles spanning the field since 2010. The research focuses on delineating the thematic domains and objectives of these articles, elucidating the variables and concepts therein, and tracing their evolutionary trajectory. Articles are categorized into two overarching themes: critical concepts, encompassing definitions, social values, and historical contexts; and experimental-educational research, covering participation tools, education, social health, user needs, and heritage preservation. Content analysis reveals that articulating problems and strategies, exploring target demographics, assessing various scales, and elucidating core concepts emerge as predominant themes and variables. The primary problems driving participation often stem from inadequate urban and rural infrastructures, coupled with social and political challenges. Researchers employ a blend of anthropological and practical tools to address these issues, with crisis-affected individuals and socially vulnerable populations, notably those inhabiting urban slums, emerging as focal groups. Keyword network analysis identifies central themes of decentralization, marginalized communities, and environmental semantic potential, forming the bedrock of participatory discourse. These concepts, mapped over time, illustrate their evolving significance within the literature. Notably sub-concepts such as user identification, daily life, and cultural heritage exhibit notable growth in recent years. Drawing from the analysis of variables and concepts, the article delineates future trajectories for the field, emphasizing problem domains(e.g., bridging intergenerational divides, combatting discriminatory spaces), target demographics(e.g. racial and cultural minorities, war-affected populations), scales (e.g., design of everyday objects, rural open spaces),and tools (e.g. large-scale 3D printing, artificial intelligence), thus charting a course for future in participatory architecture researches.

Over time, from the mid-Qajar period to the first decade of the Pahlavi era, public and private spaces, the spatial hierarchies between these two, and their forms underwent transformations, leading to the emergence of a hybrid style. One of the spaces that has experienced such transformations is the threshold space. As both a concept and a physical structure, the threshold space can encompass a wide range of meanings connected to customs and culture, imbuing the space with distinctive qualities. The significance of threshold spaces lies in their accessibility to public spaces, their integration with private spaces, and their role in shaping the quality of the urban environment. Christopher Alexander, in his Nature of Order series, refers to this concept and highlights the importance of thresholds as a sophisticated architectural element.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the ground and first floors of residential areas in terms of their relationship with public spaces on the scale of buildings, as well as the connections between neighborhoods and buildings on the scale of streets. The study aims to align these findings with Christopher Alexander’s theories on thresholds. Accordingly, this research primarily focuses on threshold spaces and investigates the patterns between these two components based on Alexander’s theoretical framework.

The methodology of this research is qualitative. Data was collected through desk research, interviews, analysis of historical documents (e.g., records, maps, and photographs), personal observation, photography, mapping, and analysis of the current state of threshold spaces. The historical core of Babol city, located in Mazandaran Province, was selected as the case study for this research.

The findings reveal that, during the Qajar era, the hierarchical access to private spaces from urban public spaces, as well as the connections between residential neighborhoods, aligned with Christopher Alexander’s theory. Spatial arrangements were appropriate to and consistent with the customs, culture, and needs of the inhabitants, despite the influences of modernity on the architecture of that period.

In this article, a resistive acetone gas sensor with high sensitivity is fabricated. A a two-stage thermal hydrolysis reaction has been used to synthesize the sensitive Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) decorated with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3). Micro-scale silver Inter Digitated Electrodes (IDEs) made of silver have been deposited on alumina substrate which is resistant to high temperatures using optical lithography. The synthesis process includes functionalizing carbon nanotubes and then decorating them with iron oxide nanoparticles. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that iron oxide nanoparticles uniformly decorated the surface of carbon nanotubes. The synthesized nanostructures were tested under different concentrations of acetone gas and showed appropriate response and high sensitivity. The fabricated sensor showed excellent selectivity, good reproducibility, and satisfactory response and recovery times. Decorating carbon nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles increases the sensitivity and speed of the sensor. The proposed sensor exposed to 100 ppm of acetone gas at a temperature of 300 degrees Celsius results in a resistance change of nearly 38 times. The improved sensor performance is mainly related to the material structure and the p-n junction between the CNTs and the iron oxide nanoparticles.

The concept of "identity" has always been the subject of discussion in the articles and studies of this field as one of the most popular and debated topics of architecture and urban planning. However, the various readings and lack of understanding of this concept have led to some kind of confusion in policies and planning. It tries to answer the question that what are the alternative futures of the identity of architecture and urban planning in Iran.

This research was conducted as a fundamental research, in the tradition of qualitative research, with the benefit of theme analysis and then layered causal analysis (CIA) based on in-depth semi-structured interviews. For a deeper understanding of the participants' mentality, first by using the theme analysis method, the main and sub-themes were identified, and then by using the causal layer analysis method, by rereading the main and sub-themes, the main propositions in each classification layer and alternative images of the future have been calculated from the concept of identity.

The findings of the research show that the images of the future of identity in the mind of architects and urban planners consist of four main images: "Identity Sufficiency and Technology Durability", "Creating disaster and inevitable future", "Return to Purity", and "Wisdom and Creation of Obese Identity".

The results of the research show that four groups in the architecture and urban planning community of Iran will build the future of identity based on the four alternative images obtained. Because images, due to their power to direct will, are effective factors in shaping the future.

Since ancient times, gardens and literature have been intrinsically linked within Iran's cultural field. A substantial body of lyrical and prose works exists in which gardens appear in diverse forms and perspectives, symbolizing various themes and emotions. This comparative study aims to identify and analyze the portrayal of the Iranian garden in both ancient and modern poetry. Upon determining this imagery, the research seeks to outline the differences and similarities between these representations. This study adopts a qualitative approach, focusing on a deep understanding of garden components, analyzing conceptual metaphors, and the sense of spatial perception within the poems. The qualitative method involves carefully exploring the garden's elements, examining metaphorical mappings, and closely interpreting the spatial sensations conveyed in these poetic works. These elements collectively illuminate how the image of the garden is portrayed across classical and contemporary poetry. To conduct this research, 48 classical and contemporary poetry pieces were studied, with the selection criterion being the presence of the word "garden" in the poem's text and its potential to be perceived as a conceptual metaphor. The findings reveal that the garden's image has undergone notable changes in classical and contemporary Persian poetry, particularly concerning metaphorical mapping, the spatial perception of its elements, and the structure of its parts. The analysis is structured into four broad categories: (1) garden elements, including components, descriptive aspects, and functional applications; (2) description of these elements as natural, artificial, intangible, or human components; (3) the poet's approach, which ranges from a detailed to a holistic perspective, and embraces both openness and ambiguity; and (4) the method of depicting garden imagery, whether through poetic visuals, structured garden forms, or symbolism. This transformation in the garden's depiction from classical to contemporary poetry reveals a significant shift in poetic expression. In classical Persian poetry, the garden is typically portrayed according to the traditional design of the Iranian garden, emphasizing continuity, clear structure, and harmony, representing a serene and balanced space. Conversely, in contemporary poetry, the garden diverges from this established form, breaking into fragmented and disjointed images that aim to create a powerful, immersive experience for the reader. This disintegration of the garden's form in contemporary poetry introduces a sense of disorder and complexity, moving away from the structured natural depiction found in classical poetry. In doing so, it challenges conventional ideals of beauty and tranquility associated with gardens, offering a new interpretation aligned with modern sensibilities.

Immunocompromised persons are very susceptible to fungal infections. It is desirable to treat pulmonary fungal infections with specific delivery of drugs to the lungs.

Zein nanoparticles containing fluconazole were prepared by anti-solvent method. Their physico-chemical properties were investigated. From the optimal formulation, dry powder was prepared with lactose or mannitol using spray drying and aerosolization characteristics of the dry powders were evaluated using Anderson's cascade impactor. Antifungal effect was investigated against candida albicans and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined. Cytotoxicity of free fluconazole, dry powder containing drug loaded nanoparticles, dry powder containing nanoparticles without drug was also evaluated against A549 cell line by MTT method.

The size of nanoparticles was in the range of 88.70 ± 1.35 to 226.90 ± 5.40 nm, and the percentage of loading efficiency was in the range of 57.58 ± 3.61 to 92.94 ± 0.34. In the prepared dry powder samples, all the powder samples had a high emitted dose percentage. Cytotoxicity test showed that in general none of the groups had significant cytotoxic effects even at the highest studied concentration.

Using lactose as carrier, can improve the aerodynamic properties of dry powder compared with mannitol. The prepared inhaled fluconazole powder has a suitable fine particle fraction % and a low median mass aerodynamic diameter and can be well deposited in the lung. In addition, powder containing fluconazole was safe and its effect was comparable with fluconazole.

The gap between the findings of environment-behavior studies and the actual design is a fact being observed by many professionalsnowadays. This research is an attempt to bring them closer to application by establishing a relationship between the qualitative features of the environment and the quantitative components of design. The case study is the organic context of Chizar neighborhood in Tehran. The typical qualitative methods of data collection in behavior sciences (observation and questionnaires) and the quantitative, software-assisted method of space syntax were used. Since the software analysis was done based on the location of houses, the result shows the existence of a relationship between residents’ behavior and their evaluation of the environmental characteristics of the neighborhood and the location-based syntactic components of their houses. Based on this survey, the neighborhood has extensive social interactions, active behavioral settings, and adequateenvironmental affordances. The correlation table between the components of space syntax as a variable group and the results of the questionnaire as another group including social interactions, behavioral settings, and environmental affordancespresents the main result of this study. This table shows that the results of the survey are strongly correlated with global integration, local integration, global mean depth, local total depth, connectivity, global choice, local choice, and local RA. These components can be used effectively in the study and design phasesof other similar neighborhoods or be used in the evaluation of pre-designs. The research also yields more results due to its holistic and exploratory nature. Some of the results that are inconsistent with those of previous studies, such as the negative correlation between integration and walking and the positive correlation of mean depth with walking and safetyhighlight the need for additionalresearch.

Architects use different media to represent and display their ideas. These media include a wide range of architectural volumetric models, hand drawings, verbal allegories, sketches and recently computer modeling. Among these media, hand drawings have always been important in architectural design and have played a pivotal role. This role has become more important in architecture since the Renaissance with the emergence of perspective. Before the spread of such drawings around the 15th to 17th centuries, drawing in architecture was common in previous periods. Until then, drawing was a tool for conversation and media between the employer and the architect. But after that, drawing is a tool for thinking and a tool for pre-designing, modifying and correcting the pre-construction form. It can be said that the methods of representation, image and perception of architecture have always had a reciprocal relationship with our perception of space and also with the spatial organization of architecture.So far, only a few studies have been done on architectural drawings and their relationship with the Iranian architectural organization of space. These few studies have focused more on the typology and classification of drawings left over from Islamic Architecture and have questioned their application in the Iranian architectural space organization. Iranian painters, especially after the Ilkhanate period, have represented architectural and urban spaces in paintings. Compared to the European perspective and tradition of drawings, Iranian painters represented architectural and urban spaces differently. Most of the research in the field of Iranian miniature has dealt with philosophical foundations, especially around the concept of the imaginal world, or the methods of representation in the form of analytical-aesthetic methods. The purpose of this study is to understand the structure of miniature representation. In this regard, it deals with two aspects of the content of representation and the way of representation of miniatures and analyzes them. The emphasis of the article is to find out how Iranian painters have portrayed the world around them.In this research, forty miniatures belonging to the Seljuk, Ilkhanid, Timurid and Safavid periods have been studied. This research can be considered as a historical study that uses an analytical-aesthetic method to discover how architecture is represented in Iranian miniatures. The findings of this study show that Iranian miniatures include three independent systems of architectural, landscape and behavioral representation. These systems overlap to form a miniature. Each of these three systems of representation has its own rules.The findings of this study show that the method of composing the page in a miniature follows three general principles: (a) organizing the general space with clear lines and framing (b) independent spaces and their collage (c) intensive space narration (collage of space units) and high horizon. This research showed that the way of representing the architectural effect in miniature includes (a) isometric or flat display of side surfaces, (b) special rules of displaying the floor and interior surfaces of the porch and (c) simultaneous display of interior and exterior of a building. These findings have been achieved by focusing on the architectural representation system.

The concept of design is associated with the notion of constraint as a limiting factor, and the search for the constraint in the design process is essential in design research. This study applies the ontological method to define the domain and scope of constraints, their classes and subclasses, and how to apply them. We concluded that there are two types of constraints in design: inside the designer’s mind or internal constraint and outside it or external constraint. Each of these is classified into two subclasses: internal constraints can be divided into deduced and subject constraints, and external constraints are categorised into imposed and intrinsic constraints. In the end, we proposed a model that shows that designers can identify, choose, manage, and even generate constraints in the design process to facilitate the restructuring of the design problem, which helps them solve the design problem.

Major bone defects, especially in long bones such as the femur, which can result from trauma, tumor, or bone infection, are among the most common injuries a person faces daily. This research presents a practical and accurate process for designing bone tissue engineering scaffolds to treat bone injuries. For this purpose, computed tomography-Scan images of the area related to the human femur were obtained. A bone defect caused by bone damage was made in the cortical and trabecular parts. Next, the outer surface of the damaged parts was designed with an ideal geometry. The design of the unit building cell of the internal structure of the scaffold was also done with simple cubic geometry. Finite element analysis was used to investigate the effect of porosity on the Young modulus of the unit cell. Finally, using the results of finite element analysis, a unit cell with an edge size of 0.972 mm and pore size of 0.6 mm was designed to reconstruct the cortical part, and a unit cell with an edge size of 0.972 mm and a strut thickness of 0.165 mm was designed to rebuild the trabecular part. The scaffold designed in this study has a geometry that matches the geometry of the damaged part in its ideal state and provides the necessary conditions for cell proliferation and diffusion of nutrients.

One of the most important issues for all investors, including individual and institutional investors in the stock market, is finding the optimal portfolio. Identifying the optimal portfolio in the stock market can be considered a two-objective optimization problem. This problem maximizes and minimizes the return and risk of the portfolio, respectively. Like other multi-objective optimization problems, the portfolio optimization problem can be solved by multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs). Accordingly, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm ( ) and Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm ( ), as the two advanced algorithms of multi-objective evolution algorithms, can be used to solve this problem. These algorithms identify the optimal solution by ranking and archiving solutions located on the Pareto frontier. The purpose of this research is to compare the performance of  and  in mean-variance and mean-semi-variance approaches to identify the optimal stock portfolio.

This research investigated 241 stocks enlisted on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). It was conducted within 174 months from September 2006 to March 2019. The researchers first identified the optimal portfolio using NSGAII and SPEA2 algorithms through two approaches including mean-variance and mean-semi-variance. Then, by conducting a statistical hypothesis test on the average Sharp ratio of extracted portfolios, the performance of NSGAII and SPEA2 algorithms were compared. To confirm the research findings, a robustness test was done by comparing the performance of the SPEA2 algorithm with the traditional Markowitz model. Also, to ensure the stability of research findings, the performance of two algorithms in the mean-variance and mean-semi variance approaches were compared with quarterly data ending March 2022.

According to the obtained results, the SPEA2 algorithm has better performance than the NSGAII algorithm in both approaches. Backtesting the real data for the quarter ending inMarch 2022 confirmed the findings of the present study. Also by doing robustness tests, the researchers found the SPEA2 algorithm as the superior algorithm in this research with better performance than Markowitz's basic model.

The results indicated that the 2 algorithm has better performance in selecting the optimal portfolio than the  algorithm in both the mean-variance and mean-semi variance approaches. Regardless of how the stock returns are distributed, this study recommends that individual and institutional investors use the SPEA2 algorithm to determine the optimal portfolio arrangement.

Tomb making is common in many cultures. Making of these tombs in each nation are unique based on their religions, rituals and traditions. This issue comes across a term called Mashhad that is sometimes referred to as a tomb and in other cases as a memorial. This article examines the issue in two parts: Theoretical research and Case-study. The first section deals with recognizing the content of Mashhad and examining its formal paradigm and examine issue based on the description of Robert Hillenbrand who regards Mashhad has both distinct paradigm: types of domes and nine domes. The focus of this research is to study the paradigm of nine domes shabestan and its relationship with Mashhad. The second part of this paper examines Haji Piyada mosque as a case study with a similar pattern. As well as function and examine the various theories surrounding this building based on historical analysis as a narration. The purpose of this study is explanation of structural-functional concepts of Mashhad and its relation to the Nine-Domes Shabestan. The research method is Interpretive-historical method and case study review. This article schemed three questions: 1) Functionally, what concepts of Mashhad application can be read? 2) What is the relation of the Nine-domes Shabestan and the concept of Mashhad, in addition its evolution and continuity? 3) As a case study: According to the historical-interpretation of Mashhad Haji Piyada Balkh, what is the relation of its Nine-Domes Shabestan to the concept of Mashhad?The results show that Mashhad not only is not just a tomb, but also it is a symbol and monument. As in many cases the symbolism is preceded of its pilgrimage feature. As well as many cases it is associated with nine domes shabestan. In this research two analyzes had exegesis: The first analysis refers to examples that from the beginning was idea plan for creating Mashhad and the second analysis refers to examples that for a variety of reasons, such as miracles and traditions in addition to their sacred existence, which generally includes a blessed building like a mosque, have added another aspect which is generally a symbolic approach. Each of these species find meaning based on three distinct forms. 1) Mashhad, as a tomb to commemorate 2) Mashhad as a monument to promote political status 3) Mashhad, as a symbol for readout an event. Investigations on Mashhad of Balkh Haji Piyada show that this building is one of the earliest examples which it has nine domes paradigm and multiple themes. This paradigm is influenced by an Iranian theme and undoubtedly, due to its native and environmental influences and the architect's taste and experience, it has undergone its own changes. Mashhad of Balkh Haji Piyada has three periods of development that Mashhad's approach was likely in all three periods. The first period that the Barmak governor had a political-memorial idea, in the next time that tomb attaches building and eventually, as well as the people who were in this place for the sanctity performed Ihram and pilgrimage.

Quadrupole mass filter device is a key component in mass spectrometers which analysis ion particles based on their mass to charge ratio; this mean by applying a specific potential on the instrument, crossing most of ions diverge and lost and just some are survived through crossing mass filter. Using multi-physics simulation, one may obtain deep knowledge on performance of the filter and investigate the effect of different variable parameters on operation of the instrument. In this paper by implementing COMSOL multi-physics software the impact of operating line slope stability, ion beam position displacement, and oscillation of potential field on ions filtering is investigated.

Evolved over thousands of years, the Iranian lifestyle and its manifestation, namely, Iranian architecture, underwent radical transformations since the late Qajar period. Although several factors played their role in this transformation, one of the most important factors was undoubtedly the activities of BP (as the most visible manifestation of the presence of the British Empire in Iran) in the oil-rich regions of the south. Advised by British architectural firms such as Wilson Mason, formerly operating in colonial cities such as Delhi, BP created quasi-colonial cities in Iran that had nothing to do with their cultural context. It was also the first instance of modern residential architecture and urban life based on a Western model in Iran. Using the interpretive-historical strategy and documentary research method, the present research examines the role of the oil industry, and above all BP, in order to answer what and how the Iranian architecture and lifestyle changed. It shows that the activity of BP paved the way for transformation in three steps. In the first step, the welfare facilities prompted discrimination between European and Iranian employees, and with it a desire for change among Iranians. In the second step, from 1925, the company started extensive modernisation of oil cities. In the third step, the modern architecture and lifestyle of cities such as Abadan and Masjed Soleyman were imitated in other cities, which proceeded through widespread propaganda.

According to contact type, RF MEMS switches are generally classified into two categories: Capacitive switches and Metal-to-Metal ones. The capacitive switches are capable to tolerate a higher frequency range and more power than M-to-M switches. This paper presents a cantilever shunt capacitive RF MEMS switch with characteristics such as low trigger voltage, high capacitive ratio, short switching time and high isolation. In this switch, aluminum bridge is used because of its high Young’s modulus and low density which help reduction of switching time. Also aluminum has a good electrical conductivity which increases isolation. The proposed switch is designed on a Coplanar Waveguide line (CPW) with impedance of 50Ω. Also,  is used as dielectric layer. 24 holes have been placed on the bridge surface to reduce the squeeze film damping and to increase the switching speed. Actuation voltage is 5.2v and capacitive ratio (CR) is 231. RF analysis is done in HFSS Software. The results show the isolation level as -27dB, insertion loss as -0.2dB and return loss as -22dB at 17GHz. Also, the switching time is 32us.

The lack of sense of belonging to place in urban spaces is one of the problems widely stated. There are objective and subjective factors in space that create sense of place. The combined effect of these factors create meaning for place and endow the environment with identity. This research seeks to find the relationship between the objective and subjective factors of space and the levels of sense of place. Using a qualitative-analytical method, the theoretical framework is presented through diagrams.
The result of this research is a model for identifying the factors influencing sense of place and collective memory. The model divides the factors that influence sense of place into two categories: objective and subjective. Objective factors are physical criteria that create behavior settings and subjective factors are individual and collective mental images that create memorable places. Through qualitative questionnaires and field observations, these factors and the efficiency of the proposed model were evaluated at the Dez riverside. The diagrams developed in the first section of this study can be used as a framework for evaluating the characteristics of any place. Analysis of the questionnaires shows that the mills, the old bridge, and the Dez River have deep meanings for people and also a high sense of place and memory. This level of sense of place was evident in all three categories of participants (residents of Dezful, residents of Tehran who were born in Dezful, and tourists). The case study also indicates that there is a significant correlation between the level of meaning of place and level of sense of place.

According to increasing human energy requirements and energy source limitation, production of fossil energy is an important issue. Enhanced oil recovery techniques have been developed for increasing the amount of crude oil that can be extracted from oil fields. Recently, the application of nanoparticles (NPs) suspension flooding for EOR purposes has been proved. In addition, NPs can improve fluid-rock interaction characteristics such as wettability. In this work, alpha-Alumina nanofluid effects have been investigated in wettability alteration of carbonated rocks. Contact angle is used to analyze the alteration of surface wettability. Different nanofluids concentration in the range from 0.1 to 0.5 wt.% is used. Finally, the result clearly indicates the improvement wettability of reservoir to highly water-wet when it is treated with nanofluids.

Through of world changes in eighteenth century, western countries took a new face and their developments accelerated, therefore under banner of science and technology dominated the world and most countries started to contact with west, subsequently. Iran was not excluded from other nations in the new encountering with European countries and west, this meeting caused the creation changes in structure and context of Iranian society which resulted the diversity and unprecedented plurality in culture, context and literature. Hence, condition of society changed to the distinct social and cultural layers. Therefore, in midst of these changes, art and painting was also not excluded from this category and those had evolutions in their identity. Qajar epoch is one of the most evolution of art eras, specially in wall painting which is structured with relationship and benchmarking of art and culture of the west. Intentionally or unintentionally, artists, especially painters of this era came to this new pattern and considered the assimilation of their arts with European samples as solutions for the achievement of the art and modern culture in the body of its western. This article is sought to analyze the impact of the relationship with west on society, culture and art of the Iran in middle of the Qajar reign and to ponder more on this topic by the wall paintings of Sarim Al -Dawla mansion that like a document image which is iterating the state of the society at that time, consider foregoing in two distinct parts; historical and comparative approach. And seek answer to question that changes in Qajar era resulted the emergence of what kind of wall paintings. This article will pay the review of evolutions after reading on socially changed trends in Iranian society at that era and by the image of mansion which is mentioned and will match their results with present image in mansion. According to this discussion, subject-matters on murals were divided to five groups which are as follows: face of woman and minstrelsy ceremony in European style, face of king and European men, image of war and deployment, image of narrative stories and image of heaven and angels. Finally, after reviewing the above, it was found that images in this set are well reflection of changing the situation and form of the Iranian community which can be seen this evolution in travel and history books, generally. These images are representation of impact the confrontation the Iranian tradition with European emerging modernity which causes of evolution in art, culture and society of Iran and showed expressive language from total outward changes of Iran society in midst of the Qajar reign and it can be concluded that they intended to move toward the fulfillment of dream modernity by replacing the European pattern with traditional pattern but for lacking the sufficient capacity in the levels of Iranian society, these changes only were conducted in outward aspects like imagination of new identity in form, transformation of face make up, changes in clothing and imitation of European habits.

The aim of this study was to compare symptoms of mental disorders of high-risk events drivers in the general population of Tehran.
The study population consisted of drivers who had committed a violation. The method of causal-comparative was applied for a number of 400 male violating drivers and 398 ordinary citizens of Tehran using the MCMI-III questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the software SPSS 19.
The results showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in the scales of depression (3.12-T), histrionic personality disorder (11.9-T), antisocial personality disorder (43.96-T), negativistic personality disorder (13.58-T), anxiety disorder (13.58-T), manic disorders (4.88-T), drugs (13.58-T) and alcohol (10.92-T) of which high-risk events drivers demonstrated more symptoms. However, in other scales including schizoid, avoidant, dependent, narcissistic, borderline, other-abuse, obsessive, self-destructive, schizotypal, and paranoid personality disorders, and somatoform, dysthymia, post-traumatic stress, thinking, major depression, and delusional disorders, there was no significant difference between the two groups.
The findings suggest that during the preliminary examinations for drivers to prevent and reduce accidents by high-risk drivers comprehensive mental health screening procedures be performed.

Decreasing qualitative aspects of residential environments is a real problem in residential complexes of Iran. Thinking about living space is related to different factors. Analyzing the factors that shape residential space, help us to find out a comprehensive knowledge about this type of buildings. There are many principles which used to design residential complexes. Researchers don’t limit their studies about a housing unit. They talk about neighborhood, district, life style, urban space, culture and behavior of inhabitants, access to services and so on. They use qualitative or quantitative methods to analyze. In order to create satisfied environments, planners, designers, and policy makers need to understand the structures that cause residents to feel satisfied with their environments. This article is concentrated on the functionality of residential complexes; especially the complexes which is built through Mehr housing scheme. The article tries to evaluate different indictors that determine functionality of an apartment. Mehr housing scheme is a widespread scheme to provide house for low income people. Though the apartments –which is built through this scheme- are small apartments (about 70 m2). Through this scheme about one million and seven hundred thousand apartments built throughout the country of Iran. The scheme aimed to help the low income people to invest in affordable housing and use low interest bank loans. There are many researches about Mehr housing schema. These researches and articles shows inhabitants are not satisfied qualitative aspects of residential environments. Analyzing and assessment the functionality of residential complexes shows the satisfaction level of inhabitants. Case study of this research is Ghadir project (which has about 50000 apartments), that is built in different cities: Golbahar, Ramshar, Parand, Ramin, Sahand, Hashtgerd, and Pardis (all of them are new towns around the metropolises of Iran). For this project more than 30 types of apartments are designed. This article classified them in 10 classes. We use a questionnaire to ask expert’s view about these plans. The questionnaire contains six parts: functionality of living room, functionality of bed room, functionality of kitchen, functionality of bathroom and WC, functionality of entrance, and the last part is about the totality of apartments. To assess each part we use several indicators. Through the questionnaire eighteen indicators asked from experts designers (Professors and professional architects. Analyzing the questionnaires shows that some of indicators have more correlation with the satisfaction level of inhabitants of the apartments. Geometry of plan (the situation of each space and the relation with other spaces) has highest correlation. Functionality of living room has the second highest correlation with the satisfaction level of inhabitants of the apartments. The other indicator that has high correlation is the situation of bathroom and WC. At the end, this article tries to give us some solutions to elevate each indicator. Forty eight solutions (such as solution that help designers to control dimensions of spaces) are offered for ten principle indicators. They help architects to design residential complexes in which people feels better and be more satisfied.

Nowadays, Iranian families encounter with satellite channels, virtual networks, modern media and so on in their cultural context, that each of them in turn targets a part of the process of influencing the families. In addition to forming new social networks into space and facing social interactions and interpersonal interactions, career and family interactions play an important role in how they In discussing the pathology of social networks, important, high risk of such networks in terms of social and cultural damage is Various social networks with hundreds of millions of users in recent years, cyber attackers also have attracted more than any other target And citizens and consequently the people and the families of police personnel in the province of Bushehr and also to the droves of eager traditional social networks (Facebook, Twitter) and social networking Android (WhatsApp, Telegram, Instagram, etc.) joined. Many watch users to chat with friends and Czech personal page on social networks themselves. The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between social networks and the impact of this technology on law enforcement personnel and their families is the province. Descriptive analytical results of this study showed that social networks direct impact on human relationships Social and family both in the workplace and police personnel in Bushehr in Iran and thus play.

Intertextuality is a much discussed theory in the area of Literary and artistic studies dealing with the relationship of literature / texts with one another; and inasmuch as the Persian Poetry is one of the texts that has constantly had a profound and inseparable bond with the antecedent Work in various areas of human thought and idea over its different periods of life, field of inter-textual studies about it is widespread. Khaqani-e Sharvani (b.1141 d.1216) is a great poet of personal style who has benefited from a variety of motifs in his poems, and this matter has turned his poems into an encyclopedia taking on a profound and widespread inter-textual relationship with the diversified past literature. Hence it is, an endeavor has been made so as to consider his well – known and lasting ode of Madaen Porch with attention to the bidirectional nature which it bears to the effect that it has been affected by the non-verbal sign of the majestic edifice of Khosro's arched roof on the one hand, and on the other hand it is affected to some extent by the literary works that his antecedents have created under the impression of observing this historical and magnificent palace – on the basis of the intertextuality theory while emphasis is being laid on inter-semiotic intertextuality and intra-semiotic intertextuality.

Seismic inversion is a method that extracts acoustic impedance data from the seismic traces. Source wavelets are band-limited, and thus seismic traces do not contain low and high frequency information.
Therefore, there is a serious problem when the deterministic seismic inversion is applied to real data and the result of deterministic inversion is smooth. Low frequency component is obtained from well log data; however, but when well log and seismic data are used together, it faces a problem which is a function of the support of scale of measurements. Well log data have a high vertical resolution while seismic data represent low details in vertical direction. Geostatistical seismic inversion (GSI) is a method to overcome the aforementioned limitations. GSI uses well log and seismic data together in the geostatistical frameworks. In this study, a new approach of geostatistical inversion based on spectral geostatistical simulation is used. This approach is performed in frequency domain and stochastic framework. Distinct from sequential simulation, spectral simulation method is a direct method, which does not require an acceptance/rejection step. Hence, GSI algorithm based on spectral simulation is fast. This approach is performed in a case study of an Iranian gas field in the Persian Gulf basin. The upper-Dalan and Kangan are two main formations of this field. The results of GSI are compared with deterministic inversion andit is concluded that, as opposed to deterministic inversion, GSI can recover low frequency components.

Forty sheep skins were allocated into two groups. Group one was sheared using shearing machine and group two was chemically dewooled using 15 percent sodium sulfide. Results indicated that fibre diameter of slipewool (39.3 ± 2.3 µm) was significantly (P< 0.05) higher than the sheared wool fibers (36.3 ± 0.7 µm), but staple length of slipewool (3.3 ± 0.7 cm) was significantly (P< 0.05) lower than the sheared wool fibers (5.3 ± 0.2 cm). Percentage of relative length increase in yarns of slipewool was significantly (P< 0.05) higher than the sheared wool fibers. Staple strength of yarns made from slipewool was 1.7 gf/t which was considerably different from yarns made of sheared wool (2.1 gf/t). Percentage of color absorption, washing color fastness, light color fastness of yarns made of slipewool was considerably different from similar value of sheared wool. Thickness of carpets under dynamic and static force of the yarn made from slipewool (88.00 and 88.40 unit) was different from that of yarn made from sheared wool (93.09 and 91.46 unit). Use of slipewool in hand-woven carpet should be avoided due to decrease in yarn strength, color fastness and increased in color absorption. Other methods of skin dewooling should be considered.