iraj karimi

This study aimed to evaluate the restorative effect of chitosan hyaluronic acid scaffold (CHAS) with and without mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the wound healing process in rats. The different wound treatment groups were as follows: no treatment or control (C), wound treatment with CHAS, wound covering with CHAS with MSCs. The wound healing effect was measured by measuring the wound area in each mouse on days 3, 5, 9, and 14. Then, for histopathological evaluation in the above days, each wound and 5 mm of normal skin tissue around each wound were separated and fixed. The results demonstrated that on the third and fifth days after the wound formation, the area of the remaining wound in the CHAS group was significantly smaller than the CHAS with MSCs but no significant difference was observed in the group C. Also, the area of the remaining wound on the ninth and fourteenth days in the studied groups did not show a significant difference. However, on day 14, the mean wound area in the CHAS group with MSCs was smaller than the other two groups. Histological examinations of the wound site were studied in terms of collagen arrangement, inflammation, vascular formation, granulation tissue, and epithelial regeneration. Studies in terms of collagen arrangement, granulation tissue formation, and vascular formation showed that on the third day. There was a significant difference between the groups, while no statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of inflammation and epithelial regeneration on the studied days. All these results demonstrate that there is no significant difference between the CHAS group and the CHAS group with MSCs as well as in group C.

One of the main machines of the non-woven textile production lines is the roll machine, the final product is collected in this machine in the form of a roll. In most of the old non-woven textile machines in the textile industry, including the production of bedspreads, the cutting of the final product was done manually by the operator or the relay-contactor control system was used. Using the manual method reduces productivity due to its high error. In the contactor relay method, automatic cutting requires an intermediary controller (such as AUTONICS) to connect to the encoder. But with the help of industrial automation and control based on PLC & HMI, it is possible to calculate the production product size and production speed by using SCL programming language while removing the additional controller for the encoder. In this article, an automatic cutting system is designed using PLC, HMI, DRIVE. In this system, an encoder is used to send a signal to the PLC to determine the length of the product. In this system, an encoder is used to send a signal to the PLC to determine the length of the product. The rotation of the conveyor belt is controlled by DRIVE. HMI is used to control and monitor the system performance by the operator. SCL programming language is used for encoder programming and LADDER programming language is used for automatic cutting programming. The performance of this automatic cutting system was tested and operated in a non-woven textile factory by calculating the length, speed and total daily production of the final product.

Unlike other fabrics, non-woven fabrics are not produced from yarn; rather, during a fibre process, it is directly converted into textiles. In this way, separate fibres are placed together in different ways and are joined to each other to produce fabric so that in the end, a uniform and interwoven layer is formed without texture. The prepared layer is in the form of a spider web sheet in which the fibres are placed in a directed or random manner and are joined to each other by friction or glue or the tendency of the fibres to stick together or hydromechanically. In the old imported machines related to the production lines of non-woven fabrics, the cutting of the final product was done manually by the operator or by an electric element. Control of old devices is managed manually by system operators, leading to low productivity. In this research, an automatic cutting system was designed using PLC, HMI, and DRIVE. In this system, an encoder was used to send a signal to an Autonics controller to determine the length of the product. The cutting blade speed was controlled by DRIVE. HMI was used to control and monitor system performance by the operator. This system provided more than 40% productivity through practical testing in a factory. Furthermore, due to the elimination of manual cutting and the use of industrial automation, while increasing the speed, the output product was of high quality.

Fracture repair is a complex biological process that requires the cooperation of various types of cells and materials. Today, various techniques such as low-density pulse ultrasonography and electrical stimulation are used to accelerate bone healing. The therapeutic effects of ozone on bone repair have been considered in recent years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ozone gas on the speed of full-thickness bone defect healing. We selected 30 male weight equal rabbits and, in aseptic surgery, resected a 3-mm-thick piece of full-thickness of bone. Then we divided randomly them into two equal groups, the control, and the recipient. In the first, second, third, and sixth weeks of the radiographed bones were obtained. Also, in the third, sixth, and eighth weeks of each group, 5 rabbits were euthanized and their bones were histopathologically evaluated. Results from the second to sixth weeks of the study showed a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group. This difference was indicative of an increase in the rate of bone healing in the treatment group. Ozone therapy can therefore be considered effective in bone healing.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intraperitoneal administration of ozone on experimental wound healing in an animal model of rabbits. In this study, 40 Newzealandian rabbits, were selected for surgery. Full-thickness wound by 10 mm biopsy punch was create on the right side of thoracic vertebra. The rabbits randomly were divided into two equal groups of control and ozone. In the ozone group, up to three days after surgery, one dose of ozone was administered daily and after the third day, one day in between until the fourteenth day, ozone was administered by intraperitoneal injection. In the control group, normal saline solution was administered by intraperitoneal injection on the mentioned days, same as the ozone group. The macroscopic surface area of the wounds on days 2, 5, 9 and 14 were evaluated. From each group, 5 wounds on the mentioned days were examined histopathologically.  Macroscopic results showed differences between the two groups. In the Ozone group, the area of wound was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the control group. Level of inflammation was significantly lower in the ozone group. On day 14, the control group had a significantly higher vascularization rate than the ozone group. It was concluded that systemic ozone therapy increases the quality of wound healing process.

Bone tissue has attractive structural features, especially due to its hybrid bone structure, which is a combination of hydroxyapatite, collagen, and small amounts of proteoglycans, non-collagenous proteins and water. The chemical structure of the material used is a mixture of alumina powder and graphite. Alumina is a non-acidic and non-base mineral structure that is classified in terms of porosity as a Nano-porous material. In some of its structures, half the volume belongs to the porous spaces. 15 dogs were randomly divided into three groups of control, autogenous cartilage recipient and alumina graft recipient group. By removing the skin, connective tissue, and muscles, the humerus was exposed and a 2 cm long and 1 cm wide incision was made in the humerus body and the alumina-graffiti was placed in the defect, the other group autogenous cartilage resected from rib arch was inserted in the created defect. In control group did not place any material in the created defect. There was a significant difference between control groups, autogenous cartilage group and alumina grafit in bone repair criteria. Using alumina graphite can cause bone healing faster than autogenous rib cartilage.

This study was conducted to investigate the pathogenesis process of E. ahsata and its morphological, pathological, and distribution of lesions in the involved tissues during 42 days of infection. Twelve lambs were randomly divided into two groups including the control and the infected groups after confirmation of their health. The animals in the experiment group were orally infected with 1× 105 sporulated oocysts. From 7 days after inoculation (DAI), the feces were sampled and oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) were individually examined for each lamb. . At 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 DAI, one lamb from each group was necropsied and the abomasum, small and large intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleens, and livers were grossly investigated. From 21 to 42 DAI, mild to severe clinical lesions such as congestion and edema were seen on the mucosal surface of the small intestine associated with white and small foci about 1-2 mm, especially jejunum and ileum. From 7 DAI to the end of the study various stages of the parasite life cycle, infiltration of inflammatory cells, epithelial hyperplasia of villi, and destruction of villi epithelium were seen.  The results showed that E. ahsata was pathogenic in lambs and the macro and microscopic lesions were mostly seen in the jejunum.

Phenytoin ointment is a usual medicine for wound healing. Aloe vera gel promotes wound healing by directly stimulating the activity of macrophages and fibroblasts that increase both collagen and proteoglycan synthesis, thereby promoting tissue repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phenytoin ointment1%, aloe vera gel, royal jelly and honey on skin wound healing in rabbit animal model.

5 rabbits with 50 skin wounds were used in this study. Phenytoin ointment1%, aloe vera gel, royal jelly and honey were used in four wounds and another was considered as an untreated control. Macroscopic study was performed on days 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 after wounding and histopathologic study was done on the days 10 and 21 from the wounds.

On the 8th and 12th days in the Aloe vera gel, royal jelly and honey groups, the area of the wound had a significant difference (p < 0.05) than group1 (phenytoin), indicating a faster reduction of the wound surface than the phenytoin group. On the 16th day after surgery, the ulcer surface of the honey group was completely closed and on day 20 all the wounds were fully restored in all groups. Also, histopathologic studies on 10 and 21 days showed no significant difference between the studied groups and all wounds were completely restored on day 20.

Finally, the results of this Study showed that phenytoin 1% ointment, aloe vera gel, royal jelly and honey, all had a good effect on wound healing.

Tissue engineering is a new way of replacing degraded tissue components with biodegradable polymers, which is provided as a three-dimensional scaffold for stem cell growth and proliferation. In the present study, effect of chitosan scaffold and the hyaluronic acid (HA) effects on wound healing in rats was used to evaluate. For this purpose, ?? rats weighing ??? to ??? g were prepared and divided into three groups of twenty. After surgical preparation, the skin of each animal's in spinal cord region completely thickeness with a diameter of ? mm by skin punch was removed. The Group ? was considered as negative control, the group two chitosan and in the group three, chitosan with hyaluronic acid was used. Then, at ?, ?, ? and ?? days after surgery, the lesions were examined macroscopically. Then, for histopathological evaluation, tissue sections were prepared from the lesion sites and the healing process was evaluated. The results showed that the wound area in the chitosan + HA group was significantly less than the control group on the third and ninth day after wound healing. The wound area on the ??th day was significantly lower in the chitosan and chitosan + HA groups than the control group. Histologic results of wound healing in terms of collagen formation, inflammation, vascularization, granulation tissue and epithelial remodeling showed improvement in healing process in chitosan and chitosan groups with hyaluronic acid compared to control group. The chitosan + HA group was better than the chitosan group. In general, according to the results, chitosan scaffold with hyaluronic acid can accelerate wound healing, epithelialization, increase angiogenesis and collagen formation and reduce inflammation. And can be referred to as biological dressing.Keywords: Chitosan, Hyaluronic Acid, Wound Healing, Rat

This study was conducted to investigate the hematological and biochemical changes caused of Eimeria ahsata during to 42 days of post-infaction. Twelve Lori-Bakhtiari lambs were provided and randomly divided into the Two groups after confirmation of their healthy. The animals in the experiment group were orally infected with 1× 10 5 sporulated oocysts Eimeria ahsata. From day 7 post-infection, the faeces were sampled separately on a daily basis and the number of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) were counted by McMaster method and were recorded for each lamb. The blood sampling recording was done on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 post-infection. The blood samples containing EDTA were examined for hematological and sample without EDTA, after centrifugation and isolation of serum, were examined for analysis of the biochemical parameters. The serum levels of ALB (Albumin), ALP (alkalin phosphatase), ALT (alamin aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), GGT (gamma glutamyltransferase), PRO (protein total) and CBC (Cell Blood Counter) were measured. the highest rate of oocyst excretion was observed in 32-33 days after infection. The CBC findings indicated that the mean number of lymphocytes and neutrophils were increased in the infected group compared to the control group on day 28 post-infection and The activity of ALB, ALP, ALT, AST, GGT enzymes as well as PRO showed no significant different between two groups Based on the results of the present study. Amongst the hematological, biochemical factors and OPG and CBC only showed significant difference between the control and the infected groups.

Using iron as a food additive usually causes undesirable sensory changes and side effects in humans. In this study, we made iron (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) and studied the cytotoxicity of FeSO4 bulk and NPs on HT-29 cells and different doses of these particles on rat intestine.

Particle size of nanoscale was achieved by mechanical technique. Iron particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of iron particles with different concentrations (6.25, 3.125, and 1.57 mM/mL) on the colon cell line was performed using the MTT assay at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Apoptosis and necrosis of the cells were assessed using Annexin V-FITC staining and propidium iodide (PI) at 24 h. In an in vivo study, Taftoon bread was produced from fortified wheat flour with FeSO4 bulk and NPs, which are recommended in human diet (9, 18, and 27 mg of elemental iron/kg flour). Wistar rats were fed daily with fortified bread for 21 days and their colon and small intestine were then evaluated histopathologically. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 software by chi-square test.

The synthesized FeSO4 NPs were smaller than 100 nm, and they had more adverse effects on the viability of the HT-29 cells compared to the bulk- FeSO4 at 72 hours. Flow cytometric study showed that the early apoptosis of cells by the bulk form was more than the NPs, but at the low concentration (1.57 mM/mL), the NPs induced more necrosis than the bulk particles (P=0.063). The survival rate of cells facing all concentrations of NPs and bulk- FeSO4 decreased dose dependently (P=0.075). In vivo results revealed that there were no pathological changes in rats’ intestinal tissues.

The bulk and NPs of iron have adverse effects on the HT-29 cells, but no histopathological changes were seen on rats’ intestinal cells.

White tea (Camellia sinensis) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and a protective effect against wrinkles, sunburn and UV damages on the skin. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of white tea extract on the healing process of skin wounds in rats.

This study was done in the Research Center of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran in 2019. Excisional skin wounds were created on five groups of healthy male Wistar rats (200-250 g, n=21) including control group, Eucerin-treated group, white tea 5% ointment (Eucerin) treated group, gel-treated group, white tea 5% gel treated group. Treatment was begun on day 1 and repeated every day at the same time until day 15. Pathologic samples were taken on days 4, 7 and 15 for histopathological examinations. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze data by SPSS. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.

Wound closure rate of control group was more than other groups on day 4 (P<0.05). On day 7, reepithelisation and granulation tissue of control group were more than white tea 5% ointment-treated and its inflammation was less than others (P<0.05). Neo-vascularization of white tea 5% ointment-treated group was more than control group on days 4 and 15 (P<0.05). On day 4, intact mast cells of control group were more than white tea treated groups (P<0.05). Degranulated mast cells of white tea 5% gel treated group was significantly (P<0.05) more than control group on days 4 and 15.

Five percent white tea extract could not help the skin wound healing process.

Objective:

 Evaluation of possible contamination of sole ulcers with digital dermatitis Treponema spp

Design:

 Clinical detection Animals- Thirty-three cows with sole ulcer lesion.

Procedures:

Hoof trimmings were done by professional veterinarian hoof trimmer on a regular basis. Sole ulcer and digital dermatitis recorded as a wounded lesion in zone 4 and 10 of the hooves during hoof trimming and recorded in special sheets. A total of Thirty-three tissue samples from sole ulcers in zone 4 of digits were taken and the 16S rRNA gene was followed by PCR assay.

Results:

Annual incidence of clinical digital dermatitis recorded as 7.1 percent as the second prevalent digital lesion in the farm following sole ulcer. Treponema spp . was found in 42 percent of the samples, none of the positive samples show concurrent lesion of digital dermatitis and sole ulcer.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance:

Since no concurrent lesions were found in sole ulcer samples, finding Treponema spp. in tissues may be a result of the possible pathogenic presence of the bacteria in this region. Multifactorial causes of sole ulcer make different clinical presentations for the lesion and a microbial cause for the sole ulcer that led to non-healing ulcers were reported.

Catgut was enriched with copper sulfate nanoparticles (CSNPs@Catgut), in order to develop a new composited suture with antibacterial and healing properties. Introducing copper sulfate nanoparticles to catgut was performed using a reverse micro-emulsion technique. It is an interesting method because of easy handling and relatively low costs. In the revers micro-emulsion medium, nano-spherical structures containing the salt solution are created. The nano-spheres penetrate into catgut fibers and precipitate after drying to form the salt nanoparticles. The prepared CSNPs@Catgut was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XDR) technique, tensile strength, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxicity tests. XRD and SEM confirmed the CuSO4 nanoparticles formation and grafting on catgut surface. Antibacterial properties were illustrated by E. coli inhibition zone and CSNPs@Catgut showed a significant antibacterial activity compare with catgut. Results of cytotoxicity tests showed no difference between CSNPs@Catgut and catgut. The mechanical strength was improved and increased from 4.16 mm to 10.00 mm. Tissue reaction showed that necrosis and inflammatory cells were reduced from acute to subacute on day 14. Therefore, CSNPs@Catgut can be introduced as a reliable candidate for wound management.

Skin ulcers and their slow healing are considered as one of the important medical aspects. Nowadays, various antibiotics and materials are used to accelerate the wound healing process. One of the methods taken in the field of wound healing is using ozone. On the other hand, one of the factors that hurt the speed of wound healing is stress. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effect of ozonated water on healing of skin ulcers in stressful conditions.

A total of 80 male mice were randomly divided into four groups: stress -no ozone, stress - ozone, no stress-no ozone, no stress- ozone group. Isolation stress was used (daily, 4 hours, for 14 days). The healing process was evaluated based on measuring the wound surface area in days 2, 6, 10, and 14 and histopathological data.

Isolation stress by decreasing the fibroblast maturation and angiogenesis in the wound leads to a reduction in the speed of wound healing. Ozone enhanced the rate of tissue repair in both stress and stressless situations by decreasing inflammation and increasing the fibroblast maturation, amount of collagen tissue, rate of re-epithelialization, new vascularization, and granulation tissue size.

The results of this study implied that treatment with ozone could accelerate the wound healing process and decrease the harmful effects of stress conditions in healing process of animal model.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of curcumin nanoparticles (CNP) on stress oxidative following experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat testes.

Experimental Study Animals- Seventy-seven healthy male Wistar rats Procedures-The animals weighing approximately 250 g were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (n = 18): Ischemia: torsion group (created by 720° rotation of testis on both sides for 2 h). Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R): torsion for 2 h followed distortion, CNP 10: received 10 mg/kg IP administration of CNP 30 min before surgery then remaining testes were twisted and untwisted, CNP 20: received 20 mg/kg IP administration of CNP 30 min before surgery then remaining testicles were twisted and untwisted. Unilateral orchiectomy of left or right testicles was performed on days 0 and 12 with immediately sampling. Some twisted then untwisted testicles were remained and sampled 60 days after surgery. An additional group was considered (n=5) to be sampled without any operation as control group. The samples of testicular tissue homogenates were taken on Days 0, 12 and 60, and their liquid extracts were collected and assayed for Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX). The effect of treatment and day of sampling on the variables was analyzed using Two-Way ANOVA.

The results of the study showed an ameliorated balance of GPX, SOD and MDA following testicular torsion in this study. The CNP treated animals (with both administered doses) showed significantly improved the balance of the enzymes compared to untreated animals (p<0.0001). Conclusion and clinical relevance- In conclusion, IP administration of CNP may be helpful in minimizing oxidative stress related enzymes following testicular ischemia-reperfusion in rat.

Bone grafts have been used to stimulate the fracture healing in orthopaedic surgery. Allograft and xenograft are more used because of auto graft use problems. Royal jelly is the principal food source of the queen honey bee. Royal jelly has pharmacological activities such as anti-bacterial, antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects. This research was designed to evaluate the effects of royal jelly on bone healing and restoration in the rabbit model.

In this study, we used 10 New Zealand white rabbits with an approximate weight of 2 kg. They were divided into two groups (N=5) midradius bone defect created and filled with royal jelly and in the second group (N=5) the defected filled with nothing. The radiological evaluation performed on days 14th, 28th and 42nd after the operation. Histopathological evaluation was done on 42 days after the operation.

Radiological result has not shown the significant difference in days 14th and 42nd (p>0.05) and only on day 28, there was a meaningful division (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in histopathological evaluation.

This study indicates using of royal jelly could accelerate bone healing process in rabbit and has the potential for  use in medicine.

Acceleration of bone healing is one of the most challenging issues in orthopedic science. This study aimed to evaluate bone healing process with the application of fish bone powder and human lyophilized platelet (prepared with a novel protocol) in the rabbit animal model.

  This study was carried out on 20 male New Zealand white rabbits (12 month old), divided into four equal groups as control, fish bone powder, lyophilized platelet and a combination of fish bone powder and lyophilized platelet. After exposing the radius, a bone segment (10 mm) was cut from the bone, and the empty space was left empty in the control group but filled with the mentioned biomaterials in other groups. Radiographs of each rabbit were taken on the 14th, 28th, 42nd, and 56th post-operative days to evaluate bone formation, union and remodeling of the bone defect. All animals were euthanized on the 56th post-operative day for histopathological evaluation.

Radiological evaluation showed a significant difference between the lyophilized platelet group (P=0.02) and the control (P=0.007) and the fish bone powder (P=0.005) on 56th post-operative day, where the lyophilized platelet group was superior, compared to other groups. Moreover, the histopathological evaluation revealed a significant difference between the control group (P=0.01), the fish bone powder (P=0.03) and lyophilized platelet group (P=0.01), where treatment groups were superior, compared to the control group on 56th post-operative day. Nonetheless, there was no evidence of graft rejection in all groups.

According to the results of the study, using lyophilized platelet could accelerate the bone healing process in rabbit and has the potential for use in medicine.

Bone defect healing in orthopedic surgery is a huge challenge. Nowadays, scaffolds are frequently used for tissue regeneration and engineering. One of these scaffolds, hydroxyapatite, is the most important inorganic material in bone, and a good option for promoting healing of bone defects. Honey has long been used for various wound healing with beneficial outcomes in the healing process. However, limited studies have addressed its use in repairing hard tissue lesions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of honey and hydroxyapatite on the restoration of bone defect in rats.

In this study, 15 adult male rats weighing 200 to 300 grams were used. Rats were randomly assigned to three groups. A segment of the radius bone twice the size of the radius bone width was removed. In the first group (N = 5), the induced defect in the right hand was replaced with autograft bone using the same piece of bone, while the left hand remained empty without any implantation. In the second group (N = 5), defect in the right hand was filled with 0.5 g of honey and in the left hand with honey and autograft bone. In the third group (N = 5), defects in the right hand were filled with granules of hydroxyapatite and those in the left hand with 0.5 g combination of granules and honey. Radiographs in rats were taken at weeks two, four, six, and eight after surgery and bone biopsy for histopathological study was performed at week eight.

Radiographs and tissue samples were statistically analyzed in terms of bone formation, union and remodeling. Analyses showed that in the second week, honey-autograft was significantly better than the other groups (P < 0.05). The honey-alone treated group at all times was weaker than others. Histopathological investigations revealed that the hydroxyapatite-alone group was significantly different from hydroxyapatite-honey, autograft, honey, and negative control counterparts in terms of bone marrow formation (P < 0.05).

Overall, this study showed that honey and hydroxyapatite alone is not effective in repairing bone defect yet in combination they function more effectively.

This study was aimed to evaluate histopathological effects of growth hormone on growth plate of different bones of pre-pubertal rabbits. A total number of 16 white New-Zealand rabbits of 2-4 months age were divided into two groups of eight, the experiment and control groups, and were then caged under the same environmental and nutritional conditions. In the experiment group, 3 Iu/Kg Somatotropin was intramuscularly injected every seven days and control group received the same amount of normal saline.
At the end of study rabbits were euthanized using anesthetic drugs and Radius, Humerus, Femur, Tibia and the first lumbar vertebrae were isolated for histomorphometric examinations.
The results showed that the thickness of growth plate of radius had no significant statistical difference between rabbits of experiment and control groups while this parameter was statistically greater in other bones of the experiment group (P≤0.05). The results of this study showed that long term, low dose somatotropin injection to pre-pubertal rabbits causes thickening of growth plate and helps its longer activity during the growth period of cortical and trabecular bones although its effects is not the same for all bones.

Objective- Current trends emphasize the acceleration of fracture healing on the ground that in doing so, the limitation of mobility and complications associated with recovery period are reduced. The present study aims to compare autogenic costal cartilage with Chitosan scaffold in canine humeral defect healing.
Design- Experimental study
Animal-15 adult male dogs
Procedures- Dogs were divided into three groups of five. Humerus window shaped defect was created in their right hands. In the first group (controls), the defect was left untreated. In the second and third groups, Chitosan and autogenic costal cartilage were placed into the defects, respectively. Radiographs of the defects were prepared at weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8 and finally the dogs were euthanized after 70 days. Histological sections were also obtained from the defect sites.
Result-The results indicated that the costal cartilage alone treated group was inferior to both Chitosan treated and control groups, so cartilage does not seem to serve as a suitable alternative for grafting in canine bone defects.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- Taking into account the results and other recent reports, it can be concluded that chitosan scaffolds with greater capabilities can be used in canine bone defect healing, however, for ideal bone tissue regeneration, chitosan as a base has to be combined with other materials including those mentioned above. The present study results showed that cartilage cannot serve as a proper alternative for grafting.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are used widely in the world. The present study was conducted to evaluate the lasting of pulmonary toxicity induced by nano-TiO2 particles.
In this experimental study, 60 male rats were randomly divided in three groups. Furthermore, rats in each group were subdivided in four subgroups of 5 in each. Rats in subgroups 1, 2 and 3 of each group were intratracheally instilled with 25, 50, or 100mg/kg of TiO2 particles, respectively. Rats in subgroup 4 (control group) of each group received the same volume of normal saline, intratracheally. On days 15, 30 and 45 after injection, rats in groups 1, 2 and 3 were anaesthetized, respectively. Radiographic pictures were taken and rats were then sacrificed. Blood and tissue samples were collected, subsequently. Results from hematologic and biochemical studies were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Tukey test, results of the radiographic and pathological studies were analyzed statistically using Fisher exact test.
The results showed significant difference of total WBC, Lymphocytes, monocytes, Granulocytes percentages and serum activity of LDH and ALP on day 15 of experiment. Moreover, histopathologic and radiographic examination of lung tissues indicated that the pulmonary response to exposure to TiO2 particles in rats manifested as dose-dependent inflammatory lesions, which mainly consisted of infiltration of inflammatory cells and interstitial thickening.
These results suggest that consumed dose may have important role in pulmonary toxicity and inflammatory effects of TiO2 nanoparticles sustained for a limited time and rat recovered from these effects after a length of time.

Tendons are integral parts of musculoskeletal system and are subjected to injury. Fibroblast is used in tendon healing, however, there is no proved and reported result regarding concurrent use of allogenic fibroblast with static magnetic field in tendon healing. In addition, there are some studies done on the effect of magnetic fields on tendon healing but the results are antithesis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of simultaneous application of fibroblast and magnetic field on tendon healing in rabbit model. Design: Experimental study. Animals: Eighteen female rabbits, 15 months old and weighing 3.0±0.5 kg were used in this study. Procedures: Two legs ofeighteen rabbits were divided into 6 groups. After skin incision, superficial flexor tendon was exposed and cut transversely and then sutured. In control group tendon injury were created in right and left legs and sutured in bunnell mayer suturing technique. In culture media substance group after tendon injury in two legs, 0.5 cc culture substance was injected in the injured tendon area in two legs. In fibroblast group, fibroblast cells were injected in the tendon injured area in both legs. Then all injuries legs were dressed up, a piece of magnet was placed in the surrounding bandage of the left leg for 7 days and right legs were left empty. After 3 months, rabbits were euthanized, tendons were extracted and biomechanical tests and histopathological tests were performed. Ultimate Strength showed a statistically significant difference which in fibroblast-magnet group was better than other groups. Also, in histopathological evaluation fibroblast-magnet group showed better result in comparison with others. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Simultaneous use of fibroblast cells and magnetic field has a positive effect on tendon healing, both histologically and biomechanically in animal model.

Rupture of tendons is a common injury. The outcome of surgical repair of injured tendon is often unsatisfactory. At best, the restored tendon is about half of its initial mechanical properties. In this study the effect of zenologous and autologous platelet gel were compared in rabbit model.
45 rabbits in the age range of 7 months to 1 year old were divided into autologous, zenologous and control groups. Superficial digital flexor tendon was cut transversely and then sutured with Mayer stitch pattern. Then 5cc of either aotologous or zenologous platelet gel was injected to the incision area. The control group had no material injection. On 7th, 14th, and 28th post-operative days, five rabbits of each group were euthanized and tendons were harvested for histopathological and biomechanical evaluations. The results were analyzed statistically.
Biomechanical factors were significantly superior in the autologous and zenologous groups than the control group. In histopathological examination the autologous groups showed a significant difference in fibroblast maturation in all the tested weeks. The collagen fiber alignment at 7th postoperative day and collagen accumulation on 7th and 28th postoperative days were superior in autologous compared with zenologous and control groups.
Utilization of zenologous platelet gel has a positive effect on tendon healing, but not as good as autologous platelet gel.

Synophthalmia is a form of cyclopia, in which some elements of two eyes are fused and form a single eye in the middle region of the forehead. The head of a Holstein female calf born from a 5-year-old cow was referred to Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University due to multiple congenital anomalies. The calf had been slaughtered immediately after birth due to severe respiratory distress by the owner. The calf showed multiple birth defects, including synophthalmia, holoprosencephaly, absence of optic chiasma, hypoplastic maxilla, curved mandibles, arrhinia and dental pad agenesis. A normal tongue protruded from the defect and small oral cavity. To our knowledge, this particular combination of craniofacial defects has not been previously described in Holstein calf.