javad shahlaee

In the realm of sports science research, familiarity with qualitative research methods and their specific strategies, such as Grounded Theory (GT), is crucial for conducting research and developing valid scientific theories. There are various versions of GT that can be classified into two categories: first generation (Classic, and Systematic) and second generation (Constructive, Situational Analysis, and Dimensional Analysis).  The attention of sports science researchers has grown significantly over qualitative research, especially using GT. However, it is evident that a predominant portion of existing research has employed first-generation GT versions. Further exploration of different versions of GT can play a significant role in selecting an appropriate version and presenting a more enriched theoretical framework. Consequently, this study introduces Dimensional Analysis (DA) as a second generation version of GT. This paper begins with a brief overview of the background, philosophical foundations, and emergence of DA, followed by a discussion and examination of the process of implementing DA.

This objective of this study was to identify the attraction of Zoorkhaneh Sport for foreign tourists from tour guides’ point of view. The present study was conducted on a thematic analysis method using review of interviews. The statistical population of the study consisted of foreign tour guides. Using purposive sampling, 13 tour leaders were selected, of which the theoretical saturation was fulfilled with the 8th individual views. From the analysis of qualitative data, 60 initial codes were obtained, which were divided into 15 central categories, and finally, the two main categories of Zurkhaneh sports attractions were obtained. The validation method of the study was validity-interpretation, in which the study results and feedbacks were presented to the tour leaders and was approved by them. The results showed that the attractions of Zoorkhaneh Sport are divided into two main categories. Tangible attractions, including decoration and architecture, sport instruments, non-sport instruments, Zoorkhaneh authorities, group synchronized exercises, combination of moves, fitness of athletes, and the public state of exercise. Also, intangible attractions included hierarchy of athletes at Zoorkhaneh, antiquity of Zoorkhaneh, combination of sports and music, having roots in Iran, combination of literature and sports, combination of culture with sports, and combination of religion with sports. Hence, it’s recommended that travel agencies, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran, and Zoorkhaneh Federation try to attract tourists and develop this sport across other countries using advertisement and promotion.

The purpose of presenting this research is to design and explain the development model of alpine skiing in Iran. The applied-exploratory research method and survey type and the statistical population includes two groups including experts from the scientific community and academic experts and experts of the Ski Federation in the field of quality and heads of provincial delegations, experts in specialized committees, national alpine team coaches, 1st grade teachers. Alpine was in the field of quantity; Data analysis was done by content analysis method to identify the factors and components of alpine skiing development in Iran and Friedman test with spss software and structural equation method in PLS software in order to investigate the relationships between variables. The results showed that the factors and components of the development of alpine skiing in Iran include the individual factor (observance of values, development of behavioral principles, creation of infrastructures of attachment to work, internal aspect of people for growth, improvement of skill level through continuous training, moral characteristics of people), organizational factor ( Compilation of the code of ethics to comply with ethical principles, internal organizational characteristics, ethical decision-making, the ability to resolve ethical conflicts, institutional participation and support, institutionalizing organizational culture, organizational structure, skills and knowledge of employees, progressivism and meritocracy, organizational justice and equality, reducing organizational corruption , evaluation of the performance system, ethical leaders, compliance with labor rights, interaction and social relations with others) and environmental factor (environmental stimuli, legalism, cultural factor, social factor, political factor, economic factor) and in the classification of factors, Individual factor, organizational factor and environmental factor respectively have an effect on the development of alpine skiing in Iran.

Sports facilities are one of the most commonly used services in the city with a significant role in improving the physical and mental health condition of citizens thus a proper procedure is required to locate and distribute them. The purpose of this study is to design a comprehensive model for the optimal location of sports facilities. The research method is descriptive-analytic based on information gathering and is applied research based on objectives. The opinions of 20 experts have been used to design the model using the Delphi method, and weighting the effective criteria in the sports facilities location. The weight of each criterion has been obtained as population density (0.47), access (0.31), development potential (0.14), and adjacency (0.08); furthermore, the Kendall coefficient of concordance (0.74) in the third step of the Delphi method shows the strong agreement between the experts, regarding the proposed model. The proposed model consisted of six steps: 1. Aim; 2. Verification of the functional area of the existing sport facilities and specific restrictions of the area; 3. Introducing and weighting the important criteria in the sports facilities location; 4. Identifying the most suitable locations for constructing the sports facilities; 5. Evaluating the needs of users; 6. Selecting the best spaces and prioritizing them. The results of the model showed that the most important criteria for locating sport facilities are population density, access, development potential, and adjacency. Additionally, it was indicated that the agreement between the experts increased over time. According to the proposed model, it is possible to identify the points that are suitable for constructing the new sports facilities.

Given to the significance of identifying the dimentions of strategic thinking that is specific to sport setting, the aim of this study was to identifying the elements of strategic thinking in sport federations. This research was a qualitative exploratory study through a thematic analysis. The statistical population included experts of sports management with the experience of familiarity with the principles of futurology, and according to the research nature, 16 experts were interviewed through snowball sampling until reaching theoretical saturation. The tool used in the research was a semi-structured interview. The intra-subject agreement method was used to ensure the reliability of the interviews, and the validity was confirmed by consulting sport management experts and reviewing based on their opinions. The thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke’s (2006) method led to the extraction of 147 codes, 13 sub-themes and five main themes. The findings demonstrated that "transformationism", "surveillance", "fluidity of mind", "intelligence", and "political thinking" were different elements of strategic thinking in sport federations. Paying attention to the findings of the research shows that the elements of strategic thinking in sports federations are different from other existing models of strategic thinking that are mainly presented in non-sports fields, because of the specific atmosphere governing sports. This difference can be due to the different nature of sports compared to other non-sports fields in the literature.

The study is to assess the desirability of using green advertising based on indigenous values ​​in the management of sports venues and to determine the methods of using this advertising. It was in the category of applied and survey-descriptive researches. The statistical population included the managers of indoor sports venues in Yazd (600 people). Based on Morgan table, 234 managers were selected by simple random sampling as the statistical samples. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which was used after confirming its validity and reliability. The construct validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using structural equations and its reliability was confirmed using Cornbrash’s alpha. SPSS V26 and Smart PLS 3 soft wares were used for data analysis.
The results showed that the reduction of noise pollution based on indigenous values, increasing green space based on indigenous values, garbage disposal based on indigenous values ​​and energy saving based on indigenous values ​​are the factors affecting the green advertising methods. Of these 4 factors, the most attention is related to the index of “construction waste and rubbish” (with an average of 3/06) and the least attention is related to the index of “increase of green space” (with an average of 2/18), which is in the fourth place.
Therefore, the use of methods to portray the responsibility of increasing green space based on moral, national and historical values ​​and values ​​of modern life in the management of sports venues to achieve sustainable development can be seen.

The purpose of this study was to design a quantitative model of Influential Factors on the national and international development of Iranian chess. The method of this study was correlational which was applied (in terms of purpose) and exploratory (in terms of nature). The statistical population consisted of all scientific, executive, and sports experts in the field of chess, and using the available sampling method, 82 people entered the study. The research instrument was a 55-item researcher-made questionnaire with total reliability of 0.876. In order to analyze data, we used descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, frequency percentage, etc.) and inferential statistics (exploratory factor analysis tests using, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation model by least squaresnal development of Iranian chess. These factors are the desired model of development (β= 0.811), globalization (β= 0.802), management and planning factors (β= 0.796), talent identification and education (β= 0.782), development of coaches and human resources (β= 0.731), hardware equipment (β= 0.707), motivation and support of human resources (β= 0.686), climatic conditions (β= 0.679), competitions and Sports camps (β = 0.664), budget and financial resources (β= 0.655), sports diplomacy (β= 0,568), coordination and communication (β= 0.516), and technology (β= 0.508). According to the results, relevant managers and organizations such as the Chess Federation can take operational steps to develop chess in Iran. Due to the gap in the research background, we can use these results to complete the theoretical foundations of Chess.

 The purpose of this work was to identify the effective factors in transition of football players from the amateur to the professional level in Iran.

 The research method was qualitative and based on the foundation data theory. Data analysis was done according to Glazer (1992). The population consisted of football experts (professional coaches, managers of the football federation of Iran, organizations of sports and youth, professional clubs and sport and physical education academies). The participants were interviewed, and the interviews stopped when we reached repetitive answers. In order to collect information in the first stage, the literature was reviewed. Then semi-structured interviews were done, which was carried out online because of pandemic. Validity, reliability, acceptability, transferability, and approvability were measured.

 The data analysis identified 245 primary codes. Then 120 primary independent code were created, and 20 sub-categories and 4 main categories (technical, academic and talent identification, and organizational and human resource factors) were identified as the factors affecting factors on transferring football players from the amateur to the professional level in Iran.

 According to the findings, we recognized management factors including the development of technical and sports factors, supervision of football academies and schools, and the issue of talent acquisition, the review of relevant sports organizations and finally the empowerment of human resources in the field of football and also key tools to face with challenges of transition process. This, is turn, can facilitate transferring the young amateur players to the professional levels.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the entry of athletes into the world of politics. The study was conducted qualitatively with a thematic analysis approach. Participants in the interview were selected through purposive sampling. The interviewees consisted ofall experts with scientific background (professors of sports management), executive (managers and sports experts) and sports (professional athletes with a history of political activity). From the analysis of the interviews, 31 sub-categories were obtained, which were divided into 6 main categories: individual and family factors, professional backgrounds, contextual factors, organizational factors, supportive factors and media factors. These issues were summarized in the concept of "factors affecting the entry of athletes into the world of politics’. The results can be used to complete the theoretical foundations of this field. Also, the results of this research can act as a roadmap for relevant organizations and athletes, which will result in productivity in the individual and social dimensions.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying factors and intervene in the development of entrepreneurship in the educational system of physical education and sports sciences in the country. The research method was qualitative and grand theory. Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the study includes all experts in the three fields of science, administration and sports, including experts and experts in the field of entrepreneurship (including top sports entrepreneurs, professors in this field), elite faculty members and experts in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences. (Ministry of Sports and Youth, Federations, and the National Olympic Committee). Findings related to background factors represent 4 sub-categories; Infrastructure, related organizations, entrepreneurial culture, and higher education policy-making and planning for ignition were categorized into two general concepts: organizational and structural factors, and entrepreneurial culture and thinking. Also, the findings of the intervening factors in 2 general concepts of macro-legal, political and economic factors and focusing on the development of entrepreneurship and skills training strategies of students, which include 5 sub-categories; Production of law, support facilities, political and economic factors, development of entrepreneurial knowledge and structural engineering were classified. In general, recognizing these factors can help universities, professors, and the physical education system to develop entrepreneurship.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between socio-economic status and the presence of participants in health and public stations in Kohgiluyeh and BoyerAhmad provinces. The present study is an applied research and in terms of data collection method is a correlational research based on structural equation modeling that has been conducted in the field. The statistical population was all men and women participating in health stations in Kohlivieh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces (N ≤ 100,000). Using available sampling method, 374 people were included in the study. The Gill et . (1983) questionnaire was used to collect information about the motivation of sports participation and the researcher-made questionnaire was used to assess the socio-economic status. Data analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and Amos software version 26. The results showed that the socio-economic status and motivation of participants' sports participation are at a desirable level. The results indicate that the dimensions of social status, education, housing status, income and economic class have the highest priority, respectively. The results also showed that income (β = 0.158, P <0.01), economic class (β = 0.170, P <0.01), education (β = 0.282, P <0.01) Housing status (β = 0.166, P <0.01) and social status (β = 0.197, P <0.01) have a positive and significant effect on motivation to participate in health activities. The results of the study can be used to complete the theoretical foundations of the field of public sports

The present study was designed and conducted with the aim of investigating the role of professional sports development on the indicators of social development in Iran. The present study is one of the mixed researches which was done qualitatively and quantitatively. The statistical population included elites and experts in the social and sports fields and were familiar with the research topic. Based on the targeted sampling method, 13 people were identified as participants in the qualitative research section. Also, based on the selection of the total number, all of these individuals were examined as a research sample in the quantitative section. The data collection tools in the present study included an interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data of the present research, coding was used in the qualitative part and structural equation method was used in a small part. All the process of data analysis of the present research was performed in the software of version 20 and version 2 of the software. In the qualitative stage, 42 characteristics were extracted through interviews, which were classified into 7 general indicators of social development, including justice, social capital, social vitality, social welfare, social development ethics, social security and social health. The research results showed that the development of professional sports on the social capital index (effect= 0.857, sig= 0.001), social welfare (effect= 0.748, sig= 0.001) and social health (effect= 0.718, sig= 0.001) is more effective than other indicators of social development.

the purpose of this study was to identify and classify civil liability measures in sports law . the research method was descriptive - analytical which was performed as a pilot study . the research population consisted of experts in the field of law and sports . they were experts of sport and law . the data collection tool in this study was a researcher - made questionnaire developed by sport management professors and the criteria of civil liability in sports law . these criteria were identified after reviewing the opinions of experts and comparative and library studies . in order to rank the criteria of civil liability in sports law , the ahp method was used and the data were analyzed using spss software . after conducting the studies , number of criteria were identified as measures of civil liability in sports law . according to the results of ahp method , it was found that the formation of special branches of sports proceedings in the courts , with a normal score of 0.92 , paying attention to the theory of fault as the basis of sport responsibility with the normal score and the skill of preventing injury during the execution of sports techniques with the normal score is the most important criteria of civil liability in sports law .

The purpose of this study was to investigate the approach of senior management of sport in implementing succession planning and management system for preparing internal talent forces and attracting external elite forces to take strategic positions. In this study, a seven-point Rothwell star model was used to implement. This study is intended as part of applied-development researches and in terms of the nature of the method, it is placed in a descriptive category. The statistical population of this study is senior managers of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, consisted of total managers of the ministry of sports and youth, their deputies and provincial administrators of the Sports Youth Department, 58 people, all of whom were generally selected for the research sample.50 people responded to the questionnaire and a sample of 50 people was considered. The tool used is Kim's questionnaire, which in total had a reliability coefficient of 0.829%, with Cronbach’s alpha and its validity was confirmed by the judgment of 6 professors. The status of each component was investigated using dependent T-test. The results show a significant difference between the components succession planning and management (policy designation, candidate evaluation, candidate development and system evaluation) based on the current and desirable status in the approach of senior managers of physical education with a significant level of 0.0001. Among the evaluated components, candidate development and system evaluation are in a lower position than other components

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of physical activity of faculty members at Allameh Tabatabai University during the coronavirus pandemic. This applied research has been done by a descriptive method. The statistical population of the study was the Allameh Tabatabai University faculty members in Iran. 284 people were selected through the available sampling method. A valid and reliable researcher-developed questionnaire was used for data collection, and a T-test was conducted for data analysis. The results of this study showed that the faculty members of the university do not have intense and moderate activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. But the general knowledge about the benefits of exercising during the coronavirus period has increased. In a general conclusion, COVID -19 crisis has created inactivity among university faculty members. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement plans to increase the physical activity level among faculty members.

The aim of the present study was to identify the causes of entrepreneurial development of the country's sports science education system.

The research method was qualitative and field-based, and the data were collected using library studies as well as in-depth and semi-structured interviews with experts. The statistical population of the study consisted of all experts in the three fields of science, administration and sports, including experts and experts in the field of entrepreneurship (including top sports entrepreneurs, professors in this field), members of the elite faculty and experts in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences. Managers of sports organizations (Ministry of Sports and Youth, Federations and the National Olympic Committee) were formed. The method of targeted sampling was used as a snowball and interviews with experts continued until theoretical saturation was achieved (19 interviews). The research findings were analyzed through the coding process in three stages: open, central and selective.

The findings showed that a total of 27 factors the form in the form of 4 sub-categories (component); Communication management of the scientific and executive part of the country's sports, principled and practical planning of courses and topics, university education system and attention to internship and entrepreneurship unit and in two general categories (concept) called appropriate program and structure and educational system.

The research findings indicated that the most important reasons for the development of entrepreneurship in the country's physical education and sports science system are having a proper program and structure and using up-to-date and efficient educational system in universities, which can have a positive effect on the efficiency of physical education graduates.

With the outbreak of the COVID-19, the focus on challenges posed by the pandemic was more than considering the coping strategies. Given to the significance of coping with strategic challenges of COVID-19 in Sport, the aim of this study was to monitor the coping opportunities to address the strategic challenges of COVID-19 in sport federations. This research was a qualitative exploratory study through a thematic analysis. The statistical population included experts of sports management with the experience of familiarity with the principles of futurology, and according to the research nature, 16 experts were interviewed through snowball sampling until reaching theoretical saturation. The tool used in the research was a semi-structured interview. The intra-subject agreement method was used to ensure the reliability of the interviews, and the validity was confirmed by consulting sport management experts and reviewing based on their opinions. The thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke’s (2006) method led to the extraction of 188 codes, 15 sub-themes and five main themes. The findings demonstrated that "Redefining the jobs", "Virtual capacity creation", "Supportive approaches", "Upgrade and updating", and "Public Relations and communications" are among the opportunities required to address the strategic challenges posed by COVID-19 in sport federations. According to findings, focusing on the explored strategies and attempts to maximum use of these strategies in the field of research and implementation can be a key step in improving management processes and decreasing Corona consequences in sports federations.

traditional approaches to strategic planning in the face of confusion, uncertainty and environmental uncertainty are not flexible and do not have the appropriate response. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and develop an environmental model affecting the strategic foresight of Iranian sports based on the STEEPELD model and to determine the key drivers. In fact, this study seeks to determine which Driver Forces can be effective in achieving the desired future of Iranian sports.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose, in terms of qualitative nature and in terms of implementation path in futuristic research, environmental scanning and survey. The statistical population was faculty members of sports management with associate degree and higher, who were selected by combined sampling. A 61-item questionnaire was designed to regulate environmental factors, which confirmed the convergent validity (0.622) and its composite reliability coefficient (0.868). The statistical methods used include: descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling (PLS) and Friedman ranking.

The results showed that the research model with GOF = 0.745 is approved by experts. Also, international trade, integration in sports management, development of sports philosophy, increase of sports standard per capita, increase of social capital, environmental policies, expansion of mass media and development of legal regulations as key drivers of effective strategic future of sports Iran were identified

Therefore, the model developed in this study can be effective as a guide in predicting the future of sports organizations.

importance of commitment to the next generation among all groups has led to the understanding of the need for commitment to the next generation among athletes today. This issue has led to the present study, designed to investigate the beliefs and practices of professional athletes toward commitment to the next generation. This descriptive survey employed a 20-question, researcher-made questionnaire with questions designed on a five-point Likert scale as the research tool. The validity of this questionnaire was confirmed by expert opinion, and the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.89. The statistical population of this study consisted of all male athletes from national teams in selected sports (207 persons), and 132 persons were selected by random sampling. The results showed that the belief in commitment to the next generation among professional athletes is at a desirable level (mean = 3.15) and their practice (mean = 1.92) is in poor condition.

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges to the foundations of sports, and there is no doubt that careful monitoring of these challenges as a first step in the process of dealing with the consequences of this pandemic is of great importance. According to the significance of investigating the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on Sport setting, the purpose of this study was to monitor the strategic challenges arising from the COVID-19 pandemic in sport federations. This research has been a qualitative exploratory study that has been conducted by using a thematic analysis method. The statistical population of the study included experts in the field of sports management with the experience of familiarity with the principles of futurology in sport, and according to the nature of the research, 16 experts were interviewed as a statistical sample through snowball sampling until reaching the theoretical saturation. The tool used in the research was a semi-structured interview. The thematic analysis of the data by Braun and Clarke’s (2006) method led to the exploration of 161 codes, 13 sub-themes and five main themes. The findings showed that "Event challenge", "Infrastructure challenge", "Financial challenge", "Communication and interaction challenge", and "Health challenge" are among the explored strategic challenges for sport federations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on these challenges in the field of research and implementation can be a key step in improving and strengthening management processes in sports federations during the COVID -19 pandemic as well as the post-corona era.

The aim of this study was to investigate the Impact of COVID-19 Crisis on University Faculty Members' of Allameh Tabatabai University Physical Activity Levels. Data were collected using a researcher-made 21-item questionnaire that 284 people were considered as a sample and answered the online questionnaire. The results of this study show that the faculty members of the university do not have intense and moderate activities. But the general knowledge about the benefits of exercising during the coronavirus period has increased. Other results of this study showed that university faculty members tend to participate in sports activities in post-corona conditions. In a general conclusion, The Covid-19 crisis has created inactivity among human societies. Technology is expanding rapidly and people's lifestyles are changing. Therefore, it is necessary to develop programs for physical activity and health of people.‎

In recent years, attention and emphasis on traditional and indigenous sports has been considered as one of the most important strategies for the attraction and development of sporting tourists with economic goals in different countries. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of indigenous and local games on GDP growth and employment creation in host societies. The qualitative research was conducted through interviews with experts. The statistical society was a survey of sport management and sports professionals, of which 15 The snowball sampling method was used and the research continued until the data saturation. The results of the research, in two parts of GDP and employment, showed that indigenous and local games, through tourism development, value creation, job creation, income generation and increased production, lead to an increase in GDP, as well as indigenous and local games by creating tourism-related businesses., Gambling-related businesses, gambling-related jobs, and gambling-related businesses will lead to job creation.

 This research aims to investigate the quadruplet role of modern media (education, informing, making social participation, and culturing) on the development of Zurkhaneh sport. 

 This research is applicable in terms of objectives and is descriptive research in terms of data gathering methods. The statistical society of this research includes the athletes, experts, and activists of sports media in the context of the Zurkhaneh sport. Because the exact number of this society was not clear, the number of 384 persons were selected by random sampling. Its measuring tool was the researcher-made questionnaire that 12 professors and experts approved its content validity and its reliability was calculated using the compound reliability (Dillon – Goldstein) and was about 0.82. In addition, the SPSS software was used to analyze the data and PLS software was used to preset the model. 

 The results show that the “informing” factor had the maximum role in developing the Zurkhaneh sport with the factor loading of about 0.93. The other factor that had many roles in developing the Zurkhaneh sport was the “social participation” with the factor loading of about 0.91. The “education” factor with the factor loading of about 0.90 was in third place and the last factor was the “culturing” with the factor loading of about 0.90. 

 According to the results of this research, it could be stated that modern media have obtained such power in the communication era that could affect public opinion. Therefore, the potentials of the modern media and their infinite capacity can be used by proper and correct operational planning to make great movements in developing various aspects of Zurkhaneh sport inside and outside of the country.

The aim of this study was to measure strategic thinking and its five dimensions among managers in sports federations of the Islamic Republic of Iran according to Lidtka model. This research was a descriptive – survey study and a practical one. The Monavarian et al (2012) standard questionnaire was used. The statistical population included all the heads of sports federations as well as heads of committees in federation, and a sample of (n=162) was selected through random sampling. the questionnaire reliability was found  0.916 according to Cronbach’s alpha and  the questionnaire validity verified by using comments of experts in sport management and strategic management. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one sample T-test, paired sample T-test, and Friedman test were used for data analysis by applying SPSS-20 software.  The results of this study showed that the existing condition of strategic thinking is not desirable, it was also found that there is a difference between the existent and desirable condition of strategic thinking and its five dimensions among managers in the sports federation of the Islāmic Republic of Iran.

In the present study, effective factors in development of ethical commitment to the next generation in professional athletes were evaluated. Method of the research was mixed method. The research tool was a researcher-made interview and questionnaire, validity, and reliability of which were confirmed. Statistical population of this study consisted of all male athletes of national teams of the country in selected sports fields (207 people), among which 132 people were selected as the research sample by random sampling method based on Morgan table. Results of the study showed that, among identified factors, public knowledge was the most important factor influencing development of ethical commitment to the next generation between professional athletes. Results also indicated that attracting public participations and firm belief were other important factors effective in developing ethical commitment to the next generation between professional athletes.