m.valizadeh

Anemia after bariatric surgery, particularly in sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass procedures, is a common and significant complication that arises due to the physiological and anatomical changes resulting from these surgeries. The prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia in patients post-surgery is 6 and 12 times higher than in the normal population, respectively. This article examines the status of anemia following bariatric surgery in Iran and the associated challenges. Additionally, it discusses the prevention and treatment of anemia, including recommendations for iron supplementation and necessary follow-ups.

Providing education and awareness to candidates regarding the importance of adhering to dietary plans, taking supplements, and medical follow-ups prior to surgery is essential. Furthermore, health policymakers need to consider the prevalent economic issues in the country and devise measures to ensure that necessary medications and supplements for these individuals are covered by insurance.

With the spread of the newly emerging virus, Covid-19, there were many concerns about the effects and complications of pregnant women contracting this virus. Since pregnant women are in a vulnerable group due to the physiological changes associated with pregnancy, the purpose of the present study was to determine and relate the infection of covid-19 with liver tests and pregnancy outcomes.

The present prospective cohort study was conducted from October 2019 to September 2021 at Shahid Akbarabadi and Firouzgar educational centers of Tehran, Iran. In this study, 191 female patients were included in the study and divided into two groups: 1- pregnant women infected with covid-19 (case group), 2- pregnant women not infected with covid-19 (control group). Eligible people were initially included in the study by available method and then by simple random allocation. Data collection was done by demographic and fertility questionnaires, pain (VAS) and relevant checklists. Collected data were analyzed using t-test, Mann-Whitney, chi-square, Fisher's exact test, Spearman, Pearson and logistic regression.

The level of liver tests (International Normalized Ratio(INR), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, ALP, alkaline phosphatase) increased between the two groups. The increase between the two groups indicated a statistically significant difference (p<0.001), but the mean platelet, indirect bilirubin and relative thromboplastin time in the case group were significantly lower than the control group respectively (p<0.002, p<0.001, 041. Moreover, there was a significant difference in premature delivery and the intensity of contractions in the case and control groups (p<0.001). Phosphatase increased ALP by 15% and indirect bilirubin risk by 58%, which was reported to be statistically significant, but it had no effect on platelets and INR.

Based on the results of the present study, the infection of covid-19 caused liver test disorders. Disruption of liver tests due to covid-19 infection can overlap the changes made during preeclampsia syndrome or HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, increase of liver enzymes, decrease of platelets). Furthermore, the covid-19 infection increased the intensity of contractions and premature delivery.

Resilience is one of the important issues in power networks. This article analyzes resilience during severe incidents and in normal and critical situations. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is presented to investigate the issue. The optimization is done in two levels. In the first level, the optimal size of the energy storage system and its optimal discharge depth are determined for the optimal planning of the microgrid under normal operating conditions. In the second level, after a fault occurs and the microgrid is disconnected from the upstream network and operates in island mode, an energy storage system (ESS) and load response program reduces the system's vulnerability and minimizes the cost of load shedding. This model aims to observe the impact of ESS and demand response programs (DRP) on system performance in numerical conditions and during extreme weather events as a strategy to increase grid resilience. Under normal operating conditions, the return on investment for ESS occurs within one year, and the economic profit of the microgrid with the addition of DRP is about $160,000. Additionally, in critical conditions, the ESS supplies 40% of the loads shut down during the fault, which increases to 66% with the addition of the load response program.

Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal from solanaceae family is a multi-purpose species that is distributed in Iran only in limited areas of natural habitats in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Different organs of this plant have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-tumor biological effects. To investigate the effects of humic acid and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the amount of phytochemical compounds and some growth parameters of this species, a pot factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete design with three replications. Experimental factors included humic acid at four levels (H0: 0, H1: 10, and H2: 30 g.kg-1 soil) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles at three levels (T0: 0, T1: 45, and T2: 90 mg.l-1). The results showed that the H2T2 treatment increased fresh weight, dry weight, number of lateral branches, height, phosphorus, potassium, and relative water content compared to the control, significantly. Increasing humic acid up to 30 g decreased the phenols content from 48.59 in H0 to 39.88 mg.g-1 fresh weight in H2. In T2, the phenols content increased by 2.37% compared to T0, which had a significant difference with the other treatments. Also, a similar trend was observed for the parameters like total flavonoids and proline. But increasing humic acid up to 30 g increased the amount of chlorophyll fluorescence by 70.79% compared to the control. Overall, the results indicated that the interaction of humic acid and titanium dioxide nanoparticles could improve the growth and plant yield parameters.

Let $G$ be a weighted digraph, $s$ and $t$ be two vertices of $G$, and $t$ is reachable from $s$. The logical $s$-$t$ min-cut (LSTMC) problem states how $t$ can be made unreachable from $s$ by removal of some edges of $G$ where (a) the sum of weights of the removed edges is minimum and (b) all outgoing edges of any vertex of $G$ cannot be removed together. If we ignore the second constraint, called the logical removal, the LSTMC problem is transformed to the classic $s$-$t$ min-cut problem. The logical removal constraint applies in situations where non-logical removal is either infeasible or undesired. Although the $s$-$t$ min-cut problem is solvable in polynomial time by the max-flow min-cut theorem, this paper shows the LSTMC problem is NP-Hard, even if $G$ is a DAG with an out-degree of two. Moreover, this paper shows that the LSTMC problem cannot be approximated within $alpha log n$ in a DAG with $n$ vertices for some constant $alpha$. The application of the LSTMC problem is also presented intest case generation of a computer program.

Water hammer is one of the unsteady flows in urban water distribution networks, which has been of great importance due to the damage caused to the pipeline and has always been of interest to researchers. In this study, the phenomenon of water hammer due to the sudden closure of the valve in the downstream end has been investigated in a laboratory and using a numerical model. In the laboratory section of the study, the effect of flow changes with control equipment and without control equipment on the maximum and minimum height of pressure wave head was investigated. The results showed that the proper performance of the surge tower pipe in reducing the maximum pressure wave as well as improving the negative pressures in the system. In a maximum discharge of 35.75 liters per minute, surge tower pipe reduced pressure wave head by a maximum of 70.40%. In a minimum discharge of 7.70 liters per minute, the surge tower pipe reduced the height of maximum pressure by 34.82%. Also, in minimum discharge, surge tower pipe has improved the minimum pressure wave head by more than 78%. AFT Impulse numerical model was used to analyze the water hammer. The results of the numerical model were examined in a benchmark problem using a characteristic method and its validity was confirmed. Simulation of laboratory model with numerical software showed that this software only predicts the first wave properly when water hammer produces negative pressures, but in the next cycles it does not show the depreciation rate of the pressure wave, properly.

With the development of complex urban infrastructure such as high-rise buildings, the importance of geospatial information in the interior of buildings becomes more apparent. Routing is one of the most basic processes related to geospatial information that existence of a precise and complete network of the desired environment is necessary for its efficiency. In most cases, a data set from the target network is required before performing any analysis on a route network; Having such data outside the building, such as Google Map and OSM data, as well as accessing it is much easier than inside the building. Access to such information requires geometric information and in some cases accurate semantic information of the building. In this regard, building information modeling technology (BIM), by providing useful information about buildings can help to build a route network in its interior. On the other hand, in order to complete the routing process, in addition to the route network, efficient tools for analysis on the route network are needed, which are not available in BIM. In this regard, Spatial Information Systems (GIS) have an ability to perform the required analysis in the routing process. Therefore, it seems that by combining BIM and GIS, the ground can be provided for better management of the routing process inside the building. In this research, the combination of BIM and GIS has been done with the aim of building an indoor route network using FME Reader software. In this research, the campus of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran has been considered as the study building. In order to prepare a three-dimensional model of these floors, Revit Architecture 2017 software has been used. First, the two-dimensional map related to the plan of these classes is entered into the software environment and then the three-dimensional process is implemented in accordance with the necessary standards. After extracting the required data in the BIM model, this data has become the standard format in GIS. In order to eliminate the errors resulting from the conversion of data format from BIM to GIS, such as overshoot and undershoot errors, concepts and topological analysis in GIS have been used. Finally, the two proposed methods Mesh and TIN have been used to create the route network. The Mesh method uses regular grading of the region to create the route network, while the TIN method uses the Delaunay triangulation concepts to construct the route network. In the Mesh method, the number of points involved in routing is very high. High number of points increases the accuracy of routing, but processing these points in order to find the optimal path requires high hardware. The TIN method uses triangulation to network the environment, and therefore, due to the low number of points involved in the path network, information processing in order to find the best path requires less hardware power. Also in this study, the stairs were connected to each other as a straight line, which reduces the accuracy of routing. Routing can be used in technologies such as in-house positioning. The results of the research show the efficiency of the information in BIM models as well as the proposed methods in constructing the route network in the routing process.

Comparative genomics has revealed a high degree of collinearity between related species, which allows transferability of interspecies and intergenus   markers. The aim of this study was to examine the transferability of barley microsatellite markers among species of Triticum and Aegilops genus for determination of their genetic relationships. The experiments was carried out in faculty of agriculture, university of Tabriz, Iran, in 2016. Among 165 evaluated barley microsatellite primer pairs in 40 genotypes from nine species of Triticum and Aegilops genus, 62 (37.57%) showed successful amplification at least in the genome of one species and 50 (30.3%) were polymorphic. Using 50 polymorphic primer pairs, 223 alleles were amplified and number of alleles varied from 2 to 14 with an average of 4.46. The mean of polymorphic information content and genetic diversity were 0.55 and 0.6, respectively. The studied genotypes were assigned into four groups using Nieghbor-Joining clustering algorithm and Guckes Cantor evolutionary distance coefficient. The species of Triticum and Aegilops genera were grouped separately, and within each genus, grouping was in accordance with their genome structure. In principal coordinate analysis, two first coordinates explained 24.63 and 21.86% of molecular variation, respectively, and distribution of the genotypes based on two first coordinates was in concordance with grouping of cluster analysis. The results indicated that the transferable barley markers could be successfully utilized in wheat and its wild relatives genetics and breeding studies.

Cynara scolymus L. is an economically valuable medicinal plant, but salinity can limit the regions under cultivation of this crop. Therefore, identifying the appropriate tissue culture method for this plant can be useful for selecting salinity tolerant cultivars. This research was carried out with the aim of identifying the appropriate explant and method for tissue culture of this plant as the first step to produce tolerant cultivars in future projects. In this study, firstly, sterile seedlings of plant seeds were prepared. Then, the terminal meristem was selected as a suitable explant during a pre-test and evaluated in vitro to study salinity tolerance with five different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mM) in a completely randomized design with three replications. This research was performed in the medicinal plants research center of Sistan and Baluchistan University in 2017. Salinity reduced some morphological traits (stem length, root length, shoot and root fresh and dry weight) of seedlings grown from terminal meristem explant. As the concentration of sodium chloride increased to 60 and 80 mM, the amount of soluble sugars and proline increased. The lowest amount of soluble sugars (33 mg g-1 dry weight) and proline (50 µM) was related to zero and 20 mM sodium chloride concentrations, respectively. The results indicate that this plant is sensitive to different levels of salinity, although it is somewhat tolerant to low and moderate levels of salinity.

This paper introduces a new hybrid hill-climbing algorithm (HHC) for solving the Economic Dispatch (ED) problem. This algorithm solves the ED problems with a systematic search structure with a global search. It improves the results obtained from an evolutionary algorithm with local search and converges to the best possible solution that grabs the accuracy of the problem. The most important goal of economic load dispatch is the optimal allocation of each generator's contribution to provide the load and reduce the costs of active units in the power system. This is generally due to presence of the nonlinear factors and limitations, such as the effect of the steam inlet valve (valve point effect (VPE)), the balance between the power generation and power demand of the system, the prohibited operating zones (POZS), power generation limits, ramp rate limits, and transmission losses. This algorithm is implemented on three 13-unit, 15-unit and 40-unit test systems with different operating conditions, and also for the same three test systems in combination with the evolutionary PSO algorithm. The simulation results show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in solving ED problems.

Let G be a weighted digraph and s and t be two vertices of G. The reachability assurance (RA) problem is how to label the edges of G such that every path starting at s finally reaches t and the sum of the weights of the labeled edges, called the RA cost, is minimal. The common approach to the RA problem is pathfinding, in which a path is sought from s to t and then the edges of the path are labeled. This paper introduces a new approach, the marking problem (MP), to the RA problem. Compared to the common pathfinding approach, the proposed MP approach has a lower RA cost. It is shown that the MP is NP-complete, even when the underlying digraph is an unweighted directed acyclic graph (DAG) or a weighted DAG with an out-degree of two. An appropriate heuristic algorithm to solve the MP in polynomial time is provided. To mitigate the RA problem as a serious challenge in this area, application of the MP in software testing is also presented. By evaluating the datasets from various program flow graphs, it is shown that the MP is superior to the pathfinding in the context of test case generation.

Previous studies indicate an inverse association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D level with obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular events. This study was aimed to assess metabolic syndrome correlation with serum Vit-D levels of physicians in Zanjan city (Iran).

In an analytical cross-sectional study, a total of 108 physicians were selected and their 25-hydroxyvitamin D status, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride and HDL were assessed using venous blood. Metabolic syndrome was defined based on ATPIII criteria. Data was analyzed using SPSS software.

The mean serum 25(OH) D concentration was 23.40±23.72 ng/ml and its median level was 17.65 ng/ml. 25 (OH) D concentrations <20 ng/ml was observed in 62% of the participants. The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome for the whole sample was 21.2%. The most prevalent components of metabolic syndrome were hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL with a prevalence of 55.6% and 38%, respectively. Significant correlative difference was found between serum 25(OH) D levels and triglyceride (P = 0.009).

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome among physicians in Zanjan was lower than general population. A significant association between serum levels of Vitamin D and triglyceride was detected, which may be due to higher BMI.

Effects of salt stress (NaCl) on fresh weight, pigment content and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and catalase (CAT) activities in nine genotypes of pinto bean exposed to two levels of NaCl )0 and 400 mM( were studied. A factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized design was carried out in laboratory conditions. Salinity stress increased carotenoids in the leaves while it decreased chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll significantly. Salinity reduced by 24.31% fresh weight. Electrophoretic analyses were performed by using 8% slab polyacrylamide gels. For each isozymic band the “density × area” scores onto gels were evaluated by MCID software as enzymatic activity. Three isozymes were observed for each of SOD and POX and one for CAT. Salt stress increased activities of all observed enzymes. Application of salt stress increased activities of SOD1, SOD2 and SOD3. Their activity increment was estimate to be 26.31, 13.89 and 17.64 percent respectively. POX1, POX2 and POX3 activity increment, were also estimated to be48.38, 21 and 43.02 percent respectively. In the case of CAT it was 43.85 percent. Antioxidant enzymes activity increment could be important strategy for reducing the damage caused by oxidative stress.

Tomato crown and root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is one of the most important disease of this crop. The disease control is mainly achieved by the use of resistant cultivars and crop rotation. Biological control is considered as a potential alternative strategy for disease management. In present study, resistance of common tomato cultivars namely Ergon, Daehnfild, Clause grown in green houses in East Aazrabayjan province were evaluated. For this purpose, three Fusarium isolates including two reference isolates (F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) and a highly virulent local isolate of F. oxysporum were used. Resistance of cultivars was assessed based on different factors such as disease percentage, wet and dry weight of foliage, wet and dry weight of roots and the height of each plant. Based on our results, Daehnfild showed highest degree of susceptibility and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici showed the highest degree of pathogenicity. Biological control of disease was evaluated by using the most virulent isolate of Fusarium and the most susceptible tomato cultivar. Two isolates of Trichoderma harzianu (Strain T22 isolated from TRIANUM-P and the second was obtained from Iranian Institute of Plant Protection)and single strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens (CHAO) were evaluated for antagonistic potential against causal fungus of this disease in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Our results based on laboratory experiments showed that T.harzianum recovered from commercial biological control product (TRIANUM-P), together with P. fluorescens (CHAO) showed the highest degree of control in compare with control. But the greenhouse experiments revealed that the second isolate of T. harzianum showed the highest degree of control in compare with control.

Digestive enzyme inhibitors are proteinacious or nonproteinacious compounds which reduce an enzyme activity through attaching to its active site and/or its substrate. Nowadays, plant enzyme inhibitors are of great importance because 1) these have considerable effects on insect digestive enzymes and as a result on their development; and 2) the transgenic plants expressing them are safe. In this study, the effects of NaCl, ethylenediamine tetraacetate disodium dehydrate (EDTA), Tris, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and an alpha-amylase inhibitor derived from wheat kernels (WAAI) on alpha-amylase activity of adults of the stripped bug Graphosoma lineatum (L.) during 60 minutes incubation was studied. Distilled water was considered as the control. The results showed that the effects of the inhibitor type on adult alpha-amylase activity was significant (P

The highest profit is the ultimate goal of any farming firm. The management of machine replacement (specifically tractor) is one of the most critical factors for achieving this goal. Therefore, accurate prediction of tractor repair and maintenance costs is a must. The objective of this research was to predict tractor repair and maintenance costs using neural network and regression methods and comparing their performance for these predictions. The study was conducted using empirical data on 60 two-wheel drive tractors from Astan Ghodse Razavi agro-industry. The results indicated that both neural network and regression models have high rather accurate prediction of repair cost but the performance of regression model in comparison with neural network model for prediction of oil and fuel costs was very low with much less accuracy.

Parsi zira (Bunium persicum Boiss.) that is also called mountainous or black zira, is one of the most important medicinal plants with high economic importance. There is a little information about in vitro culture of Parsi zira. Fragmented embryo was used as an explant in Bunium persicum regeneration. In this method, a great callus induction and regeneration occurred only on the same medium without any subculture. In this research, MS media containing different concentrations of plant growth regulators, NAA and 2,4-D alone or together with Kin, were used. The experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with 30 treatments and 10 replications per treatment. The treatment containing 0.1 mgl-1 NAA and 2 mgl-1 Kin was the best one for regeneration. The treatment containing 0.1 mgl-1 NAA and 0.5 mgl-1 Kin was the best one for somatic embryogenesis. Regeneration occurred in some treatments without kinetin, showing that kinetin is not essential for Bunium persicum regeneration

Parsi Zira, Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch., which is called Mountainous or Black Zira, is one of the most important medicinal plants with high economic importance. Generally, there is a little information about in vitro culture of Bunium persicum. Fragmented embryo was used as an explant in Bunium persicum regeneration. In this method, a great callus induction and regeneration only on the same medium without any subculture occurred because of being young and having better interaction with medium, leading to reduction of tissue culture time, infection and chemical consumption. In this research, B5 media containing different concentrations of plant growth regulators, NAA and 2,4-D only or together with Kin, were used. The experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with 30 treatments and 10 replications per treatment. The highest callus number was obtained from the treatment containing 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D and 2 mg/l Kin or 1 mg/l NAA and 2 mg/l Kin. Regeneration occurred in some treatments without Kinetin, showing that Kinetin is not essential for Bunium persicum regeneration. The treatment containing 0.1 mg/l NAA and 4 mg/l Kin was the best one for regeneration. The best treatment for somatic embryogenesis was 2 mg/l 2,4-D.

During years 2000 and 2001, biology and population changes of two- spotted spider mite (T. urticae) was studied on five bean cultivars of two species at 25±1ºC temp., 45±4% RH and 15: 9 (L:D) photoperiod, using leaf disks made from 2-, 6- leaf and flowering stages of the plants. The mite mass rearing was carried out on tomato plants under the same environmental conditions and the effects of feeding on 4 cultivars of phaseolus vulgaris namely Chiti Var. Zanjan, Picher, Sunray, Contender and Vigna unguiculata, Var. Kameran as host plants. Biological features as fertility, percentage of egg hatch, duration of embryonic and larval development, percentage were also Studied of lraval mortality, duration of nymphal stages, developmental period from lava to pre- oviposition stages, oviposition period, adult mite longevity, number of progenies, their percentage mortalities, and sex ratios were determined. The results indicated that the two cultivars Chiti Var: Zanjan, Contender, and species Vigna unguiculatat Var. Kameran at 2- leaf stage appeared to be suitable hosts causing higher egg production and hatches, lower embryonic and larval developmental time and lower rate of larval mortality, lower nymphal developmental period, lower duration from larval stage to preoviposition, extended oviposition period and higher adult longevity. In contrast, the cultivars, Sunray and Picker were shown to be unsuitable hosts. Regarding 6- leaf stage, the cultivar Contender and Vigna unguiculatat, were considered as suitable hosts in relation to embryonic developmental time, number of larvae, duration of larval stage, and rate of mortalities, nymphal developmental time and duration from larval stage to pre- oviposition, extended oviposition stage, sex ratio and adult longevity. But the cultivars Chiti, Picker and Sunray appeared to be unsuitable hosts. In relation to the number of eggs and percentage of egg hatch, number of larvae and nymphs, nymphal mortality rates and sex ratio, the cultivars, Picker and Sunray were considered as suitable hosts at their flowering stage but Vigna unguiculatat and Contender were identified as unsuitable ones.

Rape seed (Brassica napus L.) containing more than 40 per cent oil is one of the best oilseeds for cultivation in Iran. Sclerotinia stem rot is one of the important diseases of the rape seed, the causal agent being Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of the disease on the quantity and quality of the extracted oil and remaining foodstuff in a field experiment. In this research three cultivars including Okapi, SLM046 and Talayeh were examined under field conditions using a factorial design (cultivars and inoculations were two factors under study). The cultivars were inoculated with SK4 isolate of S. sclerotiorum. The inoculation was done on the plant stems at 30 cm height above the soil using Lewartosca method during mid flowering stage. One thousand- seed weight and glucosinolate, erucic and oleic fatty acids contents of the seeds were determind after the harvest. The results indicated that the infected plants in comparision with the controls had a lower 1000- seed weight and oleic acid content and a higher glucosinolates and erucic acid contents. There were significant differences among the genotypes in respect to all the studied traits except 1000- seed weight. Inverse correlation was observed between 1000- seed weight and erucic acid content or oil glucosinolates contents. It was concluded that the disease can reduce quantity and quality of seed oil and other nutrient contents.

The fire blight with the bacterial causal agent, Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) winslow etal. is one of the most important diseases of the pome fruits that causes the economical losses to quince, pear and apple productions, respectively, in some parts of country. To determine the infection severity of the 43 raturally infected pear cultivars in collection of karaj horticulture research division and also for studing the reaction of these cultivars against disease, the evaluation was performed by the USDA standard system for these cultivars in collection. In this study, although the most of cultivars had been infected on the natural conditions, but disease severity was significantly different between them. By the USDA system, pear cultivars were divided in the 2 classes. Percentage of pear cultivars in very susceptible and moderately susceptible classes were 81.4 and 18.6 respectively. Also for dividing the pear cultivars, beside of USDA method, SPSS software and the cluster analysis were also by the UPGMA method and cultivars were divided into 3 clusters, but it seems that the classification of cluster analysis did not conform with USDA system. Correlation of I.V.S in the artificial tests and the disease severity by natural infection was very significant (r= -0.83).

The reaction of forty two barely landraces, mostly from Azarbijan Province and a susceptible cultivar, Zarjo, was studied under greenhouse conditions in the presence of four highly virulent isolates of Pyrenophora graminea, i.e. Marand 3, Ajabshir 2, Khasseban-Tireh, and Bostanabad. The experimental design was a split-plot based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Landraces were considered as sub-plots and the isolates as whole plots. The seeds were inoculated by the sandwich method and responses of the landraces were evaluated by the method of Mathur and Bhatnagar. The resistance of landrace #1 to the isolates of Marand 3 and Ajabshir 2 and that of landrace # 27 to the isolate of Ajabshir 2 was observed. These landraces could be used as a source of vertical resistance in barley. Landraces 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37 and 41 were classified within the range of partial resistance to partial susceptibility, which may be utilized as the sources of horizontal resistance.

This experiment was carried out to determine the desirable hormone treatment for increasing the number of roots in greenhouse cucumber (c.v. Ruba) cuttings. A factorial experiment based on Randomized Complete Design with 6 replications was used in this study. Treatments were 1) cutting type (nodal and non-nodal), 2) duration of hormonal treatment (30 sec and 60 sec) and 3) type of hormone (lndolebuteric Acid at concentrations of 500, 1000 and 1500 mglit-1, Naphtaleneacetic Acid at 50, 100 and 150 mglit-1, the mixture of low concentrations of the two hormones and control). At the end of the experiment, number of roots, length of the longest root and percentage of rooted cuttings were measured. Results indicated that nodalcuttings produced more and longer roots (p < 0.01). Roots number was also affected by duration of treatment (more roots were produced with 60 sec compared with 30 sec). Both hormones increased the number of roots significantly, though the lenght was not affected. Maximum roots number was obtained with 1500 mg-1 lndolebuteric acid.

In order to study the genetic variation among local varieties of onion in Iran, an experiment was conducted in the Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University. Sixteen populations were evaluated for agronomic characteristics and also total seed proteins via SDS-PAGE. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to group the onion populations under study. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among varieties for leaf color, leaf length, texture tightness, onion yield per plant, and number of edible layers. No significant differences were observed for the number of twin onions, bulb diameter, and onion dry weight. Hamadan (98-148), Arak (98-95, 98-96, 98-97, 98-103), and Zanjan (98-223) populations acquired the highest onion yield per plant. The significant differences between populations for the majority of characteristics proved the existence of genetic variation in the Iranian onion germplasm. The results from cluster analysis for agronomic characteristics were the same as those from the cluster analysis for the onion yield per plant. The 16 populations were divided into 4 groups. Cluster analysis for the electrophoresis banding pattern resulted in two groups, which was not similar to the dendrogram of agronomic traits. Using principal component analysis, the first principal components determined 97.57% of the total variation. Onion yield per plant was the most important trait in the first principal component and onion dry weight was the second trait in the rank.