mahmoud ahmadpour

Due to the importance of climate change on agricultural production and the dependence of yield on rainfall, the purpose of this article is to investigate effect of climatic variables such as temperature, rainfall, fertilizer and onion inputs on saffron yield in cities of Khorasan provinces during the years 1398-1380. For this purpose, using Ricardin model and mixed spatial autoregressive model (SAR), the effect of climate change in three climates: hot and dry, temperate and cold in the mentioned provinces was investigated. The results of the model in three climates showed that the amount of rainfall, fertilizer and onion, contrary to temperature, have a positive and significant effect on saffron yield and the significance of the spatial interruption coefficient of the dependent variable confirms the existence of spatial effects. According to the results of this study, it is necessary to increase the serious events of high temperature and decrease rainfall and reduce the yield of saffron in future periods and the undeniable role of saffron in livelihood, employment and income generation of farmers in the region.

Investigating the short-term and long-term effects of factors affecting the quality of the environment in IranOne of the main goals of countries is to achieve sustainable development. Unlike the previous models of development, the approach of sustainable development emphasizes on all-around development, and intergenerational social justice and environmental considerations are considered among its basic dimensions, and it has three basic dimensions: equality, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. Many researchers consider the inappropriate relationship between humans and nature as one of the main causes of negative environmental effects (Bargui et al., 2014). In the last few decades, the environment has been considered from various economic and social aspects, and how it interacts with the energy sector, population and economic growth have become the focus of many scientific discussions. In the theories of economic growth, in addition to being used as inputs in production and consumption, environmental resources are also affected by economic activities in the form of production and consumption, so that sometimes the increase in economic activities leads to the use of energy resources, resources water, agricultural lands, etc., and therefore includes air pollution, destruction of pastures, and reduction of the fertility of agricultural lands. Therefore, on the one hand, economic growth increases welfare by increasing production and consumption, and on the other hand, by creating environmental pollution, it causes a decrease in economic welfare.One of the factors affecting sustainable development is the interaction between energy consumption and the environment, so that energy consumption and environmental problems are closely related to each other because it is almost impossible to produce, transport, and consume energy. Without having environmental effects. Air pollution, water pollution, temperature changes, and scattering of solid waste are environmental problems that are directly related to energy production, transmission, and consumption.The energy sector plays the most important role in changing environmental conditions. Today, the level of production in less developed countries is generally based on the use of non-renewable energy sources, which has caused concerns about environmental problems such as water, soil, air pollution, reduction of fertility, soil erosion, and reduction of resources. (Hashmi and others, 2015). For this reason, different countries seek to use renewable energies such as solar and wind energy, etc., to improve technology in order to reduce the harmful effects on the environment.One of the topics of interest to economists and environmentalists is the relationship between the quality of the environment and economic variables. Therefore, the literature on environmental economics has developed significantly in recent years. Income and the quality of the environment are two general currents of thought in this field. The first approach, which is known as the "anti-growth" theory, states that economic growth necessarily leads to the destruction of the environment; Because growth means injecting more and more raw materials and energy into the economic system and then producing more waste. On the other side of this spectrum, there is a second approach known as the "economic growth" theory.In this group, it is believed that growth is the only way to create and provide the necessary capital to protect the environment, therefore, instead of threatening the environment, economic growth can help improve its quality. The conflict between these two approaches and the fundamental differences in their arguments, along with the different empirical evidence of each of the two groups, led to the emergence of a third approach in this field in the 1990s, which states that the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality - positive or negative - in The length of the development path of each country is not stable, in fact, this relationship reverses over time when the income reaches a certain level.Such a relationship became known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) or the Environmental Transfer Hypothesis (ETH). This means that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the environmental degradation index and per capita income. This means that in the early stages of economic growth when the income level is low, economic growth leads to the deterioration of the quality of the environment, but after the per capita income passes a certain level, further growth leads to a reduction in pollution.One of the influential factors in the growth and development of societies is the environment. Environmental challenges created in the process of economic growth and development have become one of the most important concerns of policymakers. Today, in addition to the policies and actions within their own countries, countries follow the regulation of pollution in the international sphere. In this regard, identifying the forces affecting the environment is very important and it seems very useful in adopting appropriate policies.. Therefore, the study of factors affecting the relationship between growth and pollution can be important because it may be the basis of environmental policy-making at the national and international levels. For this purpose, this article, by expanding the STIRPAT model, has been done to investigate the factors affecting the emission of carbon dioxide by using the information of the provinces of the country in the form of panel data and with EViews and Stata software. The results of the evaluation panel model show that energy consumption, per capita income and Gini coefficient, and population growth as indicators of the income distribution had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the short-term and long-term relationship of factors affecting the quality of the environment has been investigated based on time series data based on the ARDL method. The results of the estimation of the short-term equation showed that in the short term, energy consumption, the population of the previous period, and the Gini coefficient of the previous periods had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, per capita income had a negative impact on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, based on the estimate In the long term, population, energy consumption, and the Gini coefficient have had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the increase in per capita income has a negative impact on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the long term.

Dust is a disastrous weather problem that can cause serious environmental hazards and adverse consequences on agriculture, industry and people's daily life. The intensity of these winds is such that by creating the concentration of dust in the sky and the influx of quicksands on the surface of the earth, they deprive people of any activity and create disturbances in the general situation. To the extent that these strong winds today have covered the fields that were used as wheat storage for several millennia with sand dunes, and the drought has progressed to the extent that it has completely dried up an area of 4,000 square kilometers. Successive droughts caused the Hamon wetland to dry up and the bed of that spring became dusty. As a result of the 120-day winds of Sistan, fine dust particles spread for kilometers and create a basic problem for the residents of Sistan in Iran and parts of Afghanistan. The amount of water that enters the wetland through the Hirmand River every year, if it is spread on its bed, it can stabilize the soil particles to some extent and cause plants to grow in the Hamon bed, which is very effective in stabilizing the soil and preventing the spread of dust. However, the spread of floods in the Hamon bed is in conflict with the interests of some wetland beneficiaries such as nomads, fishermen, boatmen and farmers of the Hamon bed. Their interests will be secured if the small amount of water entered into the wetland is concentrated in some places and not spread over a wide area. for this reason The movement of quicksand caused by sandstorms in Sistan region irreparable damage to the economic life of cities and especially villages, including communication roads, agricultural fields, aqueducts and irrigation canals and houses. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of estimating the economic losses of the effects of dust on the beneficiaries of the Hamon wetland.

The statistical population of this research is all the beneficiaries of the wetland (fishermen, boatmen, farmers of the wetland bed and nomads) and residents of Sistan region, of which 292 people were randomly selected. In this research, two library-documentary and field methods were used to collect information. To determine the model to measure the willingness to pay, it is assumed that the person accepts the proposed cost for the green and prosperous Hamon wetland based on maximizing his utility under conditions or rejects the proposed cost. The dual questionnaire form in cv survey has a dependent variable with a double choice, which requires a selective qualitative model. Usually, logit and probit models are used for qualitative selection methods, due to the abundant and common use of logit model in calculation, this model was used in this research. The average method of partial willingness to pay is better for calculating the amount of willingness to pay because this method preserves the stability and consistency of the limits with the theory, statistical efficiency and the ability to accumulate; Therefore, the average willingness to pay was used in this research. The parameters of the logit model are estimated using the maximum likelihood method, which is the only technique for estimating the logit model (Hanemann, 1984). Then, the expected value of the willingness to pay is calculated by numerical integration in the range of zero to the highest offer (A) in the form of the following equation. Research data was collected using designed questionnaires that were prepared separately for each department. Users were interviewed in person and in different parts of the lagoon. The willingness to pay method was used to calculate the average willingness to pay of Hamon lagoon users and it was used to calculate the expected value of willingness to pay by numerical integration in the range of zero to the maximum offer. Also, Excel software was used to analyze the variables and mathematical calculations, and SPSS software was used to estimate the parameters of the logit model.

The results of surveying the education level of the respondents showed that 28.1% of people had less than middle school literacy and 20.5% of them were illiterate. Examining the results of people's income status showed that 49.3 percent of users had monthly income between 1-3 million tomans, 26 percent of them had income less than 1 million tomans. The values of Cox and Nel and Nigel Kirk statistics are equal to 0.095 and 0.133, which means that six independent variables (gender, income, education, number of children and occupation) have been able to account for between 10 and 13 percent of the changes in the damage variable Explain the cause of dust. After estimating the parameters of the logit model using the maximum likelihood method, by means of numerical integration in the range of zero to the maximum damage amount (15000000 Rials), the expected value of WTP was calculated, and the average dust damage to the users was 11237600 Rials per year. According to the total population of users (11172 people) of Hamon lagoon, the total value of dust damage to users is 125546467200 rials per year. The average amount of users' willingness to pay is 286,950 rials per year. Considering the total population of users and tourists of Hamon Wetland, the total value of the proposed amount for the restoration of Hamon Wetland is 45,354,350,800 Rials per year, which can be used to preserve and restore natural resources or to invest in the direct values of the wetland in terms of tourism, etc. .

Since the recent droughts in the Sistan region have endangered the life of the Hamoun wetland and led to the employment of a large part of the residents of rural areas who used to earn a living in this way, it is necessary to develop effective strategies for the establishment of non-agricultural industries in order to create employment. We are the residents of the region that if this is not fulfilled, we will witness the depopulation of a huge part of the rural and border areas in the Sistan region.

Intertextuality is one of the attitudes in the new literary criticism which speaks of reaction among texts. In this critic trend which is known in Arabic literature as "Tanas", a given text will be studied from the viewpoint of its relationship with the other texts; for, there is no independent individual text but a recall from others. Although this theory has many similarities with the classic rhetoric idioms including: "quotation, implication, literary plagiarism etc.", but contemporary critics differentiate between them. One of important subsets of it is religious intertextuality which is meant as overlap between chosen religious texts such as the Holy Quran, Prophetic Hadith, religious characters, events, and verdicts with the main text. There should be a kind of conformation between the overlapped texts so as to provide the author's aim. In this research which is done with the descriptive method and context analysis technique, we try to analyze the religious intertextuality in the novel of "ʼAmaleqat al-Shamal" by NajeebKilani. The result of this paper is that NajeebKilani utilized Koranic verses and Prophetic Hadith in his novel both directly and indirectly; but he used Koranic tales and the events of Islam's history only indirectly.

the purpose of this study is to investigate the long-term and short-term relationship between the impact of trade liberalization on the import of a number of inputs from the Iranian agricultural sector during the period 2009-2018 using panel data. determine To the fixed and random effects with Hausman test, the test statistic was 37.40, which is quite significant. , in estimating the model, the use of the fixed effects method was more appropriate than the random effects method. To estimate the long-term and short-term relationships of the studied variables, the model of self-explanatory integrated group panel with wide intervals (PMG) and group average (MG) was used.The results of estimating the model of the self-explanatory integrated group average panel with wide intervals and group average indicate that in the long run, the trade liberalization index has a positive effect on the import of agricultural sector inputs. The index of trade liberalization on fertilizer, chemical pesticides and agricultural seeds was calculated as -0.788, 0.17 and 0.043, respectively,

Price stability of agricultural products is related to the stability and development of the agricultural products market. Inflation in Iran, despite the intense fight against it, is increasing at a worrying rate, and has become the most important economic problem in the country. This study investigates the relationship between inflation and expected inflation with price fluctuations of agricultural products in Iran using self-explanatory method and Granger causality test during the period 1991-2019 in the form of quarterly data.The results showed that the inflation rate has a positive and significant effect on price fluctuations of agricultural products during the study period. Expected inflation variable also has a positive and significant effect on price fluctuations in agricultural products. The results of Granger causality test also showed that there is a two-way cause and effect relationship between expected inflation and price fluctuations in agricultural products. There is also a two-way causality relationship between inflation and expected inflation. There is also a one-way causal relationship between inflation and agricultural price fluctuations.

The economic valuation of environmental resources is a step in the direction of controlling and preventing the destruction of places and environmental species. Among environmental resources, forest areas play a very important role in increasing human well-being. On the other hand, forest areas provide products such as fodder and medicinal plants and services such as carbon sequestration, oxygen production, soil and water protection. On the other hand, recreational uses such as walking and mountain climbing are used and they have existential and heritage values. The aim of the current research is to estimate the economic value of recreational services as well as the conservation value and the use value of Birk Forest Park. The necessary information for valuing recreational services has been obtained by completing a two-dimensional double-choice questionnaire online, and the necessary information for consumption values has been obtained by surveying and completing the questionnaire. Probit model has been used to measure people's willingness to pay. Based on the results of the research, about 68% of the surveyed people are willing to pay for the recreational use of the Birak forest area, and the willingness to pay for recreational and conservation use is 8850, respectively. Estimated at 4385 Tomans. The total value of its annual recreational use was estimated at 1397 million Rials. Also, the annual direct and indirect use value of the studied area is equal to 187,247 million rials. The results of the probit model show that the variables of income, education, gender have a positive effect and the variable of age has a negative effect on willingness to pay.

One of the factors that play a key role in achieving the goal of rapid and sustained economic growth is the expansion of the financial sector. Therefore, the development and expansion of financial markets in the agricultural sector of these countries is of particular importance. Also, one of the macroeconomic goals of countries is to create the conditions necessary to promote sustainable and sustainable economic growth. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of financial expansion and economic freedom on the growth of selected agricultural products in the Middle East countries with emphasis on Iran during the period 2016-2017. The method used in this study is fixed effects method based on the results of Hausman country test. The results showed that financial expansion, economic freedom, physical capital and labor force in agricultural sector had positive and significant effects on growth with coefficients of 0.39, 0.42, 0.31 and 0.12, respectively. The agricultural products are in the Middle East and Iran. Therefore, it is suggested that countries in the Middle East, and in particular Iran, can grow further in the agricultural sector by opening the door to trade by removing tariff barriers and trade restrictions.

The agricultural sector is of strategic importance in the economy and development due to the supply of food required by the country. Therefore, in order to ensure the sustainable security of this sector, appropriate development measures must be taken. On the other hand, the agricultural sector is the major consumer of water and electricity (16% of total electricity consumption) in Iran. Water is the most important factor in the production of agricultural products and groundwater is the most important supplier of water resources in the agricultural sector. In the past, diesel fuel was used to transport water from the depths of the earth to the surface, in which case a significant amount of vital and strategic resources was wasted due to the use of traditional and worn-out methods. Today, one of the basic solutions to prevent water loss is to use electric pump motors instead of diesel. Also, timely, reliable and cheap supply of electricity required by this sector, by electrifying all wells in the agricultural sector, will reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, reduce environmental pollution and optimize energy consumption. This will also help increase agricultural production, accelerate economic growth and increase the country's non-oil exports. Agriculture is the main consumer of water in the world and 93% of water is consumed annually by this sector. Water demand in urban and industrial areas is projected to double between 1995 and 2025 in developed countries facing water shortages. The supply of water for irrigation is also at risk, and this sector is considered economically inefficient and the largest consumer of water. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in Iran. Given the water shortage in many parts of the country and the increasing competition of other sectors of the economy with agriculture over water, it seems necessary to gradually increase the economic value of water in agriculture. It is predicted that rising water prices will lead to increased water productivity and economic surplus water consumption in agriculture. Increasing the price of electricity used in water wells in this sector is one of the methods used by the government to increase and control the price of agricultural water. To this end, and in accordance with the Agricultural Well Acceleration Act of 1999, the government intends to electrify water well pumps. Reducing environmental pollution and consuming fossil fuels are the benefits of using these regulations in the agricultural sector. Therefore, many of Iran's agricultural wells are regulated by law. The government spends a lot of money on electrifying agricultural water wells. The government intends to increase agricultural electricity tariffs in the second phase of subsidy reform and increase the cost of agricultural water. The goal is to optimize water consumption and increase efficiency in this sector. Jiroft city is one of the oldest cities in Kerman province in Iran, which includes four parts: Ismaili, Sardouieh, Jabalbarz and Esfahdah. Jiroft city has the most agricultural products among the cities of Kerman province. Therefore, the reaction of farmers to the liberalization of electricity prices in this sector is considered. The city includes 1,500 hectares of pomegranate, almond, olive, pistachio and peach orchards and also has 6,000 hectares of arable land, of which 2,100 hectares include 1,200 hectares of wheat, 600 hectares of barley, 100 hectares of tomatoes, 100 hectares of mandab and 30 hectares. Is rapeseed. There are 3900 hectares in the form of fallow. There are 160 wells in Jiroft city, of which 120 are electric and 40 are diesel. This number of electric wells have been equipped during the 1360s so far, and 10% of these 120 wells have been electrified in the last 10 years.

Given that in the positive planning approach, many limitations and disadvantages of normative mathematical programming have been removed, this method has been considered by agricultural economics researchers in recent years and has had wide applications in examining the effects of policies. Positive mathematical programming is an experimental analysis method that uses all available information, no matter how scarce. The PMP model, formally introduced by Identity in 1995, actually enables the correct calibration of mathematical programming patterns using the observed behaviors of economic agents at the aggregated or non-aggregated level.

In line with targeted subsidy policies and the importance of energy in the agricultural sector, the present study examines the effects of electricity price liberalization by applying different price increase scenarios in Jiroft. To investigate the changes in the cultivation pattern in the two groups of farmers, four scenarios of increasing electricity costs by 5, 10, 20 and 30% were applied. Given that the cost of electricity accounts for a significant share of farmers' costs, the results of the implemented policies showed that the increase in electricity prices reduced the area under cultivation of some products with low profitability and products with high water consumption. Has been. Ahmadpour in 2012 and Fattahi in 2010 also concluded that with the increase in energy costs in agriculture, the area under cultivation of some crops has decreased. Edwards et al. 1996 also showed that higher electricity prices lead to lower water levels as well as lower acreage. Also, in all scenarios, farmers' incomes have decreased. On average, the impact of electricity price increase policies on the gross return of the first group was greater than the second group. Also, the changes in crop area in the second group are more than the first group. In implementing the policy of liberalization, measures must be taken to prevent the loss of farmers. In the first group of farmers, barley has the highest reduction in cultivation area and corn in this scenario has a decrease in cultivation area, which can be due to the high water requirement of corn. In contrast, most of the cultivated area is replaced by irrigated wheat. The second group of farmers, consisting of farmers with a cultivated area of more than 15 hectares, had the lowest decrease in gross yield. Blue barley product has low profitability. This has caused that even in the second group, by applying the fourth scenario, the barley crop is completely out of the cultivation pattern and a smaller amount of wheat and tomato cultivation area is replaced. It is suggested that in order to conserve resources and be more profitable, wheat, which is more profitable, should be replaced by barley. Technically, farmers were more specialized in wheat production than other crops. In all groups and scenarios, the level of cultivation and income of farmers decreased, which was more in the first group. It is suggested that the government prevent the reduction of gross returns by supporting farmers and reducing electricity costs.

This study was performed to explore the 2020 agricultural sustainability through studying the environmental indicators in Golestan Province, Iran, using data and information acquired from the Agricultural Jihad Organization, Golestan Provincial Water and Wastewater Organization, Iran Meteorological Organization, and the Governorate of Golestan Province. According to the results, chemical pesticide and fertilizer usages, as well as nitrate concentration in groundwater, showed a negative effect whereas the cropping area, rainfall, conservation tillage practices, and cropping diversity showed a positive effect on the environmental indicators. Meanwhile, the highest and lowest weights were obtained respectively for conservation tillage practices (0.16) and cropping area (0.11) based on the application of analytical hierarchical analysis (AHP). Having prioritized the study area, Gonbad Kavus (89%) and Bandar-e-Turkmen (56%) were respectively the best and worst counties in terms of environmental indicators. In addition, conducting a sensitivity analysis with a shifting range of 1-5% showed the indicators have constancy with no priority changes. Finally, the counties of Golestan province were classified into stable, relatively stable, and unstable categories. Taking the findings into account, the sustainability of agriculture in Golestan province can be enhanced by implementing the proposed environmental indicators into the planning process.

Cotton is one of the most important agricultural products that plays an important role in creating employment for the raw materials of the textile, oil and feed industries. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic benefits and surplus of cotton research projects. For this purpose, the results of completed research projects in the period 1394 to 1398 Khorasan Razavi Agricultural Research and Training Center and the method of economic surplus analysis were used. The results show that the average net present value of the benefits of each cotton research project is about 13 billion rials, the benefit-to-cost ratio of each research is 7.6 and the rate of return of each research is estimated at 55%. These values ​​indicate high economic surplus and acceptable economic return from cotton research activities in the Agricultural Research and Training Center of Khorasan Razavi. The findings of this study show that research on cotton has increased the productivity of all factors of production, the end result of which is to increase the interests of producers and consumers, so investment in agricultural research projects related to the development of cotton cultivation was specifically justified. And it can convince policymakers and planners of the country to further assist and provide sustainable funding for cotton research. Based on the findings, it is suggested that the necessary facilities be paid to the provincial facilities for further cotton research, especially in Khorasan Razavi province.

Agriculture is one of the most important economic sub-sectors of the country, accounting for about 9 percent of GDP, 21 percent of non-oil export value, about 18 percent of employment, and nearly 93 percent of community food and raw material production in many other industries. Also, agricultural and horticultural products account for the bulk of foreign trade in agricultural sector and a large share of the household basket. Thus, issues related to maintaining the production capacity and economic power of this sub-sector can affect economy of the country .In this study, crops and horticultural crops were considered as agricultural crops. According to statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad and statistical yearbooks of National Statistics Portal, from 2011 to 2016, the area under cultivation of crops and horticulture increased by 367252 hectares there was an increase of  24119617 tonsin production of these crops  and the value added of agricultural sector increased by 1693951 billion Rials in these years. 

In this study, spatial data model was used to study the economic factors affecting agricultural production (crop and horticulture) in Iran provinces during the period 2011-2017. The required information was obtained from the National Statistics Portal, Statistical Yearbooks and Agricultural Statistics of Iran. The spatial scope of this study covers all provinces of Iran and since this study is a regionalone, its main issue will be examined in the form of spatial analysis.Specifying research modelAccording to theoretical foundations and spatial econometric model, the model specified in this study is SAC model.𝑃 𝑖𝑡=α+ρ∑j Wij.Pit +𝛽1𝐶𝐴𝑖𝑡. +𝛽2. 𝐺𝐼𝑁𝐼𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽3. 𝐼𝑁𝐹𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽4. 𝑈𝑅𝑖𝑡+ 𝛽5. 𝑌𝑂𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽6. 𝐺𝐷𝑃𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽7. 𝑉𝐴𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑖𝑡 + Uit𝑈𝑖𝑡 =λ 𝑊𝑈𝑖𝑡 + 𝜀𝑖𝑡 In this model i: provinces, t: time, α: the width of the origin and β: the coefficients of the explanatory variables (slope coefficients). (P):Production. (CA): Crop cultivation area. (Gini): Gini coefficient. (INF): Inflation Rate. (UR): Urban Rate. (YO): Youth Population Ratio. (GDP): Gross Domestic Product. (VAagri): Value Added Agricultural Sector.The SAC model is selected to estimate this research. 

According to the results of this study, according to SAC model, the impact of economic factors on crop and horticultural production in the provinces of Iran was estimated. Variables from the stipulated model that were significant at 5% level include area of ​​cultivation, inflation rate, youth population ratio, GDP and agricultural value added. In this study, direct and indirect effects of the explanatory variables were estimated. 

The results of general spatial model analysis showed that cultivation area, inflation rate, youth population ratio, GDP and agricultural value added were factors influencing crop production and horticulture in the studied provinces. It was observed that income distribution and urbanization rate were not significant in the model, whilesignificant variables of the model, variables of inflation rate and youth population ratio, area of ​​cultivation, GDP and agricultural added value at 5% level were directly related to production.Therefore it is suggested:1- Considering inflation rate, authorities should implement incentive policies to attract more investors to agriculture sector.. 2. In government support services, farmers’ land features such as the area of ​​cultivation, equipment, and farming equipment should be paid attention. 3. Given that the proportion of young people has a positive and significant effect on the growth of agricultural production, it is suggested to managers and planners of the agricultural sector that more youth should be supported, provided with incentives and incentives so as to improve production. 4.Based on results as the area under cultivation has a significant and direct impact on agricultural production, individuls and authorities are recommended to maintain and exploit farmland reasonably because rehabilitation and enrichment of land which has been cultivated several times and is drained of minerals is costly.

Today, paying attention to environmental indicators is considered as one of the most important approaches to agricultural production. For this purpose, it is necessary to identify and prioritize, measure the effect, the intensity of sensitivity of environmental indicators to changes in chemical inputs over time. The aim of this study is to identify and prioritize chemical inputs on environmental indicators of pistachio in Kerman province. The statistical population of the study included veteran experts of agricultural jihad in Kerman province. The sample consisted of 50 specialists who were purposefully selected. To prioritize the environmental indicators of chemical inputs used in pistachio orchards, the fuzzy hierarchical analysis process method (Chang method) was used. Findings of the study showed that soil contamination due to the use of chemical inputs has the highest priority. Water pollution caused by chemical inputs is in the second place. Air pollution caused by the use of chemical inputs is in the third degree. Exports of chemical inputs and risk aversion in the use of chemical fertilizers are the last ranking. It can be suggested that the use of organic fertilizers along with biological and natural methods of pest control in pistachio orchards can be alternative options related to environmental pollution.

Agricultural insurance as a means of the risk transfer is a very important tool. Sugar beet, as one of the most important crops in the country, has a cultivated area of about 100000 hectares. The area under cultivation of sugar beet in Mashhad was 750 hectares with about 27,000 tons production (yield equivalent to 36 tha-1) in 2018-19. On the other hand, sugar beet is one of the most important products in Mashhad, and every year a large part of its products is damaged due to natural, human and intentional hazards. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the barriers of sugar beet insurance extension in Mashhad using the structural equation model in 2018. The study was based on descriptive-correlation method, data collection tool, questionnaire and the statistical population of the study consisted of beet growers in Mashhad. To determine the sample size, simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula were used. Finally, the sample size was estimated to 150 persons. In order to test the research hypotheses, Smart PLS software and path analysis model was used. The results showed that executive weaknesses with path coefficient of 0.166, land-related environmental weakness with path coefficient of 0.134, individual-knowledge barriers with path coefficient of 0.151, institutional inconsistency with path coefficient of 0.121, manpower shortage- Information with path coefficient of 0.152, administrative-expert weaknesses with path coefficient of 0.129, evaluation-procurement weaknesses with path coefficient of 0.101, problems related to damage follow-up with path coefficient of 0.102, dissatisfaction with non-payment of insurance and inappropriate behavior of experts with the path coefficient with path coefficient of 0.112, insurance costs with a path coefficient of 0.119 and unprincipled estimation of damage with a path coefficient of 0.104 have a positive and significant effect on the non-expansion of sugar beet insurance in Mashhad. According to the results, it is suggested to review the current process and to facilitate and accelerate the administrative framework and work process of compensating the victims.

The economic study of this product plays an important role in the prosperity of the agricultural economy of the county and this region. Checking the performance of this product is a very important factor in increasing its production and performance, without the need for additional costs. The present study was conducted to determine the randomness of the experiment in the eastern region of Kerman province in 2017-2018 years. In this study, the average total technical efficiency of palm farms was calculated 63% for four counties; the minimum efficiency of the units belongs to the city of Narmashir. On the results, effective factors affecting the technical efficiency of palm trees are estimated significant in production units, that including coefficients of poisoning, water consumption, mixed cultivation, participation in training classes and investment. Suggesting that a one percent increase in investment would increase efficiency by 7.4%. It is expected that with increasing the variables of participation in educational classes, investment and cultivation (dates and other products), will increase the economic efficiency of the dates of production units of the study area.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of air pollution and economic growth on health care expenditures in the group of selected OPEC member countries with emphasis on Iran using the PANEL ARDL model during the period 2000-2019. This study was conducted using data from the World Bank, during the period 2000-2019 and the selection of the statistical population selected from OPEC member countries in the form of panel data and using the PANEL ARDL model. The results of this study show that during the study period, the impact of air pollution (PM10), carbon dioxide (CO2) as indicators of air and environmental pollution and the logarithm of GDP per capita (per capita economic growth) on health care expenditures OPEC has a positive and significant impact on selected countries. Countries, including the Iranian government, should consider policies to control the emission of particulate matter and carbon dioxide emissions in different parts of the country in order to reduce air and environmental pollution, and regional and international cooperation to reduce the flow of particulate matter. Suspend to the country through neighboring countries.

Energy is one of the factors used in most economic activities. The economic security of most countries depends on secure access to energy. Therefore, the production and consumption of energy and its optimal use are of particular importance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in the framework of nonlinear self-regression with extended interruptions (NARDL). We use seasonal data for the period 2002-2018 to investigate the asymmetric relationship between the chosen variables. The results indicate that a positive long-term shock on energy consumption had a positive effect on growth of the agricultural sector. A one percent increase or decrease in energy consumption increases economic growth in the agricultural sector by 0.8539 and 0.9657 percent, respectively. Also, the results of asymmetric causality test between energy consumption and growth of agricultural sector indicate that there is a symmetric causal relationship between energy consumption and growth of the agricultural sector.  There is a positive asymmetric causal relationship between positive energy consumption shocks and agricultural growth, and no asymmetric causal relationship between negative shocks to energy consumption and growth of the agricultural sector. Therefore, policymakers need to attract new capital to build new power plants in the country, so that they can accelerate energy production and ensure the energy needed for agriculture.

 

There is much evidence to show that contracts farming can increase farmers' income. The aim of this paper was to study the preferences of pistachio producers in Abarkouh, Yazd province, to design contract specifications. To this end, contracts can be designed, so that farmers would have more incentives to participate in. Data was collected from 103 pistachio gardens in 2018 by using a questionnaire. In this research, a hierarchical analysis process was used to prioritize contract specifications from the perspective of farmers and discrete choice experiment was used to examine the preferences of farmers towards these characteristics. The results showed that market input uncertainty is more important than market output uncertainty in farmers' decision to participate in agricultural contracts. Farmers also tend to minimize their risk by choosing agricultural firms to conclude a contract in comparison with the government and NGOs' choices and thus receive inputs and technical assistance. Providing incentives for investment can enable agricultural firms to provide attractive contracts for small farmers.

Due to the various uses, sugar beet is of economic and commercial importance in today's world. Regarding that this crop is the raw material of sugar factories, the government has recently paid a particular attention to its production. The main aim of this study was to specify environmental convergence of production factors among sugar beet growers in the country during the 2013-2017 years. The required data retrieved from the statistical reports of Ministry of Agriculture Jihad and then were analyzed using GAMZ2.1 and Ewiews9 software. For this purpose, the standard technical efficiency and the environmental technical efficiency of the sugar beet factors were first calculated using the data envelop analysis model of the window data under the conditions of variable return to scale. Consequently, the environmental convergent of sugar beet production factors was examined through the Dickie Fuller test. The findings showed that the average standard technical efficiency and environmental efficiency were 0.76 and 0.67, respectively. With regard to the average level of technical efficiency of the environment, it can be concluded that there is an environmental inefficiency in these provinces. Based on these results and further investigation of upon the efficiency and transferring these results to the provincial farms using agricultural extension and education system and supportive polices, the technical efficiency of the environment in production of this strategic crop can be increased. Environmental convergence tests showed that environmental convergence of production factors exists in the all studied provinces. It means that all sugar beet growers have a tendency to increase the technical and environmental efficiency of production factors. Given the issue of environmental pollution in the present century, this conclusion is very promising for future generations in terms of protection of the environment. Promoting and disseminating new technologies including pressurized irrigation systems and minimizing the application of pesticides and chemical fertilizers are among the policy solutions to increase the technical efficiency of the environment in the provinces dealing with the issue of environmental efficiency

In order to compare the effect of the policy of reducing water extraction from groundwater resources with the policy of increasing irrigation efficiency, on the deficit of groundwater reservoirs, production, net imports, net social benefits and farmers' income in Khorasan Razavi province, five cities including Mashhad, Sabzevar, Neyshabur, Torbat-e Jam and Torbat-e Heydarieh were selected and the effects of these policies were studied using a positive mathematical programming model (PMP_GME).The study of the effect of reducing water extraction showed that although this policy can balance the water extraction and reduce energy consumption by up to 25%, it reduces the production of important crops such as wheat and increases social costs, in particular, reducing farm incomes and increasing imports. So that it will increase social costs by 20-43 percent, and the cost of each cubic meter of saved water will be between 4540 and 6360 Rials. Replacing new systems instead of old at the potential level without increasing the area under cultivation, will reduce the tank's deficit by 94%. Although the closure of unauthorized wells is a legal requirement, its implementation cannot create balance in the water extraction. In order to achieve the desired result, it is necessary to close the unauthorized wells and reduce water extraction permanently from the wells that have a butterfly. Also by providing bank loans and advisory services, farmers helped to increase irrigation efficiency.

The I.R. Iran has a lot of oil resources of which products are the main sources of fossil fuel in its economic sectors. Using energy sources for achieving economic growth requires countries to consider the economic rationality of fuel consumption and observe environmental considerations about emission of pollutants. Different patterns and models have been proposed for measuring the pollutants size and footprint in the economic sectors. The matrix model of the input - output table has been one of the most effective patterns for measuring the pollutants. This paper presents the results of calculation of pollution resulted from 33 economic activities in Sistan & Baluchestan  province in the form of input-output table and also the ecological footprint of pollutants in trade balance of this province with the outside world. These results show that 372617 tons of virtual gases have been exported to the outside world and 514669 tons of virtual gases have been imported. Therefore, the trade balance of pollutants in the economy of this province with the outside world is negative (142052 tons). This implies that the amount of gases in imported commodities is higher than the exported one. This technique is a management policy for trade of carbon - based products. In this trade policy, we need to export goods produced by the lowest amount of carbon emission and import commodities and goods that high level of carbon emission has been produced for their production.

Greenhouse gas emissions are a major contributor to climate change. It is important to examine the economic aspects of greenhouse gas emissions and its environmental impacts, especially in the current context of increasing volumes of greenhouse gases..The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption, financial development, economic openness and urbanization in Iran using seasonal data during the period 1991-2019. To investigate the long-run and short-run relationship between the research variables, ARDL and ECM methods were used. The results showed that all coefficients are significant at 95% confidence level, and the variables of energy consumption, degree of openness of economy, urbanization rate have a positive relationship with CO2 emission in the long run. And the variables of real GDP and financial development have a negative relationship with CO2 emissions in the long run. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested to consider alternative energy policies such as developing energy conservation strategies, reducing energy intensity, increasing energy efficiency and increasing the use of clean energy sources.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the promotion of destination attraction for the development of medical tourism business in Iran. The research is applied in terms of objective and used exploratory mixed method. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section include academic experts in the field of medical tourism and hospital managers and in the quantitative section; foreign patients who have been admitted to treatment inTehran are considered. The 35 final components of the attractiveness of a country as a destination for medical tourism were obtained from 85 extractive components derived from literature review and similar research, and three rounds of Delphi's replication, which included eight main factors: the country of destination (operating conditions), demand conditions, competitiveness , government attitude, socio-cultural factors, information and marketing factors, factors related to treatment (services and medical facilities), and infrastructure and affiliated industries. The proposed model was verified by confirmatory factor analysis method in modeling structural equations using SmartPLS software. Priority and rank with Fuzzy AHP showed Factors related to treatment (services and medical facilities) with a weight of 0.259; Competitiveness with a weight of 0.188; and the Condition of the destination country with a weight of 0.166 among the eight

According to debates and concerns about environmental changes, land use coverage changes have been taken seriously in recent decades. One of the most popular approaches to the simulation is Agent-Based Modelling (ABM). ABM is a set of computational models for simulating the actions and reactions of autonomous agents. The purpose of this research in 2016, is to simulate the status of agricultural land use cover changes in Babolsar over the next 30 years using the mathematical programming based-multi agent system (MP-MAS). The results showed that rain fed products would eliminate from the cultivation pattern of the region, and the development of mechanized Rice cultivation will occur. The area under cultivation of the horticultural products of the region will grow from 3,959 hectares to over 5585 hectares. The results will help managers with a strategic insight at the future of agricultural land use cover changes as they can simulate feedback on their policies and economic decisions.

In order to study the effect of various groundwater resource management policies on sugar beet cultivation area in Khorasan Razavi province, a positive mathematical programming model was used. The studied areas included Mashhad, Neyshabur, Sabzevar, Torbat-Jam and Torbat-e-Heidariyeh. Required information was obtained by completing the questionnaires as well as information banks and publications of Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization and Khorasan Razavi Districts Organization. The studied scenarios included increasing the price of water, reducing the discharge of water from wells, and increasing irrigation efficiency in the form of improving irrigation management, as well as developing new irrigation systems which were studied in the form of several sub-scenarios. Results showed that the policy of increasing the price of water not only leads to sharp decrease in the area under sugar beet cultivation but also reduces the farmers’ income. However, the policy of less water withdrawal from agricultural wells showed less reduction. The policy of increasing irrigation efficiency along with controlling the area under cultivation, in addition to preserving groundwater, increased the sugar beet cultivation area and farmers’ income.