mohammad fazilati

The objective of this study was to produce the essential oil of Nigella sativa L. (N. sativa) with the highest thymoquinone (TQ) content and explore the challenges associated with its commercialization as an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Commercially sourced seeds of N. sativa were obtained from reputable vendors. Ground seeds underwent extraction using a variety of polar and non-polar solvents. The resulting essential oil samples were subjected to analysis via reverse-phase high-performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) to quantify TQ content, employing a method of quantification following the validation of the method. Major components of hexane extract were analyzed by GC-MS. Non-polar solvents at ambient temperature produced the essential oil with the highest TQ content. Extraction at higher temperatures has an adverse effect on TQ and is not recommended. The Cold pressed oil showed very low TQ content. However, treatment of this oil with hexane for an extended period of times released TQ from the matrix of the oil. Moreover, we refined the extraction methodology to produce essential oil with the highest TQ content. n-heptane which has a better toxicity profile than n-hexane is the best solvent for producing the essential oil with the highest TQ content. Optimization of powder/solvent ratio, temperature, and time of extraction would provide the most economically viable option. Cold press produces an oil with a different composition in which TQ is bonded to the matrix of the oil. Comparing the therapeutic effectiveness of the two oils is recommended for future studies. The challenges associated with the commercialization of N. sativa oil as a pharmaceutical product are also discussed.

Prolactin is a female hormone contributing to the production of milk in women with the immunologic functions. Moreover, it contributes to the pathogenesis of some diseases such as autoimmune diseases, and hyperprolactinemia. Previous studies showed interleukin 17 (IL-17) contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Given the prolactin may exert its pathologic effects through increasing IL-17 level, the levels of prolactin, and IL-17 were quantified, and their association was evaluated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and hyperprolactinemia patients. Therefore, the association between prolactin, and IL-17 levels in hyperprolactinemia, RA, and SLE patients was evaluated in this study. Four groups, including healthy individuals (n = 50), RA (n = 50), hyperprolactinemia (n = 50) and SLE (n = 35) were entered into the study. Patients were diagnosed according to the internationals criteria for recognition of RA, hyperprolactinemia and SLE. To measure the serum levels of prolactin, and IL-17, the ELISA method was used. Correlation analysis of prolactin, and IL-17 levels in each group showed that no association exists between the levels of the prolactin, and IL-17 in each group (p value > 0.05). Unexpectedly, patients in two autoimmune groups, RA and SLE, did not demonstrate significantly elevated level of prolactin (P-value > 0.05). In another unexpected finding, IL-17 level was not significantly higher in SLE patients (P-value > 0.05). Altogether, our results suggest that there was no association between prolactin, and IL-17 levels in hyperprolactinemia, RA, and SLE.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a key enzyme in cellular metabolism found in all animals. It plays a crucial role in converting pyruvate to lactate and vice versa. LDH is present in a wide range of tissues and cells in the animal body. In recent decades, nanoparticles have been utilized due to their unique properties for designing optical and electronic sensors. This research presents a novel colorimetric method silver nanoparticles synthesized using chrysanthemum aqueous extract are employed for direct detection of lactate dehydrogenase activity. Initially, chrysanthemums were collected from greenhouses in Mahallat County under the supervision of experts. After separation and powder preparation of the flower part of the plant, chrysanthemum aqueous extract was prepared. Subsequently, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract and addition of silver nitrate solution was investigated by optimizing appropriate conditions. In the next step, two vials were prepared, each containing a reaction mixture comprising Tris-HCl, MgCl2, and NADH. Additionally, one vial contained LDH. Silver nanoparticles and sodium borohydride were then added to the vials. The enzyme can convert NAD+ to NADH. The detection mechanism of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme is based on the aggregation of silver nanoparticles, which leads to an increase in their size and consequently a color change. Thus, the presence or absence of the enzyme can be easily distinguished with the naked eye in a single step. In the presence of the enzyme, the color of the solution used in the study was yellow, while in the absence of the enzyme, the color was grayish. Consequently, lactate dehydrogenase enzyme can be identified with high sensitivity.‎

The use of protease enzymes and their stabilization has been greatly expanded due to application in various industries. Alkaline serine protease enzymes are very important due to their thermal stability, activity and stability. In this study, a new approach to increase the half-life of alkaline serine protease enzymes using selenium and calcium nanoparticles was presented. Due to its high biocompatibility, toxicity, and low cost, these nanoparticles have become one of the most prominent non-metallic oxide nanoparticles, which, with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, can protect against the destruction of enzymes by free radicals. The results showed that these nanoparticles can significantly increase the half-life of these enzymes. On the other hand, the serine protease enzyme immobilized on selenium nanoparticles has unique biochemical characteristics in the presence and absence of calcium. The obtained results indicate that the stabilized enzyme has high activity and stability in a wide range of temperatures and pH compared to pure and impure-free enzyme. The results showed that the enzyme immobilized on selenium nanoparticles increased its activity by more than 99% in the presence of calcium at the temperature of 45°C. On the other hand, the half-life of the free enzyme increased from 95 minutes in the pure form to 115 minutes in the form immobilized on nanoparticles in the presence of calcium. These results indicate that the presence of nanoparticles can prevent the destruction of enzymes by free radicals.

Today, Spirulina micro-algae is cultivated in many countries as a rich source of protein, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. In this study, the effect of replacing spirulina microalgae powder with different amounts of industrial vitamin-mineral premix was compared as an additive to stimulate the growth performance of broiler chickens. 200 one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly selected among 3000 chickens and divided into five treatments at Mehrgan Jihad Agricultural Research Center in Kermanshah province The diet of the first group, which was considered as a control treatment, includes (100% industrial supplement and no spirulina), the first treatment T1(25% spirulina and 75% industrial supplement), the second treatment T2 (50% spirulina and 50% industrial supplement), The third treatment T3 (75% spirulina and 25% industrial supplement) and the fourth treatment T4 (100% spirulina) were used. After 42 days, there was no mortality in the treatments, in the T1, T2 and T4 treatments, live weight significantly (P<0.05) increased compared to the control group, and the amount of feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the T2 treatment  decreased significantly. Therefore, T2 showed the best performance Then the biochemical parameters of blood serum in T2 were checked, which showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in glucose, total protein and albumin, HDL and LDL and a decrease in triglyceride and cholestrol levels. Based on findings, it is concluded that by replacing 50% of the industrial vitamin-mineral supplement with spirulina powder, the growth performance, feed conversion ratio and blood parameters in broilers can be improved.

The roles of many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in breast cancer (BC) are unclear, and the medications that affect them have attracted less attention.

This study aimed to identify lncRNAs that have the highest association with poor prognosis in BC. Moreover, the relationship between the expression of identified lncRNA and conventional chemotherapy agents was investigated.

The cancer genome atlas data were used to identify lncRNA with the most significant impact on BC survival. The relation of identified lncRNA levels with different subtypes of BC and mutation was assessed. PharmacoGX data and the GEO database were used to evaluate the association of identified lncRNA levels with drug sensitivity and find appropriate medications to reduce its expression, respectively. To assess the effect of the identified drugonthe level of lncRNA expression, MCF7, andMDA-MB-468cell lines were used, and the expression level of target genes was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

The expression level of lncRNA MIR4435-2HG was most associated with the poor survival of BC patients, and its expression level can be related to TP53 mutation and estrogen and progesterone receptors. Increased expression of MIR4435-2HG was observed in cancer samples, and MIR4435-2HG level was correlated with metastasis pathway genes. Drug sensitivity to epirubicin, irinotecan, andlestaurtinib correlated with MIR4435-2HG levels. Furthermore,GEOdatashowedthat the expression level of MIR4435-2HG could decrease under estrogen receptor (ER) activity. Finally, in vitro, results showed that MIR4435-2HG expression declined in response to estradiol as an ER-activating ligand in the MCF7 cell line.

The expression of MIR4435-2HG can be a powerful biomarker for poor prognosis in BC. The data also suggested that this lncRNA may play an oncogenic role in metastatic pathways, and ER activity could regulate its expression.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common benign tumor in men, and its prevalence increases with age. This study aimed to determine the effect of Iranian licorice root extract on prostate volume and clinical signs of BPH disease.

Sixty BPH patients over 40 years old with prostate volume above 30 mL, with symptoms of this disease without drug intervention, were included in the study. First, the Symptom Score AUA (AUASS) questionnaire was completed for all individuals, and then an ultrasound was performed on them. They were then randomly divided into two equal groups. For three months, the intervention group received two capsules of 250 mg of licorice extract daily, and the other group received two placebo capsules. After the study, sonography was performed, and the AUASS questionnaire was completed.

25 and 21 men with BPH in the intervention and placebo groups fully cooperated. At the beginning of the study, prostate volume (P = 0.14) and AUASS were not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.88). Eventually, prostate volume decreased in the two groups, but the difference between the two groups was not significant (P = 0.33). The AUASS score in the intervention group was significantly lower than the placebo group (P < 0.001).

In the present study, the dose of licorice root extract reduced the symptoms of BPH. But further studies with a larger statistical population are needed for this extract to enter the clinic as a drug.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in the world with a high mortality rate, making screening and early detection of the condition essential. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have a significant role in the initiation and advancement of numerous malignancies, including CRC, by taking part in the control of gene and protein expression that affects apoptosis, cell proliferation, and immunological responses. In this study, through bioinformatics methods, we investigated this non-coding group in CRC and the normal group in both early and advanced stages of the disease.

In order to identify the lncRNAs that could have a tumor-suppressing role in CRC, RNA sequencing data from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) were analyzed. Then, the Pearson correlation test was applied between the expression level of candidate lncRNAs and all genes expressed for identifying potential pathway. Genes with the highest correlation were selected and subjected to gene enrichment analysis. Also, the roles of identified lncRNAs were evaluated in terms of biomarkers.

The results of the expression analysis for the TCGA data showed that the expression of the IRF1-AS1, LINC01871, TRG-AS1, and USP30-AS decreased during the progression (stages III and IV compared with stages I and II) of CRC. The enrichment results of all the genes in the co-expression network related to IRF1-AS1, LINC01871, TRG-AS1, and USP30-AS showed that these lncRNAs could play a role in immune response, inflammation, and IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling and apoptosis pathways. Additionally, our findings demonstrated that the aforesaid lncRNAs were significantly lower in CRC samples compared with normal samples based on TCGA data, Also, the expression of some of them may serve as an appropriate biomarker.

The results of this study showed that IRF1-AS1, LINC01871, TRG-AS1, and USP30-AS decreased during the progression of CRC and could play a tumor-suppressing role.

Lactoferrin is one of the milk proteins that has shown a wide range of physiological activities such as antibacterial, anti-protozoal, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory. In this study, lactoferrin was extracted and purified from cow, sheep and goat milk. HPLC analysis and determination of the concentration of these three extracted lactoferrins were performed. Antibacterial activity against Gram negative Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi and gram positive Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus and antioxidant activity were investigated. The activity of lactoferrin against DPPH free radical was investigated. Also, lactoferrin activity was evaluated in neutral acidic and alkaline environments. The combination test with iron was also performed with FeNTA reagent. The findings showed that lactoferrin has the ability to inhibit two bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Also, the evaluation of lactoferrin activity in neutral acidic and alkaline environments showed that lactoferrin is more stable in alkaline environment than other environments. In the combination test with iron, the results indicated the combination of lactoferrin with iron. The percentage of free radical inhibition was equal to %4.49. Also, the results showed that the concentration of lactoferrin in goat's milk is higher than that of sheep's and cow's milk and its amount was equal to 131.66 μg/ml.

 Despite the widespread use of medicinal plants in the food basket of many families, using healthy herbs with safe nutritional standards is one of the necessities.

In this review, the required data and related keywords (such as “latest methods of measuring and analyzing toxic elements in medicinal plants and foods, etc.) were collected from databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SID, PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, etc. Then we focused on accurate works related to toxic elements and medicinal plants.

First, we introduced the issue of toxic elements in foods, especially medicinal plants, with a new perspective. Then, some tools related to measuring toxic elements in herbs and some recent research were investigated. Further, an attempt was made to show the importance of the issue. Finally, the effects of toxic elements on various parts of the human body were discussed.

  An overview of using safe medicinal plants was presented while providing effective solutions such as identifying contaminated areas, using soil stabilizers, and preventing the leaching of toxic elements into farmland.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of inflammatory origin. Nowadays, anti-inflammatory effects of medicinal plants are considered as an appropriate alternative to anti-inflammatories drugs. In traditional medicine, different elements of Capparis Spinosa L have been frequently used for treating various diseases. This study was performed to assess the protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of capparis spinosa root on inflammatory factors of rheumatoid arthritis in rats.

Rats were randomly divided in to 5 groups (n = 6). Rheumatoid arthritis was induced in male wistar rats using Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) in the paw planter surface of the rats right hind foot. Methotrexate and Caper root extracts (3, 100 and 300 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneal daily for 14 days. At the end of period, animals were sacrificed and then serological and hematologic parameters were evaluated.

Serum levels of Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Interleukine-6 (IL-6), C-Reactive protein (CRP), Anti-Cyclin Citrullinated (Anti-CCP), Rheumatoid factor (RF), and levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, white blood cell and platelets, was significantly elevated in the rheumatoid arthritis group compared to the normal group while significantly decreased in treatment groups compared to the rheumatoid arthritis group (P < 0.001). The mean of red blood cell, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were significantly decreased in rheumatoid arthritis group compared to the normal group and were significantly higher in the treatment groups with caper root compared to the rheumatoid arthritis group (P < 0.001).

Inflammation plays an important role in the process of rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike methotrexate, with extensive side effects, extract of caper root with anti-inflammatory effect, reduces inflammatory factors and provides relative improvement of arthritis status and anemia in rats with rheumatoid arthritis.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is a simple, fast, and eco-friendly method which could be performed by various microorganisms or plant extracts. Silver NPs are well-known as antimicrobial and anti-fungal materials. They play an essential role in the control of tumors via their cytotoxic effects. Therefore, they have attracted significant attention for developing an effective treatment solution for cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the potential of Penicillium chrysogenum for the synthesis of silver NPs and to evaluate their toxicity on liver cancer cell line (HepG2).

After synthesis of NPs using P. chrysogenum, characterization of the synthesized NPs was performed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out to detect biomolecules that may be responsible for the synthesis and stabilization of NPs. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized AgclNPs on HepG2 cell line was evaluated using MTT assay.

UV–Vis spectroscopy and XRD analysis confirmed the synthesis of AgclNPs using P. chrysogenum. TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of AgclNPs with an average crystalline size of 15 to 45 nm. FTIR spectroscopy indicated the possible functional groups that could be responsible for the reduction of metal ions and the capping process. These nanoparticles showed a dose-dependent anticancer activity against HepG2 cells.

The results suggest that biosynthesized silver chloride nanoparticles could offer potential applications in cancer therapy.

With the industrialization of aquatic ecosystems, the concentration of ammonia in surface water and groundwater have been much higher than standards, and large amounts of industrial, municipal and agricultural effluents containing ammonia are released into water sources, producing unhealthy and harmful products. The aim of this study was to synthesis the biological nanocomposite hydrogels based on kappa-carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanoparticles to absorb three samples of agricultural effluent containing ammonia.

Hydrogels are the most suitable bio-sorbents that exist naturally and synthetically. In this study, carrageenan and acrylic acid hydrogels in the form of radical polymerization were prepared in the room by methylene bis-acrylamide as the crosslinking agent and ammonia persulfate as the initiator. Then, a magnetic hydrogel was prepared using divalent and trivalent iron by co-precipitation method.

By adsorbing the ammonia in the two prepared effluent samples, the optimal values ​​for contact time, pH, temperature and adsorbent were 40 minutes, 5, 15 ° C and 40 mg, respectively. The ammonia equilibrium adsorption process by nanomagnetic hydrogels was studied by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms, which show that the maximum adsorption belongs to the Langmuir isotherm. Comparison of experimental data with adsorption models showed that these data follow a quasi-quadratic adsorption model. The optimum temperature for the removal of ammonia from both effluents is 15 ° C and the removal capacity in both effluents increases with rising pH from 2 to 10.

According to the results of this study, it can be estimated that the adsorbent studied in this study, which is a nanomagnetic hydrogel of iron oxide, had a significant reduction in the amount of ammonia in the effluents. It can be said that the nanomagnetic hydrogel of iron oxide is an effective adsorbent for the rapid removal of ammonium ions from an aqueous solution.

Despite the many chemical drugs available, the prevalence and mortality rate of melanoma is high. Therefore, the use of drugs of natural origin with lower cost and higher efficiency can be a good way to save patients. Therefore, in this study, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Moringa extract on melanoma. Hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa leaves was prepared. After examining the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extract, their type was confirmed by HPLC and spectrophotometer methods. The antioxidant power was measured by DPPH free radical scavenging and FRPA methods. Then the tumor was induced in C57BL6 mice and then the effects of the extract were evaluated on B16F10 cell line and tumor mice. The total flavonoid content was 60.65±1.75 mg quercetin acid per gram of dry extract and the total phenol content was 20.25±1.23 mg gallic acid per gram of dry extract. Three phenolic and flavonoid compounds with antioxidant properties identified include quercetin, gallic acid, and caffeic acid. The free radical scavenging power and the reducing power of the extract increased with increasing the concentration. The IC50 of moringa extract was 73 μM/mol. The tumor volume was significantly reduced by different doses of the extract in two weeks. The results of present study show the positive effect of Moringa leaves extract in reducing the survival rate of B16F10 melanoma cancer cells and tumor volume in mice.

Heavy metals cause significant issues when people are exposed to many specific types of them. They can cause many disorders and affect the biochemical pathways in the body. Herbs are known as one of the richest sources of modern patented drugs, particularly in Iranian references. Many metals, particularly heavy metals, are toxic. Various studies have shown a higher level of heavy metals than standards in some countries like Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, and Nigeria. A preliminary study was conducted to determine some toxic elements in powdered Ziziphora (Ziziphora persica) collected from the local market in Lahijan city, northern Iran. Twenty random samples were gathered from various markets, and a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) was used to detect some featured toxic elements, including copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and mercury (Hg). The results showed higher Pb, Cd, and Hg levels than standards. Besides, Cu and Zn were detected to be lower than standards.

Spirulina (Arthrospira) exerts a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities that are largely attributed to its phycobiliprotein content,  mainly  to  C-phycocyanin.  C-Phycocyanin  is  a  natural  blue  pigment  with  many commercial  applications  in  foods, cosmetics, and medicines.  In this study, the stimulatory effect of  C-phycocyanin on the immune system was investigated using blood tissue and Peripheral  Blood  Mononuclear  Cells  (PBMC)  and  the  measurement  of  inflammatory  cytokine,  interferon-gamma, which  has important effects on dedicated immune responses. For this purpose, extraction of PBMC blood cells from blood tissue The range of  purified  C-phycocyanin  extract  concentrations  with  drug  puritywas:  1  µg/ml,  10  µg/ml,  100  µg/ml,  250  µg/ml.  Then, the response of PBMC cells to C-phycocyanin at the protein level was investigated. Finally, interferon-gamma was measured using the culture supernatant and ELISA sandwich method.  Descriptive  analysis  of  the  read  concentrations  results  by  ELISA  technique  showed  that  C-phycocyanin  is dosedependent  and  the  results  of  the  effect  of  C-phycocyanin  on  PBMC  cells  in  blood  tissue  showed  the strengthening  of  the immune system by increasing the amount of inflammatory cytokines. According to the results of the analysis of variance, it isobserved that the p-value is less than 0.05. This means there is a significant difference between the mean read concentration of ELISA in different concentrations of cytokines. The results of the experiments demonstrate that C-phycocyanin activates PBMC cells in a manner that is consistent with the recruitment of diverse populations of leukocytes in response to inflammatory and infectious signals.

Diazinon is used as an organophosphate pesticide in agriculture. Studies showed that a lot of organophosphates can produce free radicals and disrupt antioxidant system. Resveratrol as an antioxidant can reduce oxidative stress in kidney tissue. The study aimed to investigate the protective role of resveratrol on oxidative stress induced by sub-acute diazinon exposure in kidney tissue of rats.

Twenty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, diazinon (70 mg/kg), diazinon (70 mg/kg) + resveratrol (5 mg/kg), diazinon (70 mg/kg) + resveratrol (10 mg/kg) groups. The treatments were administered by gavage daily for four weeks. Urine samples were collected 24 hours after the last dose. The rats were anesthetized with ether and 3 mL of blood samples was taken from animals. Diazinon level in urine was measured using HPLC. The serum level of creatinine, urea, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant activity (TAC) were evaluated by biochemical methods.

The results showed that the diazinon level in the diazinon group was significantly higher than that of the diazinon (70 mg/kg) + resveratrol group (5 and 10 mg/kg) (P<0.05). In addition to the protein levels of urine, serum levels of urea, creatinine, MDA and TAC in the diazinon group were significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Resveratrol improved these changes.

Our findings implied that resveratrol improves the antioxidant status of the body against diazinon toxicity, so it can improve renal function in the face of diazinon.

C-Phycocyanin has been demonstrated to have a series of pharmacological attributes without leading to toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential of anti-cancer and antioxidant C-PC on CT-26 and HT-29 cell lines in vitro and in Balb/c mice. The CT-26 and HT-29 cells were treated with various concentrations of C-PC extract (1-100µg/ml) in 48hr. Antiproliferative effect was measured by morphological observations, DAPI and AO/PI Staining, MTT assay, fluorescence microscope and Flow cytometry assays. Antioxidant effects of C-PC on CT-26 tumor cells transplanted in Balb/c mice was also checked out invivo. Male Balb/c mice were tested in four groups.group1 was considered as control. Group 2 were fed by C-Phycocyanin (50mg/kg) daily. In groups 2-4, cisplatin (3mg/kg) was injected, and group 3 silymarin (100mg/kg) was injected daily. Finally serum levels of MDA, TAC, and Total Billirubin, Total Protein and Albumin and activities of GPX, Catalase, SOD, ALT, AST, and LDH were assayed. C-PC showed considerable anti-proliferative effect on CT-26 and HT-29 tumor cell lines with IC50 =47.4 µg/ml and IC50=49.4 µg/ml respectively. In addition, C-PC because of its antioxidant potential, significantly (P<0/001), decreased MDA and increased levels of liver antioxidant enzymes.

The inability of chemical drugs to completely treat patients with colon cancer has made it one of the deadliest cancers in the world in both sexes. Medicinal plants are important elements of the indigenous medical system. Many plant compounds are currently being developed as potent anticancer agents. However, some anticancer agents are still extracted from plants because they have complex structures that cannot be chemically synthesized on a commercial scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Moringa hydroalcoholic extract on colon cancer.

Moringa leaves were purchased and approved, and then its hydroalcoholic extract was extracted. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extract was measured, and then the dominant phenolic and flavonoid compounds of the extract were confirmed by HPLC method. The antioxidant power of the extract was measured. Then, the toxic effects of the extract on colon cancer cell viability (CACO2) were investigated by MTT assay. After tumor induction in mice, tumor volume was assessed after extract injection.

The flavonoids with antioxidant properties identified in this study included quercetin, gallic acid and caffeic acid. MTT results showed that Moringa at a dose of 1024 μM could not kill 50% of CACO2 cells, but by injecting it into the tumor, it had positive effects on reducing tumor volume. The effects of the extract on the tumor were dose and time dependent.

Moringa extract with different flavonoids can be used as a useful plant source in the treatment of colon cancer.

Plants are rich source of phenolic compounds, which are the most important natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of extraction methods and different solvents on extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and free radicals scavenging activity of DPPH in Moringa oleifera leaf extract. For this, the leaves were grinding after dried followed by different extraction techniques like soaking, Soxhlet and ultrasound (Frequency: 70 kHz) using distilled water, acetone and methanol as solvent. TPC and TFC were measured using Folin–Ciocalteu method and colorimetric assay. Antioxidant activity of resulted extracts was measured using 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was compared with ascorbic acid. The highest extraction efficiency was obtained in Soxhlet method use acetone as solvent (24.40±0.34%). Methanol in Soxhlet extraction method showed the highest effect on TPC (24.79±1.35 mg GAE/g dry sample) and TFC (81.14±1.45 mg QU/g dry sample). In all samples, increased DPPH free radical scavenging when increased concentration of the extracts. The highest radical scavenging was observed in methanol extracts obtained by Soxhlet (IC50=49.97±0.65). Finally, it could be concluded that, methanol was the best solvent and Soxhlet was the best method for extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in in the leaves of Moringa oleifera.

Vitamin B12 is a key factor in many growth-related processes in the human body and its large-scale industrial production is carried out using microorganisms, especially Propionibacterium freudenreichii. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of folic acid, methionine, and oxygen on the optimal production of vitamin B12 and Dry Cell Weight (DCW) of this bacterium.

Bacteria were maintained in four different conditions including anaerobic conditions and different concentrations of folic acid, aerobic conditions and different concentrations of folic acid, anaerobic conditions and different concentrations of folic acid and methionine 0.05% (w/v), aerobic conditions and different concentrations of folic acid and methionine 0.05% (w/v).

The maximum production of vitamin B12 and DCW was obtained in 750 mg / L of folic acid in the presence of methionine and aerobic conditions. By increasing the concentration of folic acid up to 1000 mg / L, the amount of vitamin B12 production and dry weight of the bacterium decreased. Discussion and

Due to the effect of folic acid on the fermentative processes of Propionibacterium freudenreichii, the present study could be an effective optimization to increase the final production of vitamin B12. Based on the above findings, aerobic conditions along with the presence of methionine can be effective in improving vitamin B12 production and this optimization may help as an effective strategy to improve vitamin B12 production at the industrial level.

Over the past decades, little attention is paid to using herbal remedies to improve various diseases, especially cancer. Moringa oleifera (MO) is one of the herbs with numerous medicinal properties.

The current study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity effects of methanolic leaf extract on human liver cancer HepG2 cell lines.

First methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera flavonoid compounds were measured, and then quercetin was identified as one of the flavonoid compounds in methanolic leaf extract by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HepG-2 cell line were treated with (0, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 µg/mL) methanolic extract of MO, quercetin (50 µg/mL), and doxorubicin (1 µg/mL). After 48 hours, the cytotoxic activity of various concentrations of MO methanolic extract against the liver cancer cell line was assessed using an MTT assay.

In this study, the total flavonoids and quercetin in the leaves of MO was, respectively, 3.69 (mg/g) and 0.064 (mg/g) of dry weight. Methanolic leaf extract demonstrated a significant effect (IC50 = 12.89 µg/mL) on HepG2 cell lines.

Evaluation of cytotoxicity effects showed that HepG2 viability methanolic extract was concentration-dependent and decreased with increasing concentration of the extract. Comparison of the effect of the extract with doxorubicin and pure quercetin showed that the effect of the concentration of 70 µg/mL methanolic extract and pure quercetin and doxorubicin on liver cancer cells were similar. Also, the results showed that methanolic leaf extract has cytotoxic effects on the HepG-2 cell line and inhibits the growth of liver cancer cells.

Recently, due to increased Candida infection and frequent recurrence and due to the resistance of Candida species to most antifungal drugs, for the first time, antifungal properties of methanolic, n-hexane and aqueous extracts from different parts of Echium italicum were compared with antibiotics. In this study, methanol, n-hexane and aqueous extracts from different parts of the plant were prepared in different concentrations by soaking method And on two species of Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis by disk diffusion method and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration), MFC (minimum fungicidal concentration of growth) by micro dilution method. Antibiotics Nystatin and Fluconazole were used as a positive control and DMSO was used as a negative control. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and t-test. The results showed that different extracts from the root of the plant showed more antifungal activity than the aerial part of the plant against both species of Candida (P<0/05). The methanolic extract of the root showed the highest mean diameter of growth and the lowest MIC (15.62 μg/μl) and MFC (31.25 μg/μl) against Candida glabrata as inhibitory diameter of growth the methanolic extract in concentration of 5mg/ml (18.5±0.5) was higher than Nystatin antibiotic inhibitory diameter of growth for Candida glabrata. The results showed that the extracts of this plant have antifungal effects on both Candida species and after supplementary and clinical trials as an appropriate antifungal agent against Candida glabrata infection and Tropicalis infection.

Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer and it has the highest rate of growth among different types of cancers. Ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, is a major bioactive compound in several traditional medicinal plants including pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) flower. UA has very important biological and pharmacological functions.

In this study, cytotoxic effects of ethanol extract of pomegranate flowers and isolated UA against B16f10 mouse melanoma cells were investigated.

The isolation of UA from pomegranate flowers was done by using ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by normal-phase flash chromatography. The chemical structure of isolated UA was identified by GC-MS, IR and 1H-NMR spectra. The ethanol extract of pomegranate flowers and isolated UA were then tested for the cytotoxicity against B16f10 mouse melanoma cell lines. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay.

Ursolic acid was successfully isolated from pomegranate flowers by using normal-phase flash chromatography. After one flash chromatography run, the purity of UA reached more than 97% with a total yield of 0.1 % of dried pomegranate flower powder. Treatment of B16f10 cells with ethanol extract of pomegranate flowers and isolated UA exhibited significant anti-proliferative activity after incubation for 48 and 72 hours. It was observed for pomegranate flower extract in a concentration and time dependent manner.

The results suggested that pomegranate flower extract and isolated UA can be encouraging compounds in the prevention and treatment of melanoma.

Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is one of the most well-known medicinal plants. It has been mostly used for medical purposes. This study summarizes extensive results on the antimicrobial effect of Urtica dioica L. The aim of this study was to investigate several extraction methods of nettle extract for more access to flavonoid materials especially quercetin. For this purpose, three methods (soaking, sonication, soxhlet) and three solvents (chloroform, methanol, deionized water) were used for extraction. Finally, the highest amount of quercetin determined by HPLC was sonication for 90 min with methanol solvent. The effect of this extract was investigated on several pathogenic microbes including Escherichia coli, Entrecoccus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Candida albicans. Antibiogram testing revealed that Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were resistant to nettle extract, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Klebsiella pneumonia, were sensitive and Enterococcus faecalis was semi-susceptible.