mohammad hasan ehrampoush

Vinasse is a well-known associate of sugar cane/beet ethanol production wastewater. In the present work, the electrocoagulation technique at a constant current intensity combined with circulation flow introduces as a new and economic method for the treatment of vinasse effluent using iron and/or aluminum without changing the initial conditions of sample solution. Spectrophotometric determination was used to quantify the COD and turbidity in effluents as the most regarded vinasse footprints. The proposed CCD method was used as an experimental design, having as independent variables, applied current, pH, electrode material, and the reaction time, evaluated for highest COD, turbidity, and color removal. The optimum conditions for removal of COD, color and turbidity determined by response surface modeling (RSM) showed that the proposed circulating electrocoagulation (CEC) method using aluminum-graphite electrodes at 1 A current, pH 7 and reaction time of 45 min is able to be used with high efficiency for the treatment of vinasse wastewater in ethanol production industry. The proposed method is very simple, cheap and fast and can be used as a pilot system in alcohol factories to recover the water which can, in turn, be utilized for agricultural purposes and other industries.

Exposure to pesticides is associated with various health concerns and may also be related to impaired cognitive function. This study investigated the relationship between greenhouse density and cognitive function in primary school children using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and environmental sampling. This study was conducted on 128 children (6–9 years old) in Ebrahimabad village, Ashkezar, Yazd, Iran in 2019, and 10 students were excluded from the study after filling consent form. The WISC-IV measured children’s cognitive function, and a flame ionization detector for gas chromatography (GC-FID) instrument was used to detect environmental exposure to pesticides. There was a significant inverse relationship between greenhouse density in children’s homes and cognitive function scores with verbal thinking scores (P value = 0.003) and the total scale (P value = 0.0001) on the WISC. Further, the results showed that the obtained verbal thinking scores are significantly related to their fathers’ education (P value = 0.008) and occupation (P value = 0.014). Moreover, the results of environmental exposure measurement confirmed the presence of malathion, ethion, chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, and oxadiazine with a maximum concentration of 183 μg/m3 in response to malathion. The present study indicated that increasing the density of the greenhouse reduces children’s cognitive functions. The results of ambient air analysis confirmed the environmental exposure to pesticides as well. Due to long-term chemical effects, management measures such as public education, substituting crop types, and the use of eco-friendly methods are unavoidable.

In recent decades, with the emergence of new industrial activities and increase production of waste production, industries require the existence of treatment equipment and sanitation. These devices sometimes spread infectious microorganisms into the air. These include waste recycling industries and wastewater treatment plants. Bioaerosols are produced at different stages of the wastewater treatment process, especially in processes such as mobile mechanisms and aeration.

In this study, air sampling was performed from different units of the treatment plant and indoor air. the plates were placed in an incubator for 24-48 hours at a temperature of 35 to 37 ° C. Then the number of bacterial colonies grown on the culture media was counted and recorded as CFU/m3.

The results showed that the average population of bacterial aerosols was higher in summer than in spring. Also, the highest bacterial population was observed in spring in indoor air with an average of 187.58±13.41 CFU/m3 and in summer in a equalization unit with an average of 202.89±12.11 CFU/m3.

The results of this study showed that the number of bacterial bioaerosols increases in warm seasons. Also, the equalization unit had a high ability to produce bacterial bioaerosols. Finally, It can be said that increasing the distance from the source of contamination causes a significant reduction in the number of bacterial bioaerosols.

Traffic accident injuries are a major public health problem. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of traffic accidents leading to injuries or deaths and its related risk factors in Yazd city, Centre of Iran.

In this retrospective study, traffic accidents information recorded by the traffic police of Yazd city during 2016-2018 were used. The data were described using mean, standard deviation, frequency and frequency percentage indices and also independent sample t-test, chi-square and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. All analyses were conducted in SPSS 20 software with a significance level of 0.05.

The total number of people involved in these accidents were 2082 people, including 25 (1.2%) cyclists, 624 (30%) motorcyclists, 183 (8.8%) pedestrians, 321 (15.4%) passengers, and 929 (44.6%) vehicle drivers. Accidents were associated with 1) Types of involved vehicles (light vehicles-58%), 2) Occurrence time (4-8 p.m.-28.9%), 3) Age of drivers (16 to 30 years old-41.1%), 4) Education (diploma and high school-60.1%), and 5) Gender (males-82.2%). The victims of traffic accidents are mostly males and young people.

Therefore, preventive measures and targeted interventions should be considered to reduce the risk of being involved in crashes.

Aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the most prevalent toxins, which long-term exposure to them could be a risk factor for liver cancer. AFM1 is the hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1, therefore, the presence of AFM1 in urine samples can give an appropriate estimation of dietary AF exposure in human.

The present study aimed to evaluate the excretion level of AFM1 in urine samples of pregnant and non-pregnant women in Yazd, Iran. A total of 85 urine samples (42 pregnant and 43 non-pregnant) were selected randomly from women who had referred to health centers of Yazd during March to May 2017. From each participant, a 72-hour dietary recall was asked and the data were recorded and later analyzed by ELISA kits.

The results showed that the mean level of AFM1 in pregnant and non-pregnant women was 8.23 ± 2.9 and 35.5 ± 1.05 pg mL-1, respectively. Excretion of AFM1 in urine samples had a significant relationship with some demographic factors and type of consumed foods (P < 0.05).

There was a significant relationship between the education level, place of residence, and the consumption of nuts with the excretion of AFM1. It can be concluded that some foods distributed in Yazd are contaminated with AFs, and a significant number of people are exposed to high concentrations of AFM1.

Polythiophene (PT) coated magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MMWCNTs) as a magnetic sorbent was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, SEM, XRD, and VSM. The sorbent was applied for simultaneous solid-phase microextraction of trace amounts of lead and cadmium ions from various matrices. The retained analytes were eluted using nitric acid solution (0.5 mol L-1) and quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The main factors affecting the extraction of lead and cadmium such as pH, type and concentration of eluent, amount of the sorbent, ionic strength and sample volume were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits (based on 3Sb/m) of 0.54 and 0.03 µg L-1 and the enhancement factors of 197.6 and 195.5 were obtained for lead and cadmium, respectively. The relative standard deviations of 1.5% (n = 6) at 50.0 µg L-1 of lead and 2.1% at 5.0 µg L-1 of cadmium were achieved. The method was found to be effective, selective, rapid, and simple for the determination of trace amounts of lead and cadmium and was successfully applied to the determination of lead and cadmium in water, black tea, rice, and milk samples without evident interference from the complex matrix. Furthermore, the sorbent showed high capacity, and the precision and accuracy of the method were satisfactory. The validity of the method was examined through the recovery experiments and independent analysis by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.

Lice are external  parasites found in all socioeconomic classes around the world, which infect millions of people, especially children aged 5-14 years. Considering the growing and epidemiological trend of head lice in recent years, despite careful health care, more prognosis is needed. Therefore, this study aimed to study eco-epidemiological factors of head lice in 10-12 year-old girls in Birjand City in 2017.

This cross-sectional study with descriptive-analytic approach was conducted in Birjand City in the 2017. The participants were selected using cluster sampling method from girl primary schools in Birjand City and its suburb areas. Data were entered into SPSS version 22 and analyzed by logistic regression test at significant level of 0.0.5

Head lice was evaluated in 2417 elementary school girls. The prevalence of head lice infection was 13.6% (n=329) in the population. The prevalence of contamination in urban areas was two times higher than the suburb areas. Significant correlations were observed between head lice infestation and father's education, mother's education, parent's job, family income, nationality, presence of foreigners in a class, habitat, history of previous student infections, presence of an infected person in the family, use of common Chador (piece of cloth worn by Muslim women to cover their body and hair) for praying  at school. (p<0.05)

The prevalence of head lice infection in the present study was higher than other studies. The prevalence of head lice infection was also higher in the suburbs. So,  preventive measures, especially in the suburbs are required with regard to factors associated with infection by the health system.

Genetically modified plants species of plants are produced by the genetic engineering of agricultural science and the addition of specific genes in their genetic sequences with the aim of optimizing the product and creating desirable traits. This study examined the remains of Cry1A(b) and P35 genes in blood of rats fed with genetically modified rice. This study was experimental and interventional and the study population included male and female rats Sprague Dawley (SD), which were divided into two treatment and control groups according to the type of food received. The first group consisted of 50% of the genetically modified rice and second group consisted of 50% of non- genetically modified rice. sampling and DNA extraction from the blood was done after 90 days of feeding the rats with the nutritional pattern using a kit. Quantitative and qualitative study of extracted DNA was performed using agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometry, respectively. Amplification product with targets P35, Cry1A(b) and T35 was studied using agarose gel electrophoresis 1.5%, which showed that blood samples were negative for the presence of transgenic genes. The results showed no significant difference in the presence of transgenic genes of p35 and Cry1A(b) in the blood tissue of the treatment and control groups of rats. Therefore, the results of this study reject the possibility of gene transfer to the existing organs of the consumers. Results of this study showed that there is no difference between safety of genetically and non-genetically modified rice from viewpoint of gen transferring.

Religious obligation helps people to develop mental health by creating internal commitment to special rules􀀑 This meta-analysis aimed to determine the relationship between religious orientation and anxiety among college students. Major scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, EBSCO, ProQuest and PsycINFO were searched for original research articles published 1987-2016. A random effect model was used to combine Correlation coefficient. All analyses were performed using Stata MP. After screening of 7235 documents, 13 articles including 5620 participants met inclusion criteria in this meta-analysis. Correlation coefficient was -0.08 (95% CI= -0.19, -0.03) which indicated with increasing religious orientation, anxiety and depression reduced (P<0.001). Characteristics such as sex, geographic region, and type of religions were potential sources of heterogeneity. Based on fill-and-trim method the adjusted pooled r was obtained, -0.06 (95% CI= -0.16, -0.04). There was a weakness relationship between religious orientation and mental anxiety and de-pression. Therefore, it needs to improve knowledge of student about advantages of religious orientation.

The use of arsenic contaminated water can cause a variety of adverse health effects in humans. Therefore, it is essential to seek out a method to remove arsenic more efficiently. This study examined the amount of arsenic oxidation by response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Bencken design. In this study, oxidizing arsenite to arsenate was performed by activation of persulfate with UV and the optimal conditions determined using the RSM based on Box-Bencken design to evaluate the effects of independent variables on the response (arsenite oxidation efficiency) performance and to predict the best response rate. In this study, the effects of different parameters such as pH (3-11), concentration of persulfate (4-14 mM), and initial concentration of arsenic (0.1-0.9 mg/l) on process efficiency were investigated. The number of tests in this study was 45, and the oxidation rate was measured using the UV visible spectrophotometer (DR 6000) and the molybdate colorimetric method. Increasing the concentration of arsenic increased oxidation. However, with increasing pH, the oxidation rate decreased and the highest oxidation rate at all concentrations was observed at pH 3. The value higher than R2 (0.934) indicated that the oxidation of arsenic (v) could be determined by this model. Arsenite is a highly toxic metal that is difficult to remove by conventional treatment methods, but a pre-treatment phase can convert arsenite into arsenate and facilitate the removal process. In this study, the use of UV-activated persulfate increased the efficiency of arsenic oxidation to 96%.

Carwash is an industry that consumes large amounts of water and its wastewater contains a variety of pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the Peroxone process as a method for wastewater treatment of carwashes.

This study was conducted at laboratory scale. A total of 54 samples were collected from a carwash in Yazd city and COD and anionic surfactants removal percentages were respectively determined by using the standard vial and anionic surfactants method and Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS). The process was conducted with an ozone dose of 0.7 mg per min, H2O2 concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 mmol per liter, reaction times of 30, 60 and 90 min and pH of 7, 9 and 11 in a cylindrical reactor respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and through SPSS 18.

The removal efficiencies of COD and anionic surfactants increased with increasing pH and reaction time; so that, at pH =11 and after a reaction time of 90 minutes for an ozone dose of 0.7 mg/min and H2O2 concentration of 40 mmol/l, removal efficiency of COD and anionic surfactants were respectively 74.77% and 74.27%.

The peroxone process has a good ability for removal of COD and anionic surfactants. Similar studies confirm the findings of this study. Meanwhile, pretreatment methods are recommended for further evaluation of this process.

Listeria monocytogenes is an important psychrotrophic foodborne pathogen that exists in poultry meat and causes listeriosis with severe clinical consequences such as meningitis, septicemia, and abortion. Therefore, contamination of food stuff implies a significant health risk for human. Data on contamination of poultry meat and poultry slaughterhouse with Listeria monocytogenes are scarce in Iran. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and Listeria monocytogenes in poultry meat and poultry slaughterhouse environment in the city of Yazd.
To determine the presence of L.monocytogenes culture media and biochemical tests were used; then, isolates were confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). At the end, the antibiogram test was conducted to determine antibiotic resistance.
A total of 811 samples selected from the two slaughter houses were analyzed; from which 104 samples (12.8%) were contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. The highest amount of contamination was observed in Swap the Cold storage surfaces , while the lowest levels of contamination were related to chicken carcass before chiller. The highest amount of antibiotic resistance was for ampicillin, tetracycline, and penicillin.
The results of this study indicate contamination of chicken meat and antibiotic resistance of isolated Listeria monocytogenes. Since chicken meat is highly consumed and is transferred in raw form, also due to lack of proper control and use of antibiotics during breeding, it can lead to serious health risks in the community. Lack of knowledge about risks of listeriosis indicates the need for implementing food safety education programs. In addition, the Iranian food safety authorities should urgently set up an effective standard to screen all susceptible foods for the presence of Listeria.

Pistachio is an important export product in some countries, especially Iran. Pistachios are with the highest risk of aflatoxin contamination between agricultural products. Aflatoxin B1 is the most potent carcinogenic aflatoxins. Aflatoxins have an important role in the etiology of cancer. Undoubtedly, the major problem is, Aspergillus flavus contamination Aflatoxin production and find suitable ways to prevent its production. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of electron irradiation on aflatoxin B1 production in pistachio that was inoculated with Aspergillus flavus.
Experimental study was performed. Sixty10 pistachios packed was inoculated with aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus spores (106 spores/ml). Contaminated samples were exposed to the electron beam radiations at doses of 1, 3, 5 and 7 kGy. The samples were stored at a room temperature for 0, 30, 60, 90, 180, 210 days and were compared with the control samples for the aflatoxin production by Kruskal Wallis test using SPSS version 16. Aflatoxin B1 was measured by ELISA kit. The test was duplicated for each samples.
The mean concentration of aflatoxin in the samples was 59.97 ng/g. There was no difference among the production of aflatoxin in different doses on days 0,30, 60, 90 (p Exposure of the pistachio samples by electron beam could inhibit the growth and alsoprevent aflatoxin production.

One of the most important items in molecular characterization of food-borne pathogens is high quality genomic DNA. In this study, we investigated three protocols and compared their simplicity, duration and costs for extracting genomic DNA from Linguatula serrata.
The larvae were collected from the sheep’s visceral organs from the Yazd Slaughterhouse during May 2013. DNA extraction was done in three different methods, including commercial DNA extraction kit, Phenol Chloroform Isoamylalcohol (PCI), and salting out. Extracted DNA in each method was assessed for quantity and quality using spectrophotometery and agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively.
The less duration was regarding to commercial DNA extraction kit and then salting out protocol. The cost benefit one was salting out and then PCI method. The best quantity was regarding to PCI with 72.20±29.20 ng/μl, and purity of OD260/OD280 in 1.76±0.947. Agarose gel electrophoresis for assessing the quality found all the same.
Salting out is introduced as the best method for DNA extraction from L. seratta as a food-borne pathogen with the least costand appropriate purity. Although, the best purity was regarding to PCI but PCI is not safe as salting out. In addition, the duration of salting out was less than PCI. The least duration was seen in commercial DNA extraction kit, but it is expensive and therefore is not recommended for developing countries where consumption of offal is common.

Background and Comprehensive evaluation of jobs in industries is a practical and effective method that could identify the jobs and industries with negative effects on the environment. This study identified environmental hazards of hot rolling process and assessing their risks.
An observational study was carried out in which identification of human activity and job´s risks in production hall of Kavir Steel Complex was done according to ISO 14001 approaches (pollutant emissions to air, discharges to water, energy consumption, energy released as heat, wastes, side products, etc) by Job Hazard Analysis method (JHA). Then the risks identified were prioritized and assessed using William Fine method.
We identified 205 environmental hazards (in 9 groups) associated with production personnel (n= 81), mechanics and maintenance personnel (n= 44), bed personnel (n= 9), personnel of cleaning services (n= 33), and water plant personnel (n= 38). The highest and lowest rate of risks were due to creation and distribution of wastes (n= 73) and corrosion and depreciation of equipment, (n= 1), respectively.
The production personnel were mainly responsible for environmental emissions. The leading causes were stress and anxiety about stoppage of production, payment reduction, and lack of awareness and workers and supervisors on environmental issues.

Requiring industries for implementing industrial waste management programs and planning for proper waste disposal is essential in order to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, industrial waste management program was done in Kavir Steel Complex, in Aran va Bidgol region to identify and classify industrial waste and also to present solutions for improving waste management. In this complex, production process is hot rolling steel and the product is rebar.
Material and The preset study was conducted in Kavir Steel Complex. Following survey of production process and sources of waste, the type and volume of produced waste were identified and measured during 3 months. Then, the classification of wastes was done according to the Bazel Convention and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and finally new industrial & health solid waste management program was presented.
Considering the volume, industrial waste of production process in Kavir Steel Complex was between 130 to 180 grams per each ton of rebar. Main industrial waste included oxide of steel billet, industrial sludge, used oil and lubricant which were classified according to the RCRA: 8 materials with T code, 1 with C code, 5 with I code and 3 materials with C code.
The results revealed that the most amount of industrial waste in Kavir Steel Complex is the waste of steel billet and industrial sludge, and more than 90% of Kavir steel industrial waste were reused and recycled inside or outside of this complex. It is recommended that used oil to be transport and maintain in the safe containers.

Heavy metals have destructive and irreversible effects on the human, plants and animals. Some industries in Yazd enter industrial wastewater to municipal wastewater collection system. This can lead to high levels of heavy metals in wastewater and in turn in the wastewater treatment plant effluent.
This study was carried out during four months from December 22, 2009 to May 20, 2010. The experiment was performed on the inflow, outlet of anaerobic pond and first and second facultative ponds of wastewater treatment plant and then transferred to the laboratory and measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
The results of the experiments showed that the average cadmium concentrations in the inflow, anaerobic pond outlet, and first and second facultative pond outlet were 0.0066, 0.0087, 0.0076, and 0.0083μg/l, respectively. The average amounts of chromium in the inflow, anaerobic pond outlet, and first and second facultative pond outlet were 0.0076, 0.0065, 0.0043, and 0.0056 μg/l, respectively. Cadmium concentration in the effluent was higher than standard.
The comparison of the obtained data with Iranian standards for wastewater treatment for reuse in irrigation shows that the cadmium concentration exceeded the standard and the chromium concentration was lower than the standard. Therefore, it is not suitable for reuse in the crop farms and aquatic life.

Introduction About 500,000 species of fungi have been realized up to now. There are abundant fungi in air, soil and our environment. So the growth of them increases in the presence of air moisture and appropriate temperature. However saprophytic fungi have a wide distribution in nature, they are responsible for decomposition of organic materials and playing an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of major nutrients. Some saprophytes are toxic that contaminate human foods and animal feeds by production of mycotoxins. Aflatoxins are the most common and dangerous mycotoxins produced by few species of Aspergillus and penicillium. This group of mycotoxin has disorder and risks, including the induction of liver cancer. They are mutagenic and teratogenic. Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2, which are naturally produced by several toxic fungi, may contaminate a wide range of dairy animal feeds resulted severe economic loss of cattle meat. Since Aflatoxin B1 and B2 can be transmitted via mammalian’s milk and cheese in form of synthetic Aflatoxin M1 and M2 to human consumers, cause significant health problems. Therefore contamination of animal feed with common toxic airborne saprophytic fungi is a major concern of health officials. Wheat, barley, corn, soybean and other animal feeds may be contaminated with toxic fungi during implantation, harvesting and storage. There are many dairy and livestock centers in Yazd that prepare milk and dairy products for Yazd and neighboring provinces. The aim of current study was to evaluate the amount and type of fungal contaminates of dairy feeds in Yazd dairies.
Materials and methods This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the summer of 2012 on 23 dairies in Yazd. Samples of different animal feeds including concentrates, wheat straw, hay, corn, silage corn, soybean and canola as well as waste of bread, were randomly selected from their bulks. The temperature and humidity of feed storage were recorded by using thermometer and portable hygrometer at the time of sampling. Samples were transferred to medical mycology laboratory in paramedical school by sterile containers. Samples were cultured on Sab¬ouraud dextrose agar plates based on standard method. Isolated fungal colonies were firstly enumerated and identified using macroscopic and microscopic characteristics for determination of their genus and species of saprophytic and toxic fungi. The suspected fungi with definitive diagnosis by the use of the men¬tioned methods were then identified by performing slide culture by Riddle method. For the detection of aflatoxin producer species UV radiation was used. Results were analyzed statistically by Chi-square and Mann-Whitney test using SPSS 16 software.
Results and Discussion Saprophytic hyphomycets including Cladosporium, Alternation Penicilium, Verticillium, Aspergillus, Penicillium species and yeast were the most prevalent isolated fungi from cattle feeds in current study. Bread waste showed maximum contamination with opportunistic fungi such as Mucor and Rhizopus species, other saprophyte moulds and yeasts. Wheat straw had the highest contamination of aflatoxin-producing toxic fungi particularly Aspergillus flavus. Silage and concentrate were ranked as highest average contamination with 42600 and 40600 CFU/g, respectively in present study. There was seen a significant relationship between the average humidity of the environment of open and covered storage of feed with frequency of isolated fungal species (PConclusion According to results of present study, there are a high fungal contamination in cattle food with saprophytic and toxigenic fungal spores. Monitoring of animal feed and control of humidity can control the proliferation of micro-organisms in food, eliminate contamination of microorganisms and prevent cross-contaminations. High levels of fungal contamination in intake dairy feed shows that the major source of contamination seems to be in raw materials used for animal feed. With respect to the effect of cattle food contamination especially contamination with Aspergillus flavous on health of cattle and dairy products and the secondary effects on human health, Control of fungal contamination in livestock foods is the best way to prevent aflatoxin contamination in milk and other dairy products, which help to improve the public health.

Mushroom cultivation has recently been developing in Iran with a production level of 90 tons per year.Approximately 5 kg of waste is generated by producing one kilogram of button mushrooms.These wastes could be refined by using vermicompost technology converting them into valuable organic fertilizers to replace chemical fertilizers as a way to achieve sustainability. This study aimed to convert button mushroom production wastes into manure and investigate the chemical properties and quality of this fertilizer. Such wastes as rotten mushrooms, spent mushroom compost (SMC) and peat are generated during the cultivation process of button mushrooms in large quantities. In this study, SMC was vermicomposted in an optimized process of treatment with wood chips, rotten mushrooms, carrot scum and leaves. Quantitative and qualitative indicators and their changes were investigated during six weeks. The obtained results were compared with the National Standards of Vermicompost (No. 13724) and the overall quality was determined in the final product. We used the SPSS software and Pearson’s correlation coefficient at the significance level of 0.05 in order to examine the correlation between the inorganic materials and changes in other parameters. In addition, Linear Regression Analysis was used to determine the relationship between the studied variables. The results of this study indicated that the Total Organic Carbon (TOC), potassium and total nitrogen in all the treatments increased with time. However, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) levels declined during the vermicomposting process. Furthermore, a significant increase was observed in the C/N ratio in all the treatments by the end of the six‐week period. Therefore, all the fertilizers were classified as Grade one. According to the results of this study, vermicompost process could enhance the indicators of organic fertilizers derived from vermicompost beds. Thus, this method could be suitable for the waste management of button mushroom production in order to achieve a sustainable agriculture.

A simple, rapid and sensitive solvent assisted-dispersive solid phase extraction method was developed for the extraction of iron(II) prior to its spectrophotometric determination. The Fe(II) reacted with 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine, neutralized with sodium dodecyl sulfate and extracted onto the fine particles of benzophenone which were formed upon rapid injection of a mixture of benzophenone as the sorbent and ethanol as the disperser solvent into the aqueous solution. After phase separation, the sedimented phase containing the complex was dissolved in ethanol and the analyte concentration was determined by measuring its absorption at 594 nm. Total iron was determined after the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Under the optimized conditions, an enhancement factor of 32, the detection limit of 0.16 µg l-1, and the relative standard deviation of 1.9% (n = 6) at 20 µg l-1 concentration level of Fe(II) were achieved. The method was successfully applied to the determination of iron species in water samples and total iron in infant dry formula milk, apple, rice, spinach and parsley samples.

The presence of heavy metals in the environment especially in water supplies have caused many concerns because of their toxicity and non-degradability. Hexavalent Chromium (Cr) is one of the most toxic metals which is used in many industries, so it is essential to remove it from industrial wastewater. In this study, we made a comparison between different adsorption isotherms in the chromium (VI) removal process using carbon nano tubes from aqueous solutions. This experimental study used atomic absorption spectrophotometry. To determine the adsorption isotherms, a synthetic sample with defined concentration of Cr (VI) was prepared and different doses of adsorbent were added to it. The effect of initial Cr concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, and reaction time on removal of Cr was investigated. Temperature and mix rate were steady during a defined time. At the end, Cr (VI) concentration measured and adsorbents equality capacities were calculated via formulas and graphs. Data analysis were performed using descriptive statistics. Adsorption capacities (qe) increased with increasing of initial Cr concentration, and reaction time decreased with increasing adsorbent dose and pH. Correlation coefficients for Langmuir, and Freundlich isotherms in oxidized Multi-Walled Carbon Nano Tubes (MWCNTs) were 0.93, 0.874, and 0.714 and in oxidized Single-Walled Carbon Nano Tubes (SWCNTs) were 0.904, 0.868, and 0.711 respectively. Chromium ions adsorption in carbon nano tubes is accordant to Langmuir isotherm model, and MWCNTs have more cc than SWCNTs. Carbon nano tubes are effective adsorbents in removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions.

One of the major problems of health and medical education in all countries، is the frequency of epidemics in associated with food. To prevent food-borne illness، the housewives role is very important. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge، attitude and practice of woman who lived in Shiraz about food borne disease. This cross-sectional study surveyed 266 women resident in Shiraz by referring to their homes. The questionnaire included demographic variables، questions related to knowledge، attitude and practice. Data analysis was conducted using T-Test، ANOVA، and 2χ at 0. 05 level with SPSS version 18. According to the results، the average age is 35/35 ± 10/32. In general، the women have the moderate to fine score of knowledge، attitude and practice and there was a significant positive correlation between the variables of knowledge، attitude and practice. Based on the findings of this study and the lack of awareness of some important pathogens such as Salmonella، E-coli and other foodborne pathogens the necessity to educate Housewives about the Risk factors associated with food is specified Since the best way to reduce food-borne poisoning، is proper and efficient training to the people who are responsible for producing and supplying food.

Phosphorous (P) is one of the military wastewater pollutants which has a key role in water resource eutrophication. The aim of this study was to analyze the kinetics and thermodynamics of the P adsorption by using bone charcoal (BC). BC was prepared in 400 °C and 2 h and pulverized via ASTM standard sieves in the range of 35-100 mesh. The structure of BC was analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The concentration of P was analyzed by spectrophotometer methods. Analysis of data was performed with pseudo first -order and pseudo second -order kinetic models, Langmuir, Freundlich, Elovich and Dubinin-Radushkovich (D-R) models. The main component of BC is calcium hydroxyl apatite. The adsorption of P for the preliminary concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/l complies with the pseudo first- order kinetic model but for 50 and 100 mg/l complies with the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The energy of the adsorption reaction is 6.24 J/molºK which implies physical sorption. Based on the Langmuir model the adsorption capacity is 13.2 mg/g. Based on the BC adsorption capacity for P removal, it can be said that this absorbent could be utilized for the elimination of phosphorous and similar pollutants from water and wastewater.

Some plants show antimicrobial activity against wide range of microorganism. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity and stability of Zataria multiflora Boiss and Satureja khuzestanica essential oil (EO). First, these plants (Zataria multiflora Boiss and Satureja khuzestanica) were collected, verified by a botanist, dried, and grinded. Then, hydro-distallation method was used, to obtain EO from each one. Their antimicrobial activity of each EO was evaluated by micro dilution broth method. For stability test, the surfaces (stone, MDF, and steel) were cleaned by 70% ethanol, and then separately incubated with each EO. Then, all were dried, and incubated for 12, 24 and 36 hours at room temperature. After incubation, sampling was done, inoculated on nutrient agar. Finally, the number of colonies grown on each plate was counted. The MIC50 of both EO was 3.1%. But, the MIC90 of Zataria multiflora Boiss EO against all strains was 12.5%, except Escherichia coli which was 6.2%. Also, the MIC90 of Satureja khuzestanica EO against all strains was 12.5%, except Aspergillus niger which was 6.2%. Both EOs had high stability until 36 hours on the stone and steel. In case of MDF, EOs were stable until 24 hours. No significant difference was observed between stability of Zataria multiflora Boiss and Satureja khuzestanica EO. It can be concluded that Zataria multiflora Boiss and Satureja khuzestanica EO have approximately same antimicrobial activity and stability. Since both EOs have high antimicrobial property, they can be applied to remove microbes from different sources.

Zhumeria majdae is an herbal plant which is only found in Hormozgan province. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial property and toxicity of essential oil (EO) and encapsulated form of the essential oil (EFEO) of Zhumeria majdae. First, the plant was dried, grinded, and its EO extracted by hydrodistallation. Then, the EO was encapsulated by lichitin. Antimicrobial activity of EO and EFEO was evaluated by micro dilution broth method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. For toxicity test, serial concentrations of EO and EFEO were incubated with mouse skin cells, and then cell viability was calculated by MTT assay. Based on atomic force microscopy results, the size distribution of EFEO was between 100-500 nm. Antimicrobial test showed that the MIC50 of both EO and EFEO was similar (0.6%). But, in case of Candida albicans, the MIC90 of EO and EFEO was 5% and 1.25%, respectively. It means that EFEO has greater effect on Candida albicans than EO. The results of MTT assay showed that the toxicity of EFEO was less than EO. It was found that in some cases, encapsulation could lead to better antimicrobial property and less toxicity. Because of high antimicrobial activity, both EO and EFEO of Zhumeria majdae may be used as powerfully antimicrobial agents.