mohammad javdan

The connection and attribution of Shiism in its origin and development to the alleged personality of Abdullah bin Saba is one of the most important controversial doubts in the history of Shiism. Among the claims raised on the sidelines of this doubt is the issue of the adaptability of the character of Abdullah bin Saba to Ammar bin Yasir.The background of this claim goes back to Ali Alvardi (1913-1995), an Iraqi sociologist. He is the first person who mentions the similarities between Abdullah bin Saba and Ammar bin Yasir in the book Waaz al-Sulatin.This research through the library method; Descriptive and analytical, while tracing the background of the claim of compliance in previous sources, by re-reading and reviewing related reports, he reached this conclusion; The claim of this sameness of Abdullah bin Saba and Ammar bin Yasir is a matter of taste, lacks scientific knowledge and is distorted. Because Alvardi is not only the first and the only person who put forward the hypothesis of adaptation, but he is not a historian but a sociologist whose intellectual geometry is influenced and mixed with the opinions and ideas of Marxism and non-twelfth-century Shiite schools. has made such a claim.

The vital role of culture as the main infrastructure of the evolution and development of other aspects of the society shows the importance of this subject. The Holy Prophet (pbuh), relying on ideological and intellectual developments, established the foundation of a new culture, which gave the polytheistic Arab society a divine direction towards evolution, progress and excellence. Exploring the role of Islamic beliefs in the development of Islamic culture in the era of the Prophet (PBUH) is the focus of the present research, so that in the light of it, we can grasp the changes that the Holy Prophet (PBUH) brought about in the culture of the people of the Arabia.  The present article, by the descriptive-analytical method and using the verses of the Holy Quran and providing historical documents, explained and analyzed belief and faith in the development of Islamic culture in the Prophet's (PBUH) era. Expressing and propagating the correct attitude towards the truth of man and the world, reinforcing and consolidating beliefs, stability and uncompromisingness on principles and beliefs, and avoiding superficiality, are findings that have played a role in the development of the culture of the Prophet's (PBUH) era.

This study aims to demonstrate that some Shia Imami jurists, contrary to the traditional view in Islamic jurisprudence, have considered changes and alterations in the human body permissible, subject to ethical, environmental, and health boundaries. This contemporary perspective is the result of an interpretive mystical-Shia understanding of certain Quranic verses related to the creation of humans, bearing the divine trust, and nature. As a result, it possesses the following characteristics: utilization of God's delegatory power in this world, the ability to discover the mysteries of existence and understand the realities of the world, self-awareness in relation to God and ethical values. This mystical-Shia anthropology has inspired certain legal theories as follows: 1. Humans have the legitimacy to change the prevailing system on Earth and therefore human simulation is permissible; 2. Human gender is within his authority and discretion and can be altered; 3. Alterations in the patterns of physical creation, such as those involved in technologies aiding in laboratory fertility, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and similar practices, are permissible; 4. Opposition to imposing any restrictions on thought and knowledge, even in the form of monopolizing intellectual property rights in technology and biological sciences.

The history of Islamic sects and denominations is one of the sciences that have been studied extensively in the present century. Farhad Daftari is one of the most successful scholars in the field of the study of Shiism and Ismailism, who has written many books in this regard. This research seeks to answer the question: "What model and method of historiography has Farhad Daftari used in studying the history of Ismailism?" To answer this question, we carefully and methodically examined his works, including books, articles, interviews, etc. Findings indicate that Daftari has used descriptive, analytical, and comparative historiography methods in his studies. Since this is the first time such a study has been conducted, it is superior to other studies on Ismailism, and its results will be useful and instructive for students and researchers in the field of methodology of Ismaili studies. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and data has been collected through scientific documents and library resources.

The present article deals with the relations of intellectual (theological) and political currents of contemporary Kuwaiti Shiites with the government and other Muslims. The intellectual and theological currents of the Kuwaiti Shiites include Osuli, Akhbari, and Sheikhi movements. Political currents also include the National Islamic Alliance (believers in the guardianship of Islamic jurist), the Justice and Peace Association (supporters of Shirazi's authority), the National Pact Association, the Humanitarian Mission Association (Ehghaghi Sheikhs), and the Independents. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and the data collection is done by interviewing and referring to library resources. Based on the methodology and the criteria of historical study, findings of the research show that, among the three main intellectual and theological currents that affect political and social positions, two currents of Akhbari and Sheikhi are introverted and maintain the existing order. In contrast, the adherents to the Osuli movement have created a new current and set up most political, social, and cultural organizations. The vast majority of Shiite currents have a positive relationship with each other, with the government and currents other than the extremist Salafi movement..

The majority of Imamiyyah considers Raj’ah (lit. return of some dead to life) as a self-evident belief (Zaruri) of the Shi’a religion. In the contrary, the Sunnis deny it totally and criticize the Imami Shi’a for believing in this teaching. With Qur’anic and narrative arguments, the Shi’a explained the issue of Raj’ah and answered the misgivings. In this regard, some Imami scholars did not consider Raj’ah as self-evident belief for the religion and even some of them did not insist on the necessity of belief in it. It is completely apparent that expelling Raj’ah from the cycle of religion’s self-evident beliefs necessarily doesn’t mean the negation and denial of Raj’ah itself. After examining the arguments of self-evidence of Raj’ah offered by the Shi’a scholars and considering the arguments of some other Shi’i scholars in not being self-evident of this belief, this research resulted to this point that Raj’ah is not a self-evident belief of the Imamiyyah religion, but is proprietary of it. The final examination of this research shows that ignorance of changes and developments of the meanings of words, confusion between self-evident belief and proprietary belief, ignorance of document consensus (al-ijma’ al-madraki), supposition of accompaniment between certain narration (tawatur) and self-evidence and also supposition of accompaniment between fame and self-evidence are the most important factors that led to different views between the Imamiyyah scholars about the significance of the issue of Raj’ah.

In the field of health and teachings of hygienics–medicine, a lot of traditions have been transmitted from the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and Imams (A.S) and valuable collections by the titles of Ţibb al-Nabī (PBUH) and Ţibb al-Ἀemmah (A.S) have been provided. What authentic bases they are stand on scientifically, and how they should be dealt with if their concepts are opposed to updated science of medicine, are objectives of this research.
This research is a review study through collecting data digitally, and from libraries and references related to Sunnite and Shiite works.
Different views to the position of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) created two different perspectives. The first is of Sunnites who believe the prophet’s (p. b.u.h) status is not to interfere with worldly affairs and occupations including medicine. Therefore, what, in this regard, has been transmitted from His Holiness is His personal opinion, or acquired from the knowledge of the society of the time, and may be correct or not. However, Shiite scholars believe if a tradition proved biographically and contextually, to be issued irrevocably; it is considered as teachings of religion and there is no probable mistake in it.
As Shiites believe, to accept, absolutely, the words and sayings issued by the Prophet (PBUH) of Allah is the result of absolute understanding of his clear proofs. Whereas if we believe in disjunction and accept that the Prophet’s (PBUH) sayings on occupations including medicine are faulty and mistakable, we deprive humanity of the most important part of the city of knowledge (the Holy Prophet (PBUH)) and basically, defect the absolute holiness of his sayings; as Sunnites did so.

This article considers the approach of Imam Al-Sadiq in answering the theological questions and objections. The traditions (al-Ahadith) in which the way of Imam Sadiq has been narrated, show that when he debates with followers of different Islamic denominations or with disbelievers, makes use the arguments. Therefore, the main result of the research in the traditions is that Imam Sadiq usually uses one of many kinds of arguments to reject objections. The author proves this claim by narrating traditions in regard with the approach of Imam Sadiq who has set forth six kinds of proofs: first principles, observables, empirical facts, the principles of testimony, conjectures and innate ideas.

This randomized, parallel‑group, non‑blinded study was designed to determine the role of fibular fixation in the treatment outcomes of combined distal tibia and fibula fractures.

Sixty patients with distal tibial and fibular fractures were randomly divided in two groups of case and controls. In the case group, fibula was fixed prior to the fixation of tibia. In the control group, tibia was fixed without fibular fixation. Primary outcomes were varus–valgus angulation, anterior–posterior angulation, union and side effects. Follow‑up visit and radiographs were taken 2 and 4 weeks as well as 3, 6 and 9 months after surgery.

During the follow‑up, 11 out of 60 patients in case and control groups were excluded. We recruited 24 and 25 patients in the case and control group, respectively. Intramedullary nailing was used in 8 patients of case and 11 patients of control group. Plate and screw were used in 16 patients in the case and 14 patients in the control group. Varus/valgus and anterior–posterior angulation were not statistically significant between two groups (P ≥ 0.05). The frequency of tibial and fibula union after 1, 3, 6 and 9 months in case and controls groups were not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05). The frequency of nonunion of tibia and fibula, infection and nerve injury in studied groups were not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05).

We did not observe any significant improvement using fibular fixation in the treatment outcomes of tibia distal fractures.

Arrival of Islam to Iran has always been of interest to scholars of Islamic history. The most important ways which have been investigated for such arrival have been the relationship between Muslims and Iran, the presence of some Iranians in Hijaz and the conquest of the land. This paper deals with the role of the Persian Gulf in arrival of Islam to northern areas of the Gulf and the spread of Islam in other regions to show whether the Persian Gulf has had any role in spread of Islam and whether it can be used as a second track to conquer other parts of Iran. This paper will study the arrival of Islam to Iran emphasizing the role of the Persian Gulf, investigating the first-hand sources and applying descriptive- analytical method to show that this area in Iran has been conquered prior to 28 AH and a groupof Arabs migrated to and resided in this area although not all of the residents have converted to Islam

Between the narrations of rajah (return from theth)¡ what has been more prevalenced until before 4th century A.H. and drawn attention of narrators are the Dabbah¡ Asa and maysam narrations. The number of these narrations isn''t much and was considered as a representer of one of the dignities of Imamate. From the 4th A.H. century (beginning of the great occultation) until the 9th A.H. century narrating the other narrations of rajah increased and although their number is more than past but altogether they are not much. These narrations which speak of the return from death¡ have been categorized as the news of the events after the appearance of 12th Imam and have not an independent field in the news of his appearance. From the 9th century A. H.¡ the number of the narrations of rajah has had a serious increase and has has been distinguished from the other news of the events after the appearance of 12th Imam¡ as there has been a spacious independent field or even book assigned to them among the narrational books

Osteochondroma or exostosis is a bony developmental anomaly, which arises from exophytic outgrowth on bone surfaces in a characteristic manner. Osteochondroma is asymptomatic and grows away from the nearby joint. This paper reports an unusual presentation of osteochondroma in which the patient was surprisingly completely symptomatic. The lesion grew toward the nearby joint and the radiographic findings were not compatible with surgical findings.

20 years have passed since the beginning of Iran -Iraq war and little has been written on war amputies and their stump problems. With the continued use of prosthesis by the patients، its problems increases and meticulous attension by expert team of rehabilitation and orthopaedic surgeon، is needed to prevent complications. In a retrospective study، 150 cases referred to a prosthesis center in Isfahan-Iran in a 10-year period. They were evaluated by clinical examination and the data were recorded in questionnaires and then were analyzsed. Skin problems are the most and vascular problems the least prevalent in stump problems. Except for skin problems، the rest of issues were seen more frequently in below knee amputations. With the high rate of skin problems in stumps، hygenic care of stump skin، and proper duration of prosthetic use can decrease stump problems.

Fractures of distal radius are one of the most common fractures seen by physicians and account for 20% of all fractures seen in the emergency room. Various factors contribute in secondary displacement of fracture fragments after anatomic or near anatomic close reduction and cast immobilization in distal radius fractures. This study was designed to examine the correlation between radiographic outcomes in the closed treatment of unstable distal radius fractures and different risk factors. One hundred and fifty-seven patients were included in this prospective study. There were 107 women and 50 men; with a mean age of 51 ± 16.7 years (range: 20-86 years). During the follow-up in all radiographs, the following variables were analyzed as instability factors: (1) Age, (2) gender, (3) radial shortening, (4) dorsal comminution, (5) articular step-off, (6) radial inclination, (7) associated ulna fracture, and (8) dorsal angulation. Based on the radiographic criteria for an acceptable reduction, 92 patients (58.6%) failed to maintain an acceptable reduction and classified as group I, while in 65 patients 41.4%), the postoperative radiographs were within an acceptable range and classified as group II. The mean age of patients in group I was higher than group II (P < 0.001). Radial shortening of more than 6.5 mm, loss of radial inclination of more than 6.5 degrees, and age above 52 at presentation were the most important predictive factors for instability. Among the variables, the most important predictors of redisplacement after an acceptable closed reduction were loss of radial height, loss of radial inclination, and age.

The key for understanding a school of thought would be the perception of its foundational concepts. The word tradition has been regarded as the most basic principle of traditionalism. While, as it seems, this principle has not been clearly, at least in Farsi, described. The paper, therefore, has sought to give a clear descrption on the term. The main element in the word tradition is transition and in sunnah is way and manner. As is understood, yet, way and transition are known to be inseparable. Commonly used, sunnah consists in the public manner of life or habits and customs transmited generation to generation and followed by people. In traditional manner of thought, there can be found four meanings for tradition: 1. Divine and absolute truths; 2. their earthly samples in teachings, ritual, ceremonies, symbols and myths transmitted during ages to be available for following generations,3. the very persistent and dynamic transition of sunnah and 4. its special manner of realization.

There is conflict of interest in the treatment of intracapsular femoral neck fractures and the outcomes. The aim of this study was evaluation the treatment outcomes of closed and open reduction and internal fixation with screw in 18–50-year-old patients.

This clinical randomized study was conducted in Ayatollah Kashani Center in Isfahan from Nov 2010 to Nov 2011. In 42 patients selected in a randomized manner, fractures were reduced by closed reduction or open if necessary and C-ARM was controlled in AP and lateral plans. Movement range and femur pain severity were evaluated according to Visual analogue Scale (VAS) score at 3 and 6 months after surgery. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18. Chi-square, t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, mean, and mean deviation were used.

Forty-two patients with femoral neck fracture were treated by open [31 patients (73.8%)] or closed reduction [11 patients (26.2%)] and also osteosynthesis. Their mean age was 47.3 ± 9.8 years; 29 of them were males and 13 were females. Twelve patients had bad range of motion (ROM) (28.6%), 16 had intermediate ROM (38%), and 14 had good ROM (33.4%). After 6 months, 12 patients (28.6%) had bad ROM, 10 (23.8%) had intermediate ROM, and 20 (47.6%) had good ROM. There were 11 cases of non-union (35.5%) in the open reduction group and 4 in the closed group.

This study showed that femoral neck fracture is associated with several complications, especially if open reduction was necessary. So, the surgical method and necessary equipments such as radiolucent bed, C-ARM machine, and implant cannulated screw set should be considered.

In major operations, like femoral bone surgery due to extension of surgical field, we may have severe bleeding and massive transfusion. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of tranexemic acid on reduction of bleeding and transfusion in femoral shaft surgery.. After obtaining consent, 80 candidates of femoral shaft surgery aged 18-64 years, in score 1 and 2 of The American Society of Anesthesiologists scale (ASA) were entered a double blind prospective clinical trial. Patients randomly divided into 2 groups of receiving 15 mg/kg tranexemic acid in 5 ml solution and receiving 5 ml normal salin as placebo. All patients received standard monitoring and spinal anesthesia was done by injecting bupivacaine. The amount of bleeding was measured and recorded. There was no significant difference between the two groups in age and sex. Mean blood loss and transfusion requirement in tranexemic acid group was significantly less than the placebo group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in nausea, vomiting and vertigo. Our results indicated that 15 mg/kg intravenous tranexemic acid (one hour before the operation) was significantly effective in decreasing blood loss and transfusion requirement.

Fibro-osseous pseudotumor of the digit is an unusual ossifying soft tissue lesion, which is usually an ill-defined soft tissue mass in radiography, with focal calcification, especially in the proximal phalanx. It predominantly affects young adults and, unlike myositis ossificans, is more common in women. The current case is a 30-year-old man who presented with pain and swelling on the dorsum of middle phalanx of the left index finger without history of trauma. Diagnosis of this lesion requires a high index of suspicion and should be differentiated from myositis ossificans, turret exostosis, and extra-skeletal osteosarcoma, which are discussed. This lesion is considered benign and has an excellent prognosis following complete removal and local recurrence is unusual. No cases of malignant change are on record.

Colles’ Fracture is one of the most prevalent fractures among adults. For the cases of stable fractures, the standard treatment method is first close reduction under general, regional or local anesthesia and then casting. This study aimed to compare the treatment results of colles’ fracture under local anesthesia with those under general anesthesia. In this randomized clinical trial study, 100 subjects with stable colles’ fracture were selected from an accessible population of patients referred to Kashani Hospital (Isfahan-Iran) from December 2006 to December 2008. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups of A and B. In group A, subjects were treated under local anesthesia and in group B they underwent general anesthesia. The subjects’ data including demographic information, type of fracture, complication of reduction, costs of reduction and conditions of reduction, were obtained and subsequently compared on three different times for each of above-mentioned treatment before reduction, at the first, second and third week after treatment initiation and in the end of treatment. Statistical analysis of obtained data showed that there was no significant difference between complication in the two groups (P > 0.05). Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was found between the criteria of reduction in these two groups (P > 0.05). A statistically significant correlation was found between sex and colles’ fracture (P < 0.05). The cost of treatment in group B was significantly higher than group A (3 to 4 times more than group A) (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that the treatment method of fracture reduction under local anesthesia is more effective than general anesthesia for lower cost, acceptable reduction and without specific complication. It is suggested that local anesthesia be used in reduction of colles’ fracture.

A case with scaphoid osteochondroma (exostosis) with wrist pain and tender mass. In this case, mass resection was performed with excellent outcome.

Chronic anterior knee pain is one of the most common complaints, especially in our society. It consists of a large number of patients in orthopedic clinics. This pain might have serious negative effects on students’ educations, on the other hand, limits their physical activities that is essential for their age. In contrast to adults, such pain etiologies may vary in many ways for teenagers. Some are easily curable and others not. In time evaluation and diagnosis can lead to a faster and more efficient treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate chronic anterior knee pain in Iranian teenagers. In this cross-sectional study, among patients referred to Isfahan Hospitals from December 2005 to December 2007, 198 teenagers (8 to 18 years-old) who suffered from untreated chronic anterior knee pain were enrolled. All of them were examined by an orthopedic specialist. The patient's demographic information such as age, sex, physical activity type, underlying diseases if any, knee trauma history if any, pain duration, laboratory and radiological findings, and other diagnostic findings and the final diagnosis were recorded in questionnaires. Then, the relations between disease etiology and these factors were sought. Chronic anterior knee pain was more frequent in boys compare with girls (53.1% vs. 46.9%). At the ages around puberty, chronic anterior knee pain was more common. The most prevalent etiologies were patella-femoral dysplasia, malalignment of lower limbs, knee menisci and ligaments tearing, osgood-schlatter disease, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and osteochondritis dissecans, respectively. In our study like many other ones, patella-femoral dysplasia and malalignment of lower limbs are the most prevalent causes among other etiologies. Such causes like malalignment of lower limbs and JRA are found more in girls and osgood-schlatter disease and osteochondritis dissecans are more common in boys. JRA and osteochondritis dissecans were considered as rare causes for chronic anterior knee pain; however in our study they played an important role. Finally we can diagnose these causes and treat them properly by this mean, we’ll be able to teach the patients how to prevent such diseases

Heel pain is a common condition in adults that may cause significant discomfort and disability. This study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of corticosteroid injection accompanied by casting, compared with heel pad utilization in treatment of heel pain. In this randomized clinical trial study, among patients referred to orthopedic clinics in Isfahan, Iran, from December 2004 to December 2006, 90 patients with heel pain were enrolled. They were randomly assigned into two groups. Heel pad was the only therapeutic method utilized in group A for six months. Corticosteroid injection accompanied by casting was performed for patients in group B. The evaluated information was compared before and after treatment. Among patients in group A, after 6 months of heel pad utilization, heel pain was completely improved in 3 patients (6.7%), relatively decreased in 22 patients (48.9%) and didn''t change in 20 patients (44.4%). However, among patients in group B, heel pain was completely improved in 11 patients (24.5%), decreased in 29 patients (64.4%) and didn''t change in 5 patients (11.1%) after the treatment completed. It seemed that corticosteroid injection in companion with casting was a more effective therapeutic method in heel pain treatment than heel pad utilization.

The lower limb fractures are common in young and elderly people. The goal of treatment is to return the patient to normal function as quickly as possible, with minimal complications. Plate and screw is a popular and successful technique in treatment of these patients. This case-control study was conducted on 108 patients (54 with plate fracture as cases and 54 without plate fracture as controls), who have been admitted in Kashani and St Alzahra hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences during 2005.A Check list including age, sex, bone fractured, site of initial fracture, use of external support, distance between plate fracture and plating, infection and etc was completed for each patient; and out coming data was analyzed. The most common site of plate fracture was in diaphysis and the least in epiphysis of bones. In the case group, 87% of patients had used no external support (splint, cast, brace), 3/7% of patients had infected surgery site, 44% of patients had had early weight bearing after plating, the most common bone was femur, most initial fracture lines were comminuted, in 33/3% of patients, bone graft had been used, 9/3% of first injuries had been open fracture and 92/6% close fracture, 92/6% of patients were male and 4/7% female, the mean age of patients was 31.6 ± 15.36 yr, the average time between plating and plate fracture was 5.5 ± 3.4 months, All plates were broken at the empty hole site against initial fracture line, PH in site of plate fractures was alkaline and 2 patients had an underlying disease (chronic renal failure). In this study, site of fracture, use of external support, early weight bearing and type of fracture line were contributing factors in plate failure. We didnt find any relation between plate fracture and fracture type (open or close), PH of fracture site, patient's sex or age.