mostafa maleki

Stakeholders are a group of people who, on the one hand, have the power to influence decisions, planning and all actions, and on the other hand, they also have interests and effectiveness. In present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the dimensions and components of stakeholders' participation in collaborative governance, especially in the country's pension funds. For this purpose, qualitative research approach and research synthesis method were used to achieve the goal of the present research. The scope of the research is all the articles that have been presented in the last five years about the components of stakeholder participation in cooperative governance and related concepts in specialized and scientific databases. The sample of the research is 27 articles, which have been selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical data saturation and purposefully. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied documents. By analyzing the data, indicators and components of stakeholders' participation in collaborative governance in five selected codes and eleven axes of foundational factors (including value-creating components for stakeholders, institutionalization of the culture of participation and common vision), binding factors (including strategies and requirements, structural measures and management approach) and facilitating factors (including incentives, clarification and networking) and incentives (including convergence of stakeholders and targeted participation) were organized.

In developed judicial systems that are managed based on components of constitutional law, beneficiaries participation that helps resolving  the conflicts in judicial and legal institutions is one of important factors to prove governmental efficiency. But this participation encounters challenges that prevent people’s and elites’ participation. Using a mixed research method and at first by meta synthesis method, this study aims at presenting a comprehensive classification of main barriers to people’s and elites’ participation in judicial system and then these barriers are ranked using TOPSIS method. The data are cross-sectional. By collecting data from authentic scientific databases and sanitizing them, 78 articles were selected as main articles to extract the findings. By analyzing the findings, 27 barriers were identified and classified in 5 categories and two macro and micro levels. In macro level, the barriers include structural, managerial, attitude, cultural, and social barriers and in micro level, the barriers include managerial, attitude, legal, cognitive, and communication barriers. Based on their effects, barriers are ranked as follows:  lack of a clear definition of participation, superficial participation instead of meaningful participation due to a lack of control and balance in the government system, bureaucratic structures, paperwork, and hierarchical structures. Barriers with less effects include citizens’ unfamiliarity with new architectural technologies and courts’ environment, lack of space for interaction and learning, and intellectual barriers such as language used by judges and lawyers.

In the human psyche, the unconscious plays an important role in his behavior and action and ultimately his destiny, and it is the unconscious that drives us forward without knowing it. A set of archetypes, positive and negative complexes, shadow and persona, etc. surprisingly captures the human individual and collective unconscious. The connection of all human behaviors with the unconscious is the case of psychologists. Poetry arises from the unconscious. In the meantime, Jung's theories have paved the way for this path to use these theories to analyze many unconscious behaviors in the poem (Pain is another name for me) by Qaiser Amin Pour.The aim of The present research by descriptive-analytical and library method is to investigate and analyze the role of the collective unconscious in this poem by Qaisar Aminpour. The findings of the research show that among Jung's theories, the collective and personal unconscious have a high frequency in this poem.

 Monetary donations from charitable individuals and organizations are one of the financial sources of health sector programs. This study sought to extract and deeply understand their views and opinions in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces.

 In this qualitative content analysis study in 2017, the data was collected through 22 in-depth interviews with donors (9 women and 13 men) living in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces. The interviewees were identified and selected by checking the database of the province’s Health Charity Forum and referrals from other charity organizations. The data was analyzed manually using the framework analysis method.

 The age range of the participants was 32-74. Data analysis led to five main themes and 11 subthemes. Most participants expressed their reasons for donations as intrinsic motivations and positive attitudes towards these activities. Moreover, the majority of them believed that; a sense of commitment, sense of responsibility, altruism, as well as brotherhood, and equality inherent in human beings were the main reasons for their donations. Lack of recognition and lack of trust in charitable organizations were the main obstacles to donation. Conducting appropriate advertisements, and gaining community trust in charities were the most important interventions suggested by the interviewees. Family members, especially spouses, were the most important influential group for monetary donations.

 Focusing on the feeling of inner satisfaction and having a good feeling after donating cash and highlighting it, as well as removing the stated obstacles can lead to encouraging people and society to do this behavior.

In advanced judicial systems, stakeholder involvement serves as a critical component of operational efficiency, facilitating the resolution of conflicts within judicial institutions. Participation is widely recognized as a fundamental indicator of political and social development, playing an essential role in the advancement of society. Accordingly, the objective of the present research is to identify and categorize strategies aimed at encouraging the participation of both the general public and elites in the judicial system, employing a content analysis methodology. The data collection process was conducted on a cross-sectional basis. Fifteen university professors, researchers, and judiciary staff from various departments were selected through purposive sampling, utilizing the maximum diversity technique. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather insights. The resulting data were subjected to thematic analysis, with the process of participant selection, interviewing, and data analysis continuing until theoretical saturation was reached. In the initial phase of analysis, 97 primary codes were identified, which were subsequently condensed into 49 basic themes. These basic themes then gave rise to six organizing themes, which were ultimately grouped into two overarching themes. The findings of the research suggest that strategies for enhancing the participation of both the public and elites within the judicial system can be systematically categorized into six thematic domains: structural, contextual, managerial, individual, cultural-interpersonal, and legal.

Governance emphasizes the networking of multiple stakeholders who come together from different levels and with different goals. This combination of multiple stakeholders with different or sometimes conflicting goals and interests has become an important challenge in the governance network and has led to the emergence of the "meta-governance" theory. Meta-governance is the management of the balance of power by the government in the governance system to realize public value and service. Based on this theory, governments with a higher degree of citizen representation than other stakeholders involved in the negotiations and the exercise of will in the course of management of society, and as a representative of citizens, they protect the public value and service. In this study, using the meta-synthesis method, 19 scientific articles on meta-governance research from different specialized journals were reviewed in detail, and a total of 20 codes in the form of three categories of "the why, what, and how of meta-governance" were identified toward preserving and promoting public value and service.

The Iranian National Blood Pressure Measurement Campaign (INBPMC) was conducted all over the country to raise awareness in different groups of people regarding the importance of blood pressure and persuading them to manage their blood pressure. The present research aimed at assessing the process and output of this campaign.

For process evaluation, 31 universities/faculties were selected. Experts from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education assessed the documentation of the campaign implementation using the designed checklist. The output was assessed by including 8274 people and through a telephone survey using the designed instructions.

The response rate of the telephone interviews was 82.74% (8274 people). It was found that 79% of the selected groups were aware of the INBPMC. Among them, 64% remembered the messages, 99% of the participants who remembered the messages agreed with those messages, and 89% of the participants who agree with the messages went for a measurement of their blood pressure. In the telephone interviews, 30% of the participants stated that they were diagnosed with hypertension, 97% of these participants received the required consultations for subsequent care, and 86% of them went to the health service centers to receive care. The process evaluation of the INBPMC indicated that the universities of medical sciences obtained 97% of the score of the checklist.

The INBPMC was successful and accomplished its objectives.

Turkey does not have a stable position in the Mediterranean Sea and has ups and downs. More than half of Ankara's foreign trade is carried out through the Mediterranean Sea. This article is saying about a correct and better understanding of Turkey's strategic reorientation in the Mediterranean, in the other word change of its tradition strategy to the doctrine of the Blue Homeland, in order to answer the question of what is the basis of Turkey's new sterategic politics in the Mediterranean Sea. The article examines the hypothesis that Turkey's interests and threats in the Mediterranean will cause it to adopt limited aggressive policies. This research is based on the threat balance theory. The method of this research is qualitative data analysis. The findings of the research show that due to the existence of threatening variables in the Mediterranean, Turkey tried to balance the threat against the Mediterranean border countries by implementing its strategic policies in this area, and thereby reduce the threats against it self and increase its security.

The present study is about the effect of financial risk Impulses (based on Enterprise Risk Management-ERM) and dividend policy on the efficiency of capital allocation by PVAR method. The implementation of this research is in terms of the need to move from the traditional style of risk management to the new style (ERM); In order to manage financial risks in the form of a portfolio, the need to improve the quality of capital allocation and exploit the functions of dividend policy is important.The research method is analytical-descriptive.Data analysis of114 companies during2009-2017 using PVAR method, which is a combination of self-explanatory vector and panel data, was performed with Stata15 software.Efficiency models of capital allocation were estimated based on two indicators: "investment inefficiency - the first model" and "investment elasticity to value-added market - the second model". According to the (IRF), the "reaction intensity" and "damping period" of the individual impulse effect of the variables in the second model are more intense and earlier than the first model and about 4 periods.According (Fevd), the most changes in both measures of capital allocation efficiency are due to these criteria and only in the first model, the share of financial risk explanation at the end of the period reaches10% to16% and the share of dividend policy to19%.As a result, in the process of capital allocation and financial risk management, firms should focus on the autoregressive process of capital allocation efficiency indicators and financial risks in the first place and in the short run.

 

The history of the party in the sense of population in Iran has a long history and the political party in a specific way and with the framework of conventional and new resistance of parties in Iran does not exceed about a century and dates back to the constitutional period or a little earlier. Throughout the history of Iranian political thought, clerics, especially since the Safavid era, have played a fundamental and important role in the political actions of the people.

The method used in this research is a combination of documentary and descriptive-analytical methods. This research is not based on political sociology and aims to study historical events and historiography, so not all historical cases are mentioned for the titles and only important evidence is used. The method of data collection is content analysis.

The victory of the Islamic Revolution opened a new chapter for the activities of groups, organizations and political parties; And witnessed the confrontation of different political factions and, in contrast, the unification of different groups around a common axis. The issue of the relationship between the clergy and the parties in charge of which the clergy are responsible has long been an important and challenging issue in the field of clergy. The small number of clerics who rushed to party-building or even to use the existing modern order before the revolution were also openly criticized and subjected to various accusations.

Road traffic crashes are among the leading causes of death and disability in the world, particularly in low and middle-income countries. This study aimed at to conduct a social marketing formative research to inform the development of a campaign to manage driving speed on the intercity roads of Iran.

To carry out the social marketing formative research, a qualitative and quantitative study were conducted. Also, a literature review of the speed management strategies was carried out and an analysis of traffic accident data and speeding violations was performed in selected provinces during 2019 and 2020.

Based on the findings of the qualitative study, perceived sense of lack of speed control, poor monitoring system, and law enforcement are the main reasons drivers exceed the speed limit. They mostly suggest using punitive levers and more stringent law enforcement practices for speed management. Literature reviews also confirm that to successfully develop an effective speed management plan a set of measures should be implemented together, including road safety engineering, raising awareness, social marketing strategies, and finally strict law enforcement. The overriding findings of the formative research revealed that to persuade Iranian drivers to respect the speed limit, the messages of the campaign should focus on strict law enforcement in the selected corridors.

In the minds of the Iranian audience, strict law enforcement is of paramount importance for a speed management strategy to work; hence it should be taken into consideration when tailoring the campaign messages. From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that to manage speed on intercity routes in Iran, a social marketing campaign is needed to encourage compliance with speed limits.

Skin cancer is one of the most preventable diseases. The purpose of this study is to describe a social marketing-based intervention design protocol to promote sun-protective behaviors among adolescent boys living in urban areas in Yasuj, south west of Iran.

This study will be conducted based on six specific steps including a qualitative study, a systematic review, development of appropriate tools, a cross-sectional study, intervention designing, and a feasibility study. The main objective of the qualitative study is to elicit the views and opinions of adolescent boys, their parents, and teachers about sun-protective behaviors. In the second step, factors affecting sun-protective behaviors will be reviewed systematically. Based on the findings of the first and second steps, an appropriate model/theory of behavior change will be selected, and a standardized questionnaire will then be developed. In the fourth step, a cross-sectional survey will be conducted using the developed questionnaire to assess current sun-protective behavior practices.

Findings of the first to fourth stages will provide a comprehensive picture of the issue and the affecting factors. During the fifth step, the structure and the content of the intervention package, as well as educational and promotional materials, will be developed and pre-tested. Finally, in the sixth step, a feasibility study will be conducted.

This study will provide practical information on the achieving of content and construct of a community-based social marketing intervention. This protocol reports on how to achieve audience-oriented insights for designing a tailored intervention aimed at promoting sun-protective behaviors among adolescent boys using social marketing.

 Sexuality education is one of the most important educational needs for adolescents. Parents play a significant role in shaping healthy sexuality in adolescents. There is little evidence in Iran about sexuality education for empowering adolescences.

 This study aimed at developing, implementing, and evaluating a training program for mothers to educate sexuality matters to their adolescent girls in Mahshahr, Iran.

 This field trial was conducted among 140 mothers with 12- to 18-year-old adolescent girls in Mahshahr during the second half of 2014. The multi-stratified sampling method was performed for determining the study participants. Data was collected by using “Parent-Child Relationship: Mother” and “Knowledge and Attitude About Sexuality Education to Adolescents” questionnaires. Based on the baseline results, an educational intervention for mothers was designed and implemented. Data were collected, analyzed, and compared before and three months after the intervention implementation. Means and standard deviations were calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test. A confidence interval of 95% with significance at P < 0.05 was used.

 Compared with the pre-intervention phase, mothers’ awareness of sexual issues significantly increased from 30.00 to 36.50 (P < 0.001). While the mean score of attitudes towards sexuality education significantly increased from 46.65 to 48.57 (P < 0.001), no significant difference was observed between mothers’ communication skills before and after the educational intervention (P = 0.98).

 The designed educational program was an effective tool to improve the knowledge and attitudes toward sexuality matters in mothers. Thus, continuous and regular programs are required to improve communication skills in mothers.

The purpose of this paper is to validate the financial empowerment model based on financial therapy approaches.The statistical population included professors and experts in the fields of accounting, economics, management and psychology, and the number of samples in the qualitative stage was 30 people and in the quantitative stage 360 people were randomly selected based on Cochran's formula. Validation was performed in two stages: qualitative (expert opinions and 10 "acceptability" indicators of Strauss and Corbin) and quantitative (confirmatory factor analysis). The results showed that the average opinions of professors of accounting, economics, management and psychology regarding the validation of the model were 4.48 out of 5, which is equal to 89.6%; Therefore, the proposed model has a very high degree of validity and based on the validation of research quality and the model based on the "acceptability" index of Strauss and Corbin, the financial empowerment model based on financial therapeutic approaches has good quality and credibility. Also, in the confirmatory factor analysis of goodness indicators, the fit of the structural model is desirable and has a good fit. Therefore, the validity of the model is confirmed and it can be said that the financial empowerment model based on the financial therapy approach has sufficient credibility.

The discourse on government revitalization has focused mainly on re-conceptualizing the government so that the government, in addition to being more effective, can use technology for better governance at a lower cost. The lack of a theoretical framework in this area led researchers to identify the factors affecting reinventing government through theme analysis. This article is part of a qualitative research. First, using semi-structured interviews with 12 experts from the academic and executive fields of the government, the effective factors in reinventing government were identified and coded. Then, using the thematic analysis technique, 4 main themes were identified and finally, a model was designed for reinventing government. The results show that, first, the emphasis on efficiency and cost reduction, while highly desirable, and will fail in its goals without adequate guarantees of democratic accountability and social justice. Secondly, the relevance and viability of the reinvented government is limited in developing countries, as the existence of effective democratic institutions and the rule of law deprives the founders and proponents of reinventing government of this possibility. Third, and perhaps most importantly, the explicit and often uncritical desire to reform the market-based system of government undermines democratic accountability and may raise concerns for the state as a guarantor of social justice. Fourth, with the gradual "emptying" of the state, civil society can take on a greater role and act as a partner in governing the country, along with the state and the market.

The Covid-19 epidemic is a great threat to human health. Countries have taken several measures to control the disease, as well as dealing with infodemics. In a situation where the infodemics makes it difficult to distinguish correct and scientific information from incorrect ones, the preparation of evidence-based content has been an effective measure, recommended by World Health Organization.In this regard, the school of Public Health at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, in collaboration with the Iran National Institute of Health Research formed a specialized committee for public education to provide evidence-based answers to public questions. The achievements of this collective efforts were providing useful and practical educational content based on the most credible evidence. In this editorial, we will look at the actions taken and the achievements of this experience.

The current study aimed to evaluate the experiences obtained from the 4030 telephone system from the perspective of managers and consultant operators.

In this qualitative content analysis, we examined the views of operator consultants (n=21) and executive managers (n=5). The interviews were conducted by telephone one month after the launch of the 4030 system in two weeks. Interviews were audio-recorded after receiving the approval of interviewees. Data were analyzed in OpenCode version 4.2 using the CFIR framework.

A total of 220 semantic codes were extracted and then categorized into five themes of program characteristics, inner setting, outer setting, characteristics of individuals involved in the program, and implementation process.

Initial planning, recruitment process, initial evaluation and training, and in-service training are of particular importance, which were not performed properly due to the hasty launch of the program. Internal interaction (between individuals, managers, and system administrators) and interactions with other target organizations were identified as weak. From the perspective of executives, participation (i.e. at all levels of planning, implementation, evaluation, and decision-making) has not been achieved properly, which has created a major obstacle for several mid-level management and executive processes and actions. It seems that with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in China and the possibility of its expansion to other countries, the precision of initial planning, expanding infrastructure, human resources, and other processes has increased.

In the wake of its economic superiority, Germany has strengthened and institutionalized its active presence in the regional and international affairs by restoring its capabilities. These include developments related to the nuclear issue of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the developments leading up to the JCPOA. The paper sets to address “Why, how and with what consequences has Germany played its role in this issue?” Germany entered the nuclear negotiations and signed the JCPOA by relying on its traditional relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran and stress on its new strategy “More Responsibility” aimed at “playing a global role”. A review of Germany’s practice in this area under foreign ministers Fischer, Westerwelle, Steinmeier, Gabriel and Maas, within German Chancellor Angela Merkel leadership, shows that Berlin priority regarding the nuclear issue has been “promoting international security” and “avoiding war” while “realizing Israel’s concerns on Iran”. The German contribution has affected the developments related to Iran's nuclear program at three levels: international, regional and bilateral relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Germany.

Introduction:

In vitro gas production technique is one of the methods used for evaluating ruminal fermentation kinetic of feedstuffs. In this method, the volume of gas produced during the incubation is presented as a curve. The mathematical description of gas production profile is performed by fitting data set to a nonlinear model. Recently, several non-linear models have been developed to estimate gas production profile however, some of these models are not accurate enough. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of some nonlinear models for predicting ruminal fermentation kinetic of a forage feed.

Materials and methods:

 In this experiment, corn silages (samples on 0, 30 and 60 days after ensiling) were used as fermentation substrates.  Dry matter and chemical composition (organic matter, crude protein, NDF and ADF) of the samples were determined using standard methods. The rumen fluid was obtained from three fistulated rams before the morning feeding. The collected ruminal fluids were pooled and transferred into a flask to the laboratory. The rumen fluid was filtered through four layers cheesecloth, flushed continuously with CO2 and maintained at 39oC before incubation. The rumen fluid was then mixed with buffered mineral solution at the ratio of 1:2 (V/V). Gas production technique was completed in three separate runs on three different days (each run lasted 6 days). In each run, the samples were incubated in triplicate and two vials (without the substrate) were considered as the blanks. The volume of gas produced was measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 48, 72, 96,120 and 144 hours of incubation. The prediction of the gas volume at different times of incubation was compared by four nonlinear models and results were expressed in ml per 200 mg of DM incubated. The selected models (experimental treatments) included Exponential (EXP), Fitzhugh (FZH), logistic (LOG) and Gompertz (GOM). The goodness of fit of the models were evaluated using mean square error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R2), residual mean absolute deviation (RMAD) and mean percentage error (MPE). In addition, Durbin-Watson test (DW), run test and linear regression analysis (between observed and predicted values of the gas volume at different incubation times) were used to assess the accuracy of the models in fitting the data. The estimated ruminal fermentation parameters (the asymptotic gas volume and gas production rate) and goodness of fit parameters obtained from each model (MSE, R2, RMAD and MPE statistics) were analyzed using completely randomized design.

Results:

 The studied models had no difference in terms of predicting asymptotic gas volume (A) on 0, 30 and 60 days after ensiling and the value of parameter A predicted by the models were in the range of 98.37 (for GOM model on day 0) to 76.09 (for LOG model on day 60) ml per 200 mg DM. The EXP and LOG models had the highest and lowest MSE and R2 values, respectively, indicating their lower accuracy compared with GOM and FZH models. The RMAD value was lowest in GOM and FZH models (2.591 and 2.879, respectively) and was highest in EXP model (3.807). The RMAD value is used as an indicator for evaluating the goodness of fit of models. the lower values of RMAD (closer to zero), represents a better ability of the model in fitting data. Based on these results, GOM and FZH models had a higher accuracy than EXP model in fitting data. The MPE value in the EXP model (5.527) was significantly higher than the other models (p < 0.05). In other words, the predicted values (the volume of gas produced at different times of incubation) by the EXP model were lower than the observed values (it was underestimated). Based on Durbin Watson (DW) test results, the DW statistics in the EXP, FZH, GOM and LOG models were 0.392, 0.691, 0.705 and 0.675, respectively, indicating that EXP and GOM models had the lowest and highest accuracy, respectively, in predicting the rumen fermentation kinetic of corn silage. According to the run test, all the curves in EXP model had the lowest run (3 ≥) implying a poor performance of EXP model in predicting the results. The linear regression between the observed versus predicted values (regression parameters) showed a significant difference between intercept with 0; and slope with 1 in all the studied models (p < 0.05). However, based on the goodness of fit parameters obtained from the linear regression, FZH and GOM models had a better prediction of the gas production profile.

Conclusion :

The EXP model had lower accuracy in predicting the rumen fermentation kinetic of corn silage compared with the other studied models. It is recommended that other nonlinear models be used in addition to the EXP model for investigating the ruminal fermentation kinetics of corn silage.

In this paper, a miniaturized and broadband 4 × 4 Butler matrix is presented. All components of the presented matrix are designed in a way that, have the broadband impedance bandwidth and compact electrical size as much as possible. Traditional previous Butler matrix composed of phase shifters, while in the presented feeding network dummy crossover role this act, which results to enhance the phase difference bandwidth. The compactness of the optimized and proposed coupler is related to inserting the S-shaped arms instead of ordinary parts. The modified dummy crossover is used to overcome the mismatch phase difference among phase shifter and crossover. Design procedure of miniaturized broadband components such as 3-branch-line coupler, crossover, phase shifter and final design are presented step by step. The results of the simulation and measurement of the desired Butler matrix makes it suitable for the applications of planar multi-beam antennas. The extracted results determine that the bandwidth of the presented network is from 4.5 ~ 6 GHz, that is a good candidate for WLAN applications. The whole size of network is 71.5 × 38.3 mm2.

Under the influence of political and economic nationalism, competition in the production and distribution of vaccines, and the strengthening of the new discourse of world order, the post-Coronation world is undergoing new developments. In the meantime, it is necessary to study the interaction of these developments on the German program in the presidency of the Council of the European Union in the second half of 2020, as the first planned European policy after Corona, to understand the effects of this phenomenon. At the same time as chairing the Security Council as a non-permanent member, the presidency has provided a unique opportunity for the country to strengthen its role in Europe and the international arena. Content review of the statements of German officials and their plans in various fields, especially economic and foreign policy, helps the authors of this article to answer the main question: "How and what effects has the Corona crisis had on the Council of Europe?"  This descriptive and analytical study concludes that Germany seeks to use "Corona Crisis Management" as an opportunity to repair and strengthen its economic and moral leadership and to strengthen its political position in line with "more responsibility" policies.

One of the challenging decisions that business unit managers always face is how to choose investment projects. Capital budgeting is a process that use to evaluation and select the various investment opportunities by the manager. On the other hand, research and development spending is expected to be a factor in influencing decisions related to the budgeting of capital. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between R&D expenditures and capital budgeting methods, including net present value, payback period, return on investment and capital cost. For this purpose, 97 companies survey in Tehran Stock Exchange between 1391 and 1395. The results of the hypotheses were that research and development expenditures were significantly associated with capital budgeting methods, with the exception of the cost of capital. In general, the results indicate that research and development expenditures have affected the capital budgeting methods, which could be considered by managers in the field of management accounting.

Unlike the developed countries in the world, the Iranian economy is bank-oriented, and about 80% of the supply is provided by banks, and only 20% is provided by the capital market. One of the important tools in the financial market is treasury bills. Due to the ban of Riba in Islam, traditional treasury bills can not be used in the Islamic financial system. Therefore, the Islamic capital markets require low-risk short-term financial instruments that can fill the vacuum of traditional treasury bills. This instrument is Islamic treasury bills which are a new financial tool introduced by the government since 2013 to settle claims of non-government creditors. The main purpose of this tool is to finance the government deficit in the short term. Although the government applies these tools mainly to finance part of the budget deficit, settle debts to contractors and banks and achieve further financial discipline, they are also used to expand and improve the capital and money market.

Health literacy refers to abilities of individuals, communities and groups to obtain, understand, and use the basic necessary information and services to improve, maintain and promote health. This study aimed to determine the status of ear and hearing- related health literacy in adolescents and young adults.

Given the lack of specific tools for measuring the ear and hearing- related health literacy, an appropriate tool was developed. The validity of the tool was confirmed by a survey of experts and calculating the content validity rate and index. Internal correlation of questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha; and the reliability of questionnaire was approved by a test-retest method. After the tool finalization, the ear and hearing- related health literacy was measured in 4890 Iranian young adults and adolescents.

In the selected sample, 45.9% were male and 54.1% were female, and the mean and standard deviation of participants' age were 17± 3. The mean score of ear and hearing- related health literacy was 30.81 ± 3.75. The ear and hearing- related health literacy was adequate in 2.8% of samples and inadequate in 97.2%. There were significant statistical differences in the status of ear and hearing- related health literacy in people with different age, gender, number of study years, occupation, marital status, and income.

There were low general levels of ear and hearing- related health literacy as well as skills of searching, understanding, evaluating and using health information and services in Iranian adolescents and young adults.

The purpose of this study was to present a conceptual model and test it for communication skills based on anger rumination and alexithymia. The method of this study was descriptive and the population of this study included all students of the Hamedan in the academic year 1397-1398, among these students, 270 subjects were selected through an accessible sampling method. The research tools included Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, Communication Skills Scale, and Anger Rumination Scale. The relationships between variables were examined by the structural equation modeling. Results showed that the alexithymia had a direct correlation with anger rumination and communication skills dissatisfaction and has indirect relationship with communication skills through anger rumination. Anger rumination also had a direct relation with communication skills. In general, communication skills were influenced by emotions in relationships. There was a negative correlation with the anger rumination and alexithymia and these variables can have a role in reducing the amount of communication skills of individuals by affecting interpersonal interactions.