narges javadzadeh

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on growth performance and some hepatopancreatic enzymes under temperature stress and hypoxia in western white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). For this purpose, 27 tanks with a volume of 300 liters, the density of 15 shrimps with 3 types of diets under 3 stress treatments (1: no challenge to environmental stresses; 2: with hypoxic stress (2±1 ppm); 3: with increasing temperature stress (36±2 °C). After the end of the experimental period, the highest survival rates in treatments 1 and 3 were 91.11 and 86.67%, respectively. The obtained results showed that the consumption of diet 1 compared to diet 2 shows a 90% survival rate. There was a significant difference in specific growth rate between treatments so that the highest rate was obtained in treatment 1 and the lowest in treatment 2 (p<0.05). The results of the physical and chemical parameters of water on different days showed that there was no significant difference between different treatments (p<0.05).The results of aspartate amino transferase (AST) in different treatments showed that there is a significant difference between the amount of AST in different diets before and after environmental stress (p>0.05). In shrimp fed with diet 2, the amount of enzyme during temperature stress (285.83±17.7 IUL) showed the highest increase in the amount of enzyme titer, which was more than 3 times the amount of enzyme in pre-stress conditions. Based on the results, the amount of alanine amino transferase (ALT) in shrimp fed with diets 2 and 3 increased sharply. Also, the measurement results of this enzyme in different treatments were significantly different (p>0.05). Generally, it can be concluded that shrimp fed a diet with 7.02% of total fat, total saturated fatty acids (5 g per 100 g of food), and total unsaturated fatty acids (13 g per 100 g of food) had the highest survival rate and higher specific growth under adverse environmental conditions.

This research investigated the ability of Tetraselmis microalgae to remove nitrates from aquaculture centers’ wastewater. Specifically, this study aimed to investigate the amount of nitrogen reduction by Tetraselmis microalgae under laboratory conditions. Therefore, algal density, chlorophyll a, specific growth rate, nitrate, and ammonia levels were investigated. Tetraselmis microalgae was planted under laboratory conditions with constant density of 2000 mL including 1900 mL of distilled water and 100 mL of stock to investigate the refining effects for 15 days. Along to the test steps, the concentration of the mentioned factors was determined using standard methods and ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The results showed that algal density, chlorophyll concentration, and specific growth rate performed better than others in the pilot plants containing wastewater. Also, use of the studied algae caused a 50% reduction in ammonia and 80% in nitrate from aquaculture center wastewater. The data modeling showed that the above- entioned microalgae were effective in reduction of nitrogen from aquaculture center wastewater as much as 75%. The results showed that the species can reduce organic substances in the wastewater of aquaculture center and their discharge into the environment.

The deterioration of the seed is a natural phenomenon, and seeds tend to lose quality and viability even under optimal storage conditions. The ability of hydropriming to ameliorate seed deterioration damage was studied in kochia. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four replications. Kochia seeds were subjected to accelerated ageing for 48 hours at 40 °C and then hydroprimed at 20 °C for 1.5, 3 and 4.5 hours. Regardless of duration, hydropriming significantly improved final germination percentage, germination rate, seedling length, vigour index, antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and superoxide dismutase), soluble sugars and proteins of aged seeds. Mean germination time and malondialdehyde content of primed seeds decreased compared to non-primed seeds. Hydropriming for 1.5, 3 and 4.5 hours increased final germination to 15, 23 and 37 %, germination rate by 45.4, 72.7 and 109 % and superoxide dismutase activityby 8.6, 14 and 27 % compared to non-primed seed, respectively. Thus, hydropriming for 4.5 hours is the most suitable priming period to recover loss of kochia seed quality and to improve germination characteristics of deteriorated seeds.

Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria is an area that has rapidly expanded over the recent years. It is one of the new methods of improving probiotics stability, through which the biological agents are protected with an enclosed coating to release the active agents within the coating at a controlled rate in time and under special conditions.

The present study the aims to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum microencapsulation with chitosan/alginate microparticles on the oxidative response of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus).

Herein, 240 pieces of Nile tilapia, with an average weight of 15.56±0.02 g, were randomly divided into four groups as follows: group1 or control with a diet without probiotics, groups 2, 3, and 4 respectively with a diet containing 108 Log CFU/g of unencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum, a diet containing microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum, and with feed containing alginate with chitosan without the presence of bacteria. They were fed for 60 days at the rate of 2 % of body weight twice a day.

The activity level of oxidative enzymes, biochemical factors, and liver enzymes of the Nile tilapia fish were investigated. The findings revealed that oxidative enzymes, biochemical factors, and liver enzymes were positively affected in the groups with microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum (P<0.05). The three enzymes of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase were higher in the micro-encapsulated probiotic group compared to the two groups of probiotics and alginate with chitosan without the presence of bacteria, and all the three groups performed better compared to the control (P<0.05).

Microencapsulation of probiotics maximizes the efficiency of probiotics in reducing oxidative stress.

Non-native species could threaten biodiversity, marine industries, and human health. In this research, ballast water sampling of 10 ships berthing at the port of Bushehr was carried out according to resolution MEPC 173 (58) in hot and cool season. Zooplankton samples were collected from ballast tanks using a pump. Zooplankton species were from 7 phylum, 11 classes, 15 orders, 33 families, 38 genera and 48 species. Arthropoda comprises 57.25% of the species (the highest density) with 23 families and 38 species and Chordata with two families and two species, 1.52% of species (the lowest density). The highest and lowest densities of the species were observed among leprotintinnus bubiyanicus of the Tintinnidae (12.98%) and the Oikopleura dioica of the Oikopleuridae (0.25%), respectively. According to the species identified in this study, no species was identified as invasive. Therefore, it can be said that changing ships’ ballast water in the oceans can be an appropriate strategy to alleviate the risk of transferring the non-native species to the Bushehr Port.

Due to the potential of sewage to contaminate food and water resources, it is emphasized on the treatment of sewage. One of the most effective biological methods in the treatment of sewage is the use of plants. A group of these plants, which have recently been considered by researchers to treat sewage, are microalgae. Microalgae use sunlight to absorb nutrients from the sewage and make them more useful to biosphere. In this study, the possibility of removal of some pollutant parameters of wastewater was investigated using microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. For this purpose, microalgae was cultured in TMRL medium and the wastewater was prepared from the fish farming pool in Khuzestan province. The growth of microalgae in control and wastewater  treatment was measured every 48 hours, under constant conditions (temperature 27-23 ° C, 20ppt salinity, 2500 lux light intensity) in the period of 15 days. COD, BOD, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate were measured and calculated every 48 hours. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant change in the number of microalgae in the control treatment, so that the highest number of algae was observed on the 11th day but it decreased relative to the 14th day. Also, the results showed a significant difference in the amount of BOD and COD removal was micro-algae culture, with the lowest amount of these two factors observed on the tenth day. The remaining nitrate also received the highest and lowest values on the third and tenth day, respectively. Nitrite was also the highest on the third day and on the 15th day it was the lowest.Phosphate levels also decreased significantly on days 3, 5, 10 and 15 compared to the first day (P <0.05). These results showed the ability of microalgae to reduce wastewater nitrogen and phosphorus and its potential for wastewater treatment. It seems that this microalgae is capable of removing nitrates and phosphates as well as the production of algal biomass in refining systems the effluent of the fish ponds is to be used before entering the natural environment, and the pool effluent can be used as a suitable fertile environment for mass production of this algae.

This research was conducted to study the phenotypic plasticity of the body shape in Carassius gibelio inhabiting lentic and lotic water bodies using geometric morphometric technique. For this purpose, a total of 119 specimens were collected from Sefid River (n=30), Alagol Lake (n=37), Khoda-Afarin dam Lake (n=21) and Mashkil River (n=31). To extracting body shape data in geometric morphometric method, the left side of specimens were photographed and 15 defined landmark-points were digitized on 2D images using TpsDig2 software. Data after general procratus analysis was analyzed using PCA, CVA, MANOVA and cluster analysis. The results showed a significant differences in the body shape between studied populations (p<0.001). Based on the results, populations of the Alagol and Khoda-Afarin dam lakes had deeper body and smaller head, and those of Sefid River had deeper body, but similar to the Mashkil population had larger head. In addition, Alagol and Khoda-Afarin dam lakes populations were placed together in same clad and those of the Sefid and Mashkil rivers in another clade, indicating the separation of populations inhabiting lentic and lotic habitats. The results also showed that the body shape of C. gibelio changes based on type of type of habitat.

Accurate recognition of shirbot blood parameters can be increase keeping up and breeding of these valuable fish. The goal of this study is to find the effect of different salinity stress on some electrolyte, cortisol and glucose in reared fingerling shirbot (Arabibarbus grypus) fish for determine the suitable condition and physiologic tolerance during transforming into the waters with different levels of salinity. The treatments include four different salinity concentrations :< 5 P.P.T, 10 P.P.T, 15 P.P.T, fresh water. Total number of fish: 120, mean weight: 30±5, mean temperature: 26±2 Ċ, pH: 7.5 - 8. After 30 days blood samples were collected. then, serum electrolyte (Na, K, P, Ca), cortisol and glucose were measured. Finally the results showed that there was significantly difference of the electrolyte, cortisol and glucose parameters regarding to effect of salinity stress on fishes (P<0.05). The maximum and minimum values of the electrolyte, cortisol and glucose were in 15 P.P.T and control. The results indicate that biochemical factors are under the influence of water salinity, and ions concentration in blood are dependent on ions concentration in water.

The aim of this study was to compare different anesthetic and lethal concentrations of MS222 on blood parameters of Arabibarbus grypus. For this purpose, 18 pieces of fish with an average weight of 150 5.5g were divided into 3 types of treatments: 1) without anesthesia (control), 2) the treatment with a concentration of 750 mgL-1 of anesthetic agent, and 3) treatment with a concentration of 6250 mgL-1 used for lethal dosage. Blood samples were taken from control, anesthesia (at 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours after anesthesia) and lethal treatments. Hematological parameters including the number of red (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC), hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH and MCHC were determined. Hematocrit percentages and hemoglobin levels in the 6 and 12 hours treatments showed a statistically significant decrease compared to the control, 0 hour and lethal concentrations (P<0.05). Overall counts of RBC in all treatments except the 6 hours treatment showed a significant increase (P<0.05). MCH and MCV showed a significant decrease in the treatments of 12 and 24 hours compared to the control (P<0.05). MCHC and the percentage of monocytes in all treatments were higher than control (P> 0.05). Overall WBC count and heterophil content decreased in 0 to 6 hours, and in the other treatments, there was an increasing trend (P<0.05). Overall, the results showed that anesthesia with MS222 caused slight stress in the fish. This stress caused an initial disturbance in blood parameters that was triggered by a stress response defense and then returned to normal by the adaptation process after 24 hours, so the use of this anesthetic in aquaculture research is unhindered.

Silaffin is one of the proteins found abundantly in microalga Chaetoceros. It is used in the cosmetics, health and nutrition industries. In this study, extracted silaffin from two microalgae Chaetoceros muelleri and Chaetoceros calcitrans have been compared. For the experiment, the silica wall of the samples prepared from Bandar Abbas was extracted by using EDTA and SDS and their protein concentration was measured by Bradford method. Then, molecular weight was estimated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis to identify the available amino acids. Amino acids were analyzed by HPLC. Results showed a significant difference in the amount of silaffin extracted from C. muelleri compared to C. calcitrans (P<0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between two microalgae in the amount of aspartic acid, asparagine, glycine, valine and tyrosine + alanine (P>0.05). However, the amount of glutamic acid, serine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, tryptophan, arginine, threonine, and glutamine + histidine was significantly different (P<0.05). C. muelleri in terms of the protein content of silaffin can be a better option for use in different industries with a biotechnological approach in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Probiotics are generally defined as a live microbial food supplement which improve the balance of the host animal’s intestinal flora and the absorption of nutrients from the intestine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of Lactobacillus casei</em> (PTCC1608) on survival andgrowth performanceof rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>)fingerlings. Four thousand eight hundred fingerlings (average weight 32.6±5.5g) were randomly divided into 4 groups with three replicates (each with 400 fish). The control group fed with basal diet and the other groups were fed with 5×106</sup> (A), 5×107</sup> (B) and 5×108</sup>(C) CFU/mL L. casei</em> for 60 days. Biometry of specimen was down at 0, 30 and 60 days of study and growth performance rate evaluated. Results showed that fish were fed with 5×106</sup> (A) of L. casei </em>had significant impact (P<0.05) on growth performance. The specific growth rate (SGR), BWG and RGR had best performance at 5×106</sup> (A) of L. casei </em>andshow Significant differences compared with control treatment (P<0.05), while in the diet fed diet with 5×108</sup>(C) CFU/mL of L. casei</em>, some growth and survival indices decreased compared to the control group (P<0.05). There was no change in growth indices in diet fed with diet containing 5×107</sup> (B) CFU/mL of L. casei</em> compared to control in different stages of sampling. Survival rate was significantly different between treatments, so that the highest losses were related to 5×108</sup>(C) CFU/mL of L. casei</em>, which had a significant difference with control group. Results showed that adding 5×106</sup> (A) of L. casei</em> to rainbow trout diet as the most suitable concentration, improved the fish growth indices, but the higher concentrations of this probiotic has negative effects on growth.

The aim of the project is to assay the effectiveness of different values ofLHRH-a2 combined with carp pituitary extract in 3-stages way on reproduction indices of Arabibarbus grypus that belong to Cyprinidae family and is a native fish in Khuzestan province. Fifty individuals of fish in 4 treatments were studied. Control treatment were injected by 4mg/kg pituitary extracts, first treated: 4mg/kg CPE+ 3μg/kg LHRHa2, second treatment: 4mg/kg CPE+7μg/kg LHRHa2 and third treatment: 4mg/kg CPE+ 10μg/kg LHRHa2, that 40 fish were treated by 3-stages and 10 fish by usual way, were studied and the reproduction indices such as obtained egg and alive baby were measured. The results obtained that the weight of obtained egg (692 ± 111.2), relative fecundity (41.9 ± 3.22), fertilization (94.4 ± 0.89), hatching rate (98.2 ± 0.84), larvae number (10912.8 ± 1817.93), alive percent of baby (70.5 ± 2.3) was increased in second treatment (3-stages way) compared to the other treatments (usual way) (p <0.05). Therefore, 3-stages way in the second treatment dose (4mg/kg CPE+7μg/kg LHRHa2) is the best used way and concentration for artificial reproduction of Shabout brood stock.

This study was conducted to determine of different concentrations of clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllataon) on anesthesia, lethal stage and effect on hematological parameters on Barbus barbulus. For this purpose 78 pieces of fish with average weight: 100±3 gr, were arranged in 5 treatments: the treatment 1(control group) was not exposed to any type of anesthesia material. Four treatments were exposed to clove oil with different concentrations of (50, 100,150, 200 mg/l) of anaesthesia, and (1000, 2000, 3000 mg.L-1) doses used for lethal stage, each treatment was divided in to tree replicates. The pH, temperature of water and dissolved oxygen were 7/5-8, 20±2/65 ºC and 10±1/2 ppm, respectively. The 200 mg.L-1 of clove oil was determined as the best concentration for anesthesia and recovery. The lethal dose was 13 times of the effective dose of anesthesia and was 2600 mg.L-1. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 6, 12, 24h after anaesthesia, hematological parameters (number of red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hematoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemogolobin concentration (MCHC), number of white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes) were measured. Hematocrit showed significant difference between lethal treatment and control group (P<0/5) but hemoglobin, MCHC, MCV, number of red blood cells, number of white blood cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils and monocytes did not show any significant difference between treatments (p>0.05), and the increasing trend of MCV was observed between treatments from control treatment to lethal treatment, respectively. Regarding the MCHC, there was a significant increase in lethal treatment with other treatments (except for 24 hours treatment) (p <0.05). Finally, given that the anesthetic substance of the clove oil has no lasting negative effects on hematological parameters on B. barbulus, and this effect has almost returned to its original state after 24 hours and due to the safety of this anesthetic for fish, as well as its negative effects on the environment, this anesthetic agent recommended for fisheries purposes.

This study aimed to a comparison of morphometric characteristics of otolith in Epinephelus coioides (88 specimens), Epinephelus latifasciatus (71 specimens), Epinephelus bleekeri (69 specimens) and Epinephelus diacanthus (145 specimens) in coral reefs of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Species were collected during 2014 - 2015. All fish were identified and their otoliths were extracted to verify them. Investigation of otolith morphometric characteristics (length, breadth, weight, perimeter and, area) was conducted. Data indicate a high correlation between otolith length and otolith weight, fork length, and otolith length and between fish length and weight (R2>0.854), the highest correlation was observed in E. diacanthus (R2= 0.894). Also, the results indicate that in the studied species, biometric differences are observed along with the difference in the shape of the otolith, according to the results, the highest length, the highest weight, the highest area and the highest perimeter of otolith were related to the E. diacanthus with mean total length of 26± 3.2 cm and the average weight of 1357.27 ± 104.27 g, and the highest otolith width was related to the E. coioides with an average total length of 38 ± 1.8 cm and the mean weight of 1289.54 ± 124.42 g. This study indicated that the relationships between sagitta and morphometric characteristics of various species are different and can be used as an indicator in species identification.

Probiotics are generally defined as live microbial food supplement which improves the balance of the host animal’s intestinal flora and the absorption of nutrients from the intestine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of Lactobacillus casei (PTCC1608) on some digestive enzymes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)fingerlings. Four thousand eight hundred fingerlings (average weight 32.6±5.5g) were randomly divided into 4 groups with three replicates (each with 400 fish). The control group fed with basal diet and the other groups were fed with 5×106 (A), 5×107 (B) and 5×108(C) CFU/mL L. casei for 60 days. Activities of digestive enzymes were examined at 0 and 60 days of study. Results showed significantly increased intestine enzymes (α-amylase, trypsin, chemotrypsin) of rainbow trout (P0.05). Alkaline phosphatase, lipase and protease activity at 5×106 and5×107CFU/mL concentration on day 60 showed significantly difference compared to the control group (P

Regarding to study the amount of target, by catch and discard of traditional shrimp trawlers (dhows), series samplings were conducted in October-November 2011 in coastal waters of Khouzestan Province (Lifeh and Booseif fishing grounds). Thirty six tows as randomly selected stations were carried out and a total of 3525kg was collected. The catches were separated, identified and weighed.A total of 74 species belong to 51 families were identified of which 53 species were bony fishes belong to 34 families; 5 species of Chondrichthyes (4 family), 9 species of crustacean (6 family); 4 species of mollusks (4 family); 2 species of echinoderms (2 family) and one sea snake. On the other hand, the weights of target catch were: white shrimp with 534.3kg (81.25%), Metapenaeus affinis and Parapenaeopsis stylifera with 116.45kg (17.71%) and Penaeus semisulcatus 6.85kg (1.04%). An overall comparison of total catch was calculated as: Target catch (20%), by catch (22%) and discard (58%) consist of fish (61%), crustacean (34%), mollusks (1%) and others (4%).