v. alizadeh

Today, the preparation of flood zoning maps is one of the basic and important issues in the study of development projects in the world; it is considered before any investment by the related organizations. In this paper, flood zoning was performed using the two-dimensional model HEC-RAS and GIS in order to assess the risk of the construction of a railway station near the bank of the Iranshahr River, in a range of 2500 meters. Two-dimensional hydraulic application could create a more accurate flow pattern in comparison to the one-dimensional model used in the previous studies, especially in the flood plain areas. In this paper, due to the important role of the topography of the area in ensuring the accuracy of the calculation, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used with very high precision (about 2 meters), as obtained from aerial photos. The results of this study indicated the onrush of flood, depth and flow velocity in different return periods. Based on the comparison of water surface profiles in the floodplains with the return period of 100 and 25 years, the maximum difference between the water levels was 0.5 m, which seemed to be reasonable by considering the low slope of the studied area. The results of this paper, therefore, showed that the location of the railway station was in medium risk and the outskirt of floodplain.

Local scour around the foundation of marine and hydraulic structures is one of the most important factors in the instability and destruction of these structures. False prediction of scour depth around bridges has caused financial losses in plasticization and endangered many people's lives. Therefore, an accurate estimation of this complex phenomenon around the bridges is necessary. Also, since the formulas presented by different researchers relate to laboratory conditions, they are less true and less accurate in other situations. Recently, many researchers have tried to introduce new methods and models called soft calculations in predicting this phenomenon. In this research, 146 different laboratory data series (three different laboratory conditions) were analyzed using a backup vector machine to predict scour depth around the bridge head. These data are presented in the form of various combinations of input parameters  which, respectively, represent thickness under the slippery layer, Reynolds number, critical velocity, Shields parameter, velocity Shear, average speed, flow depth, the average diameter of the particles and diameter of the bridge. The parameters in two different scenarios (the mode with dimension and mode) were introduced into the SVM network and the results of this machine were compared with those obtained from the experimental formulas and relations presented in this study. The results showed that in the first scenario, the combination of No. 5 with input parameters () and in the second scenario, the combination No. 5 with input parameters  () for the test stage were selected as the best model. It was also concluded from the results that the scenario two (the state with dimension) in predicting the scour depth around the vertical single-pillar provided a more accurate estimate than the first scenario (barrier state). At the end, the sensitivity analysis was carried out on the parameters and the parameters D, U*, V were selected, respectively, as the most effective parameters

Iran is considered as a vulnerable country in terms of erosion and degradation of soil resources. One of the solutions that have been proposed in recent years to solve this crisis is to pay special attention to the behavioral, cognitive, and social dimensions of soil conservation behavior in agricultural development programs in addition to the technical aspects. In this regard, a study with a descriptive-correlational and causal-relational method was conducted to identify the most important factors influencing the soil conservation behavior among the Iranian farmers and agricultural community. To this end, a sample of 120 farmers in Mazandaran Province was selected using stratified random sampling with appropriate assignment. The results showed that environmental consciousness, environmental values, and social pressures have significant impacts on soil conservation behavior of farmers. Finally, using the results and insights gained from this study, six practical suggestions have been proposed to managers and policy-makers towards the better management of agricultural soil resources. Application of each of these suggestions can act as a turning point in the improvement of the status of Iran's agricultural sector in general and soil resources in particular.

The use of insect cell lines for producing bio-pesticides, recombinant protein expression or gene delivery is increasing. Hence, the establishment of new cell lines will help to enrich this technology. Therefore, the purpose of this research is preparation of several primary cultures initiated from hemocytes of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner),Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) and Arge ochropus (Gmelin). The cultures were incubated in EX-cell 400 medium supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% concentrations of fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 28ºC. The concentrations of FBS were chosen on the basis of previous research. Results showed no growth in any of the cell lines when FBS was omitted from the medium. Maximal growth of H. armigerahemocytes was obtained with 15% FBS. There was no further increase in growth as FBS concentration was increased to 20%, Maximal growth of A. kuehniella hemocytes was obtained at 10% FBS. The growth of these cells was significantly lower at 15 and 20% FBS. As the fetal bovine serum concentration increased, A. ochropus hemocytes growth increased.  In conclusion, the current investigation demonstrated the lowest concentration of FBS required for maximal growth of insect cells in vitro.

The precise prediction of shear stress in open channel is important in many engineering issues such as designing of sustainable channels, calculation of energy losses, and sedimentation in channels. In flood duration, due to difference in depth of flow between the main channel and the flood plains surrounding the flow, the flow velocity is also different, and subsequently the stress and distribution of stress significantly changes. In this paper, it has been shown the performance of the Ansys Fluent three-dimensional numerical model in simulating various hydraulic parameters for a rectangular compound channel with smooth and rough bed and wall. Comparison of shear stress values showed that with decreasing depth in flood plains, the amount and percentage of shear stress in flood walls, and in main channel increased and decreased respectively, and also it was shown that with increasing roughness, shear stress increased. Results also indicated that with increasing flow rate, the power flow increased and velocity and vortices were formed at the intersection of flood plains and main channels. The results of this research can play a role in designing of sustainable channels, especially at the intersection of the main channel and flood walls.

In order to assess the effect of water-deficit stress on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and agro-physiological attributes of maize, a split-plot field experiment was conducted with three replications based on the randomized complete block design. Three levels of irrigation (well-watered, intermediate and severe water-deficit stress) and four maize families including 10 genotypes were considered as the main and sub factors, respectively. Post treatment, the electrophoretic analysis of three enzymes in maize leaves including SuperOxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Peroxidase (POX) was carried out on 8% horizontal acrylamide gel. Moreover, agro-physiological attributes such as MalonDiAldehyde (MDA), H2</sub>O2</sub>, chlorophyll index (SPAD), Relative Water Content (RWC), and grain yield were measured. Concomitantly with increasing intensity of water-deficit stress, the activity of most isozymes and the contents of MDA and H2</sub>O2 </sub>increased while POX2 activity, chlorophyll index, RWC, and grain yield decreased. Under intermediate stress, POX1 isozyme in Lia0688 line (233%) and, under severe stress, POX2 isozyme in AR68 hybrid (201%) showed higher increase compared with the well-watered treatment. Overall, POX1, SOD2, CAT isozymes and MDA, chlorophyll index, and RWC were identified as suitable traits. Based on enzyme activity and agro-physiological attributes, SC706 and TWC647 hybrids were superior to the other genotypes and expressed higher tolerance to water deficit stress. Moreover, among parental lines, MO17, B73 and Lia0688 were promising, although Lia0688 and MO17 were more tolerant lines and showed better performance compared with the line B73 and other lines under well-watered and stress conditions.

High amount of pistachio by-product are produced annually in Iran that most of them are considered as agricultural waste. Main problem regarding feeding PB to livestock is the presence of phenolics and tannins which can affect their utilization by ruminants. In vitro studies have shown that tannin reduced microbial protein synthesis due to its antimicrobial effects. The main objectives of the current study were to evaluate the effects gamma irradiation (10 kGy), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), urea and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the tannins and phenolic compounds, gas production (GP) and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) of PB.

Pistachio by-product was obtained from a pistachio processing factory and was air dried before it was used in this study. Samples were treated with 4% NaOH, 4% urea solution and gamma radiation (10 kGy) and assigned in a completely randomized design. Phenolic compounds were analyzed according to standard methods. Gas production (GP) test was performed and produced gas were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. PEG were used in line with treatments. Metabolisable energy (ME), digestible organic matter (DOM) and volatile fatty acids (SCFA) were estimated via available equations. In another run of gas test (using 10.0 atom % 15N-double labeled urea in buffer solution), at the 12 h of incubation gas volume was recorded and the contents of the syringe were transferred quantitatively to tubes for determination of apparently undegraded residue, 15N incorporation and efficiency of microbial mass production. To estimation gas production coefficients were done by Orskov and McDonald equation and data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS.

NaOH and urea treatments decreased (P<0.01) total phenolic (TP), total tannin (T), condensed tannin of PB and GR decreased (P<0.01) TP, T of PB. Among treatments NaOH decreased TP, TT and CT more than others (%60.43, %80.25 and % 88.89, respectively). Cumulative GP at 96 h varied between 18.76 and 29.13 ml/200 mg DM. The lowest (P<0.01) GP at 96 h observed with NaOH and urea treated PB. Incorporation of 15N into the microbial mass was lowest (P<0.01) in NaOH (0.013 mg) and urea (0.014 mg) in comparison with the control (0.017 mg). Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) expressed as 15N enrichment in microbial mass (15N) per ml of produced gas (G) after 12 h of incubation was highest (P<0.01) for NaOH treated PB (0.049 mg 15N/ml G) followed by control, urea and GR treated PB. NaOH and urea treatments decreased (P<0.01) ME, DOM and SCFA production.

Findings of the present study suggest that although supplementation of PB with NaOH, urea and GR would decrease T, but they decreased gas production and 15N enrichment in microbial mass. Data of the present study showed that the elimination of tannin from PB does not necessarily mean improving its fermentation properties in in vitro.

Nowadays, according to the pollution and reduction of available water resources, accessing to fresh water for agricultural and drinking purposes are restricted. In this paper, the solar subsurface irrigation system, which is one of the most efficient ways of fresh water production has been simulated. This system consists of a pool as a humidification unit and pipes that are buried in the soil as a condenser unit. In this simulation eight parameters including relative humidity, water pool temperature, pressure, pipe temperature, inlet air cross section, air temperature, air velocity and pipe diameter have been considered in three levels and 27 tests to calculate the amount of fresh water were presented using Taguchi method. In order to maximum use of sunlight, the mirror was used. The results showed that the lower humidity, pipe temperature, velocity and inlet air cross section increase the amount of water production. In addition, the higher pipe diameter, water temperature and air temperature is directly proportional to the amount of produced water. The optimal pressure is 95 kPa. The optimal amount of fresh water obtained from Taguchi method is 5.15 kg/m.day which shows an error of 5.23% compared to simulation result.

The prominent influence of medicinal plants in the prevention and treatment of different diseases has led to an increasing trend of human societies towards them. In addition to numerous ornamental, industrial and agroforestry applications, Rohida (Tecomella undulate (Roxb.) seem.) from Bignoniaceae family is considered as one of the most valuable medicinal species in arid region due to the presence of efficient active ingredients such as lapachol with proven effects in the treatment of major diseases including cancer, aids, malaria and so forth. In this research, firstly the habitats of Rohida were identified in the province and then their climate characteristics, soil physical and chemical properties, phenology, some of morphological traits and companion plants were investigated. The evaluations showed that this plant had six small habitats with a low population of two yellow and orange morphotypes in the Balouchestan region, growing at altitudes ranging from 480 to 830 m above sea level, often in the direction of the waterways and the margin of the seasonal rivers with different aspects and low slopes. The climate of the habitats studied was warm desert and the soil texture was light to medium with an alkaline reaction. In addition to the phenological differences, a significant difference between the habitats in terms of their morphological traits and growth indices was observed that could be due to genetic and environmental factors, or both. The results of this study, regarding the decreasing population of this plant affected by various factors, especially the continuous drought caused by climate change, indicate that the Rohida in this province is exposed to extinction and urgent measures have to be taken toward its conservation, rehabilitation, and domestication.

Sarcocolla(Astragalus fasciculifolius Boiss.), belonging to Fabaceae family, is a medicinal plant distributed in the south of Sistan and Baluchestan province. Due to presence of compounds like saponins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, it has an effective role in treating heart disease and cancer and eliminating chemotherapy and improving immunity. In this study, plant samples including eight A. fasciculifolius were collected from different habits in the province, and some phytochemical properties of root, leaves (total phenol, total flavonoid, and polysaccharide) and of flowers (total phenol, total flavonoid, and anthocyanin) were analyzed in the plant flower. The results of variance analysis showed a significant difference among different habitats (α>0.01). Phytochemical studies revealed significant amounts of phenolic compounds in the leaf with the highest rate recorded in Poshtkooh (14.62-32.55 mg GAE/g). In the root, the highest value was in Anjirok (20.39-53.84 mg GAE/g) and in the flower, the highest value was in BAirk (5.11-15.82 mg GAE/g), representing flavonoid compounds in the leaf in which the highest value was in Nahook (8.76-12.72 mg QE/g). Also, in root, the highest value was in Panjangosht (10 fingers) (0.25-1.03 mg QE/g). In the flower, the highest value was in Nahook (6.35-9.28 mg QE/g). In the polysaccharide compounds of the leaf, the highest value was in Anjirok (60.89-93.29 mg/g). In root, the highest values were in Pangangosht (94.33-209.38 mg/g) and anthocyanin of flower had the highest values in Pangangosht (36.34-77.58 mg/g). The results of this study represent the ability of different habitats of the province in producing valuable herbal compounds. Besides, because of its high levels of phenolic and polysaccharide compounds, this plant has a remarkable capability to be used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Growth of food pathogenic microorganism is one the major obstacles in the food industry. Nano technology has a broad application in all parts of food industry. The development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles, has caused the
attention of researches to this subject. In this study, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and th effective parameters concerned and the antimicrobial effect of them against some food pathogens for use in antimicrobial packaging has been discussed. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by the leaf aqueous extract of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. In order to achieve Silver nanoparticles with a uniform shape and minimum size, effective parameters on synthesis such as: pH of reaction, extract volume, concentration of Ag+ and reaction time, were studied and optimized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. After characterization of nanoparticles using TEM and XRD techniques, their antimicrobial activities were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella tifimurium,Listeria monocytogenes 4b, Aspergilus Flavus, Penicillium expansum, Clavicpes purpurea by Agar Well Diffusion and MIC, methods. Silver nanoparticles that had been biosynthesized with the approximate size of 20-25nm, had high antimicrobial activity against all of microorganisms and this activity was dependent on the concentration of silver nanoparticles, therefore in very low concentrations, they prevented the growth of microorganisms. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, made nanoparticles with minimum size and better performance. Currently these nanoparticles can be use in food industry as food disinfectant filters, food coatings and packaging and cleaning the food pruduction lines

The aim of this study was to analysis factors influencing development of entrepreneurial organizational culture in Agricultural Jihad organization of Zanjan province. Statistical population of research were staffs who involved in Agricultural organization of Zanjan province (N=687). The sample size was determined using the Cochran formula (n=122). Sample respondents were selected using proportional stratified sampling method. Research instrument was standard questionnaire. Face and content validity of questionnaire was approved by a panel of experts. Also, calculated values of Cronbach’s Alpha, Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability (CR) for all variables were confirmed. Results of path analysis showed that motivation stimulating and fostering had no significant effect on development entrepreneurial organizational culture. Also, other effective factors (such as: skills training; change the perception and discovery of opportunity; participation, independence and of responsibility; innovation, creativity and risk appetite; change and evolution of organization values) had positive and significant effect (p≤ 0.01) on development of Entrepreneurial culture. So that these variables explained 87% of variance in the entrepreneurial culture development of Agricultural Jihad organization in Zanjan province.

Development and implementation of effective and useful programs for the rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable utilization of medicinal species is possible only by identifying plant and ecological characteristics. Astragalus fasciculifolius Bioss. belonging to the Fabaceae family, is a valuable medicinal species. This species plays an effective role in treatment of heart disease, inhibition of cancer cell growth, and eliminating the chemotherapy effects due to the presence of compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides. In this study, the distribution map of this species was prepared using available resources, and then climatic characteristics, physical and chemical analysis of soil, different phenological stages, and associated plants in the region were recorded. The results of this study showed that this plant is distributed in the cities of Khash, Saravan, Soran and Mehrestan. According to the Demartonne method, the climate of this region is arid. The average annual precipitation, relative humidity, and an average temperature of these habitats are 52 mm, 20%, and 25°C, respectively. This species is distributed between approximately 1300 and 1500 m above sea level, on the slopes and mainly in the waterways, in the bed of seasonal rivers, and in all directions, especially the northern direction and the slope between 0 to 75%. The soil texture of habits is mainly sandy loam with the pH range of 6.73 to 8.28, EC range of 0.56 to 1.06 ds/m, and 30.64-50.62% lime. A. fasciculifolius is a drought tolerant species which is capable of growing under dry climatic conditions with an average annual rainfall of less than 30mm.

Nowadays, a paradigm shift can be observed from economic and technical investments to social-behavioral dimensions in order to increase efficiency of exploiting water resources. The purpose of the present study was to identify and analyze factors affecting Farmers Active Participation in Water Conservation (FAPWC). In this regard, a theoretical framework was developed for analyzing farmers participatory behavior. This study was a descriptive-correlational and causal relationship research which was conducted through a survey technique. The statistical population of the study included irrigated farmers in southern regions of West Azerbaijan Province in Iran. A sample of 378 irrigated farmers was selected using proportional stratified random sampling method. Data were collected using eight 5-point Likert-type scales. Validity of the scales was confirmed by a panel of experts, and their reliability was demonstrated by Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients which ranged between 0.60-0.89, indicating internal consistency of the study scales. Parametric tests were used to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that the variables of moral norms of water conservation, social pressures, place attachment, social responsibility towards consequences of activities, quality of agricultural extension services, and satisfaction of water resources management had significant impacts on FAPWC. Moreover, the independent variables could predict 43.6% of variance changes in FAPWC. An attempt was made to examine the factors affecting FAPWC beyond the psychological individual-based (micro) analyses in order to develop the research framework and consider factors such as the effect of farmers’ social environments and, consequently, present policy implications at micro- and macro-levels separately.

Due to the medicinal properties, the root of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) has been used from a very distant past. In the present study, the homogenate of sage and the sage treated with chitosan was extracted after drying using 96% ethanol. Then, ethanol solvent was removed from the extract using rotary equipment. To do this research, 60 adult male white Wistar rats were used. The rats were divided into six groups of 10. The oral extract of sage and the sage treated with chitosan was used at a dose of 200 mg/kg. In addition, a dose of 50 mg/kg of isoniazid was used as gavage to induce oxidative effect. The DPPH method was also used with the help of 1,2-diphenyl 1-picyril hydrazine to compare the antioxidant effects of sage and the sage treated with chitosan. The use of alcoholic extract of Salvia sp. led to reduced triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL and ALP as well as increased HDL levels. In addition, the extract of sage treated with chitosan led to decreased LDL, ALT and increased HDL levels. Therefore, according to the results, it was concluded that the beneficial effects of the factors evaluated were significant. Also, the DPPH test results showed that antioxidant effects of alcoholic extract of the sage treated with chitosan was much higher and more effective than sage, indicating the positive effect of chitosan treatment on the amount of sage antioxidants. The results of this study confirmed the undesirable effects of isoniazide on the cells of body.

The aquaculture industry in the world, with an 8-million-dollar transaction rate, has 8% growth annually. It also has the most value-added rate among different fishery activities based on the food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The angelfish belonging to Cichlid family, is known as a famous species in this industry. This fish feeds on various live feedstuffs. Regarding the significance of suitable feedstuffs in aqua feed industry, the live feeds used to provide nutritional requirements, immunity tuning and stimulation will be of important. Tubifex worm, containing considerable crude protein, diverse sorts of amino acids and essential fatty acids, has a deserving role and checking the nutritional value of Tubifex worm with aim of improving the growth performance, boosting immune responses and survival rate, reducing expenditure cost and increasing productivity is so crucial. The objective of the current experiment was to compare the effect of the cultured and commercial Tubifex worm powder in the diet of juvenile angelfish on growth performance and immune responses. The experimental rations included 3 rations: 1) control ration as pellet 2) commercial Tubifex powder as freeze-dried food and 3) the rations containing mass-produced Tubifex as freezedried food. One-hundred thirty five Angel fishes with an average initial weight of 0.2± 0.5 gr were tested for 63 days. The fishes were placed randomly into nine 920 liter-capacity of 15 fishes. The average temperature was (27±1˚C), pH (7.5±0.1) and dissolved oxygen (7.68±0.35) was regulated according to required conditions. The length of light-dark cycles was considered 14 and10 hours, respectively.The fishes were fed 3% body weight in three times a day (7, 13 and 20). Biometry was conducted at 1st, 31st and 63rd days and the criteria related to the growth performance, nutrient utilization efficiency and survival rate were computed. At the end of the experimental period, five samples were taken from each aquarium, exposed to the airchallenge for 3 min and bleed 3 h after challenge. After that, biochemical analyses including trypsin, amylase and lipase were measured by using benzoyl-arginine p-nitroanilide substrate, starch and olive oil as substrate, respectively through titration method. At the end of the experimental period, total immunoglobulin, lysosome and complement, liver enzymes including ALT and AST were measured by kinetic enzymatic method and the microbial parameters including (plate count agar, and lactobacilus conut were measured. Chemical analysis of experimental diets including crude protein by Kjeldahl method, crude fat by Soxhelt extractor and ash by electrical furnace were measured. Normality Test of was done by Shapior-wilk test. Analysis of alterations in growth performance, nutritional and biochemical factors were done by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparing means based on Duncan multiple test using SPSS software, version19.0. The highest rate of final weight (about 30%), initial length (about 14%) and the rate of special growth (about 27%) were belonged to the angel fishes fed on the diet containing cultured Tubifex. The activity of the immunity parameters including total immunoglobulin, lysosome as well as complement were also significantly higher in the treatment with the diets containing Tubifex after air exposure challenge. The activities of the lipase, protease and amylase increased in the culturing Tubifex treatment in compared with two other ones. The number of the intestinal lactobacillus indicated that the most colonies forming unit of lactobacillus was significantly higher in angel fish fed the diet containing cultured Tubifex treatment. The results indicated that the angel fishes fed on the cultured Tubifex showed higher weight increment, special growth rate, survival rate as well as better nutrient utilization efficiency which may be attributed to the existence of higher rate of protein, unsaturated fatty acids Improvement of the immunity in fish fed the diet containing cultured Tubifex can be related to the role of lysosome as an important factor in natural perseverance for fishes, immunoglobulin as an important factor in antibody secretion as well as complement which has a basic role in acquired natural immunity for the fishes. The enzymes ALT and ALP which have an important role in using amino acids in oxidation process The increase of intestinal LAB count in angel fish fed the cultured Tubifex can be enhanced absorbing nutrients, disease resistance and finally, higher growth performance Considering the higher mortality rate among the larvae in the first 20-30 days and the initial time of the active feeding because of changing the nutritional modes, use of Tubifex worm powder as a live food may be effective in better growth function, external form as well as promotion of immunity system for the fishes. Conclusion: Feeding the angel fishes on cultured Tubifex worm powder especially in the initial steps of the active feeding may result in improvement in growth performance and some specific and nonspecific immune responses.

The processed crop by-products can be used as a suitable feedstuff to meet livestock dietary requirements. Tomato shoots that left on the field surface after harvest, is a major valuable by-product. In Iran, the estimated annual tomato shoots production is about 100 million ton. We evaluated the nutritional value of ensiled tomato shoots processed by beet pulp as a fermentation enhancer. Tomato shoots were collected from tomato farms in Semnan, Iran. The shoots were ensiled with 0, 4 or 8% (W/W) air-dried beet pulp. After 60 days, the silos were opened and ensiled materials were evaluated for sensitive characteristics as well as pH. The ensiled samples were also analyzed for chemical composition after 48 h oven drying at 60° C. Rumen degradability and fermentation characteristics were measured by using a nylon bag method and an in vitro gas production technique, respectively. For in vitro gas production technique, 200 mg of dry matter was incubated for 96 h at 39° C. Cumulative gas volumes were recorded 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h after incubation. To estimate the gas production parameters, an exponential model was fitted for data. Rumen degradability parameters of dry matter (DM), crud protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were determined by incubation of 5 g sample for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 or 96 h in the rumen of a fistulated steer. Similar analysis and measurements were also performed for oven dried tomato shoot samples. All data were subjected to ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS and means were compared by using Duncan's multiple range test at 5% probability level. At the end of fruit harvest, the measured DM and CP content of tomato shoot samples were 26 and 14% respectively that are in agreement with previous reports. Ensiled tomato shoots had a significant higher content of CP than oven-dried shoots; more likely due to losses of soluble components during the ensiling process. However, the content of CP was decreased with increase in beet pulp level in the tomato shoot silage. Similarly, the tomato shoot silages with 4 or 8% beet pulp showed lower values of NDF and ADF in comparison with tomato shoot silage without beet pulp. Due to lower protein and fiber percentage of beet pulp, the decreases in CP, ADF and ADF contents of omato shoot silages by adding beet pulp were expected.
Although the potential of gas production was enhanced by increased levels of beet pulp in the silages, no
significant difference was observed among tomato shoot silages. The silages were also similar for gas production parameters. However, cumulative volumes of gas produced at 96 h incubation for silages with 4 and 8% beet pulp were significantly higher than other treatment. The highest values of rapidly degradable DM, degradation rate constant and degradation potential were observed in tomato shoot silage supplemented with 8% beet pulp. However, there was no significant difference between tomato shoot silages with 4% beet pulp and without beet
pulp supplementation. Tomato shoots are a suitable source of nutrient for ruminant. Our results indicated that ensiling increases nutritional value of tomato shoots. The in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics as well as rumen degradability of tomato shoot silages were improved by adding 8% beet pulp. However, future studies are needed to confirm these results and elucidate the potential use of tomato shoot silage in ruminant's diet.

This study was conducted to evaluate the compatibility of some plant essential oils in combination with entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana against Callosobruchus maculatus. Lethal effects of three essential oils including Petroselinum sativum, Satureja sahendica and Heracleum persicum against the adults of C. maculatus were studied. The biological activity of two fungal isolates, IS-1 and IS-75, as alone and in combination with the essential oils for insect pest control was evaluated. Results showed that S. sahendica essential oil was the most toxic agent on adults than other oils, and IS-75 isolate showed more virulence against the pest compared to IS-1 when applied alone. Results of percent inhibition of sporulation and mycelial growth of the fungus showed P. sativum essential oil with 100 percent inhibition completely inhibited fungal growth and sporulation and S. sahendica essential oil with 24 percent inhibition had more compatibility compared to two other essential oils. Combined application of three essential oils and IS-75 isolate of the fungus in lethal and sublethal concentrations showed that H. persicum essential oil has the least LT50 value in combination with the fungus.Essential oil-pathogen interactions of sublethal concentrations of plant essential oils and IS-75 fungal isolate revealed that the synergistic effects on percent adults’ mortality only belongs to the combination of LC25 concentrations of each of the agents, and other sublethal combinations had additive and antagonistic effects.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction effects of ginger root and red pepper powders in wheat based diet on performance and immune response of layer hens. In this experiment 288 hy-line W-36 laying hens in post-molting phase (78 weeks) were assigned to 36 groups in a factorial arrangement with nine treatments and four replicates based on completely randomized design. The experimental factors were included three levels of red pepper (0, 1 and 2% of diet) and three levels of ginger root powder (0, 1 and 2% of diet). Results showed that pepper levels were significantly increased egg production and egg mass of birds (P

Let G be a weighted digraph and s and t be two vertices of G. The reachability assurance (RA) problem is how to label the edges of G such that every path starting at s finally reaches t and the sum of the weights of the labeled edges, called the RA cost, is minimal. The common approach to the RA problem is pathfinding, in which a path is sought from s to t and then the edges of the path are labeled. This paper introduces a new approach, the marking problem (MP), to the RA problem. Compared to the common pathfinding approach, the proposed MP approach has a lower RA cost. It is shown that the MP is NP-complete, even when the underlying digraph is an unweighted directed acyclic graph (DAG) or a weighted DAG with an out-degree of two. An appropriate heuristic algorithm to solve the MP in polynomial time is provided. To mitigate the RA problem as a serious challenge in this area, application of the MP in software testing is also presented. By evaluating the datasets from various program flow graphs, it is shown that the MP is superior to the pathfinding in the context of test case generation.

Professional socialization is a process in which a person acquires the values, norms, behaviors, and social skills, and internalizes the sense of identity and commitment to a discipline. This process takes place officially and unofficially at faculties during the study period and continues toward the completion of nursing education and entering the work environment. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate nursing students’ perceptions on the role of instructors and institute in their professional socialization.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all nursing students (n=175) were studied at the end of the 2, 4, 6, and 8 semesters in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 2017. A questionnaire was used to collect data on demographic characteristics, instructors characteristics, and institute characteristics. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS (V. 13) and descriptive – inferential statistics.
The results showed that in the professional socialization of nursing students, the role of instructors was moderate to high and the role of the institute was moderate to low. Among the characteristics of the instructors, the personality traits and educational behaviors had a higher mean score. In this study, compassion, professional communication, preparation of the students for professional responsibilities, and the making a connection between the subjects and nursing values were reported as significant features of instructors in socialization. Student's perceptions on personality traits (P = 0.023), the nature of the relationship (P =0.002 and educational behaviors (P =0.014) differed significantly in different semesters. The institute did not play a significant role in the professional socialization of students so that only 19 individuals (13.1%) were satisfied with socialization.
In this study, student's perceptions of the role of instructors and institutes were varied in different semesters, and it was found that instructors, in comparison to the institution, played a better role in the professional socialization of nursing students. It is recommended that the role of the institution should be improved in the process of professional socialization of nursing students.

After organ transplantation, many patients have diverse experiences; they face many changes in the physical and emotional aspects of their life. Patients’ understandings of the post-transplantation period influence their adaptation to the changes. There is a need to improving the knowledge of patients’ unique experiences of post-transplantation period and the changes occur in their life.
To explore the experiences of organ recipients in the post-transplantation period.
In a qualitative research using a hermeneutical phenomenological approach, data were collected from April 2015 to June 2016. Participants were consisted of 15 patients who received organ chosen using a purposive sampling method. In-depth semi-structured interviews were held with them. The collected data were analyzed using Diekelmann’s hermeneutical analysis approach.
The data analyses led to the development of 3 main themes and 17 subthemes as “back from the grave” with the subthemes of “organ as the God’s deposit,” “God as the source of life,” and “new life”; “chapter of prosperity” with the subthemes of “the spring of the body,” “recovery,” “peace and joy,” “benevolent and good behavior,” “renewal,” “opportunity of being together again,” “golden age,” “positive perspective,” “the sense of normality,” “the return of health,” and “spiritual evolution”; and “the fall” with the subthemes of “a lack of energy,” “the mirage of transplantation,” and “hell on the earth.”
The patients had diverse experiences of the post-transplantation period, which varied from the feeling of exhilaration and youth to losing energy and the wish for not undertaking organ transplantation.

Hydraulic jump is a phenomenon which is used to dissipate the kinetic energy of the flow and prevent scour below overflow spillways, chutes and sluices. This paper applies adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) as a Meta model approach to estimate hydraulic jump characteristics in channels with different bed conditions (i.e. channels with different shapes and appurtenances). In hydraulic jump characteristics modeling, different input combinations were developed and tested using 1700 experimental data. The obtained results indicated that the applied method has high capability in modeling hydraulic jump characteristics. It was observed that the developed models for expanding channel with a block performed more successful than other channels. For rectangular channels, it was found that the basin with rough bed led to better predictions compared to the basin with a step. In the prediction of jump length, the superior performance was obtained for the model with input combinations of Froude number and the relative height of jump. From the sensitivity analysis, it was induced that, Fr1 (upstream Froude number) is the most significant parameter in modeling process. Also comparison between ANFIS and semi-empirical equations indicated the great performance of the ANFIS.

“Combining the technological and social-behavioral solutions: is one of the most important exit strategies in the water crisis that can be useful in creating infrastructural changes in society members towards water resources conversation. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to analyze farmer's participatory-oriented water conservation behavior (FPOWCB) in the environmental psychological background. The study was a descriptive-correlational research. The research instrument was a questionnaire which its validity confirmed by a panel of agricultural extension and education specialists and water experts and its reliability verified using Cronbach's alpha coefficients (0.75≤α≤0.90). The statistical population was farmers in southern part of Urmia Lake's catchment area (N= 23750) that 378 farmers were selected as a sample using Krejcie and Morgan sample size Table and stratified random sampling method. Regression analysis findings revealed that farmers with individualistic values show fewer participatory-oriented behavior toward water resources conservation than whom with collectivist values. Moreover, these two variables could predict 32.5% of changing FPOWCB. The result of independent t test showed there is a significant difference in terms of FPOWCB between two groups of farmers who participated in training courses related to water issues and those who had not participated in such classes.

Olive leaf extract is a rich source of phenolic compounds that has antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. Phenolic compounds have been inactive gradually like other bioactive compounds and make a bitter taste in foods. Microencapsulation has been introduced as an effective technique for improve stability and prevention of bitter taste of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to capsulate of phenolic compounds of olive leaves extract as Nano liposomes. Nano liposomes are prepared using of phosphatidil Colin, cholesterol and olive Leaf extract by ethanol injection method and analyzed for particle size, Zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. The mean volumetric diameters of liposomes were at the range of 50-100nm. All liposomes formulations had negative charged which increased with addition of extract up to phosphatidil Colin/extract ratio of 5/1, but higher concentration of extract led to decrease in negative charges of liposomes. Overall encapsulation efficiency of nano liposomes were 74-78 % but decreased to 57 % in phosphatidil Colin/extract ratio of 1/1. Infra-red Spectroscopy assay of samples showed there were not any chemical and physical interaction between polyphenolic compounds of olive leaves and liposomes structure. The results indicated the possibility of encapsulation of phenolic compound of olive leaves as Nano liposomes with desired properties and efficiency.