underdevelopment

The process of development in Iran has always faced challenges during the more than four decades since the revolution. This is essentially due to the absence of a consensus on development goals, conflicts among various social forces, and the prevalence of political ideologies in the design and implementation of development policies. The economic challenges facing Iranian society, such as soaring inflation, high unemployment rates, the devaluation of the national currency, the fragility of the financial-banking system, extensive economic sanctions, the interdependence between the economy and political variables, the gap between knowledge-based systems and government capacity, and the creation of a development trap, have significantly hampered the success of development in post-revolutionary Iran. The main inquiry of this article is in what ways have shifts in the discourse of development impeded progress in Iran? Therefore, the fundamental hypothesis of this research is that the cause of this failure is the creation of development traps, lack of consensus, and the transformation of development into an antagonistic issue in post-revolutionary governments from 1989 to 2021. Within this framework, the research methodology is descriptive-analytical, with an emphasis on integrating the theories of Chambers Johnson and Ajam-Oghlo and Robinson.

The planned research is a quantitative research that was conducted with a survey method.The aim of this research was to show the priority of each structure in the level of underdevelopment of Iranian society by ranking the different structures of the Iranian society and ranking its indicators.The following results were obtained:The comparison of the average ranks based on the Friedman test shows that the most important indicators of underdevelopment according to the studied people are, respectively, social structure 5.89, cultural structure 5.06, geographical structure 3.27, economic structure 3.09, legal structure 29. 2, and the political structure is 1/40 Also, among the indicators of social structure, respectively, party-playing and rent-seeking 7/83, individualism 6/31, traditionalism and conservatism 6/26, uncriticism 6/18, indifference 6/14 Among the indicators of the cultural structure, 6/96 people are ethnocentric, 6/64 are liars, jealous, hypocrites and flatterers, 6/33 alienation from history, Among the indicators of geographical structure, in the order of foreign sanctions 4.02, interference by foreigners 3.64, strategic location 3.52, attacks by foreigners 3.49, Among the indicators of economic structure, lack of technological development and industrial progress 5.18, lack of free public education 4.99, lack of sufficient income 4.34, lack of economic growth 3.57 have

When it comes to development, minds are focused on material issues and economic progress, and development is considered equivalent to material growth and progress, and the basis of development is also considered to be wealth and material facilities. But in fact, development and modernization is a multidimensional process that requires transformation in all fields of human thought and activity. Meanwhile, the role of psychological factors in the degree of development and underdevelopment of societies is very important, which has not been taken seriously in many societies. Among these factors are improving mental capital and mental health, reducing violence and aggression, resolving interpersonal conflicts, having minimum psychological defenses, bias and anti-medication, improving emotional intelligence, minimizing areas of jealousy and lying, strengthening creativity and innovation, efficiency and the like. It is that they should be manipulated as psychological variables in the course of development. A process during which, by making changes in the perceptual, cognitive, value and tendency areas of humans, capabilities and beliefs, creates a special personality in them, and the output of these beliefs, capabilities and behaviors is development in all dimensions. Psychologists believe that mental and psychological factors play a role in GDP and economic growth. therefore; In this article, with the help of qualitative and analytical methods, various dimensions of development such as economic, social, cultural and political are examined in connection with psychology and the concepts and components of psychological influence in development are known to the audience.

Reza Davari is one of the prominent figures in the field of philosophy and thought in Iran who has thought a lot about the concept of the West and modernity and has tried to respond to the pervasive crises of the new world and in particular through their knowledge and pathology. Issues and questions of one's own community. In the process of his philosophizing, he has dealt with new issues such as development and the necessity of its application, as he has provided the ground for contradictory interpretations of his views. The present article will also focus on the hidden contradictions in the judgments of the West about modernity and development, in the meantime, while showing these contradictions, we will try to analyze them as much as possible. These contradictions and contradictions can be seen in issues such as the following: the totality or disintegration of the West, the internal order or disorder of modernity, how to deal with the West, the possibility or impossibility of imitating the West, the role of philosophy in development, the possibility of imitation or The necessity of ijtihad in this direction. The main question that this discourse seeks to answer is what effect has time and the evolution of thought had on Reza Davari's intellectual confrontation with modernity and the West? Accordingly, the hypothesis of the present study is formulated as follows: And how to deal with them over time is sometimes contradictory.

The proposed article is a quantitative research that was conducted with a combined paradigm-survey method. In this article, based on Friedman's test, the priority and rank of paradigms of cultural structure, political structure and legal structure were determined in the degree of underdevelopment of Iranian society. It was also tried to measure the average underdevelopment between men and women and the average underdevelopment between single and married people based on independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test. The result indicates that the comparison of the average ranks shows that among the three paradigms of cultural structure, political structure and legal structure, the most important paradigm of underdevelopment is cultural structure 3.00, legal structure 1.78 and political structure 1.22 respectively It also shows the relationship between men and women and the degree of underdevelopment; Because the value of the significance level of the independent t-test is reported as 515%, and this estimate is above 05%, at the 5% error level, it can be concluded that the average underdevelopment of men of the same weight is the same; Therefore, the research hypothesis is confirmed. On the other hand, since the Man-Whitney test's significance level value is reported as 297%, and this value is above 05% level at the 5% error level, it can be concluded that the level of underdevelopment of single and married people is the same; Therefore, the research hypothesis is confirmed.

The purpose of this study is to review and analyze the development plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the framework of good governance theories. Good governance is a new model of governance that governments use to meet the current needs of their citizens and has three elements of government, part Private and civil society. The special role of the government in the model of good governance, providing a suitable political and legal environment, and the special role of the private sector in earning income and creating employment and special work for civil society is a mechanism for the participation of social forces. The present study seeks to answer the main question, what is the situation of Iran's development after the Islamic Revolution in the framework of a good governance model? The hypothesis that is tested in response to the main question is that, instead of synergy with the private sector and civil society, the government alone has been the agent of good governance and the main factor in development. The research method from the perspective of the applied goal and the method of collecting data and information is observation and study, which has been done by referring to the library and archive of documents, as well as searching in virtual and Internet networks. Findings show.

was tried to determine the priority and rank of the paradigms of geographical structure, social structure and economic structure in the level of underdevelopment of Iranian society based on Friedman's test. Also, an attempt was made to determine the relationship between age, academic rank with the level of underdevelopment of Iranian society from the point of view of the scientific middle class, based on Spearman's correlation coefficient. The result indicates that the comparison of the average ranks shows that among the three paradigms of geographic structure, social structure and economic structure, the most important paradigm of underdevelopment is 2/99 social structure, 1/55 geographical structure and 1/46 economic structure respectively. Also, the relationship between the value of age and the degree of underdevelopment shows that because the value of the significance level of Spearman's test is reported as 690% and because this value is more than 05% at the error level of 5%, it can be said that there is a significant relationship between the value of age and the degree of underdevelopment. does not have. Therefore, our hypothesis is rejected. The relationship between the amount of scientific rank and the level of underdevelopment also showed that because the value of the significance level of the Spearman test was reported as 681% and because this value is more than 05% at the error level of 5%, it can be said that there is a significant relationship between the amount of scientific rank and the level of underdevelopment. Does not exist. Therefore, the proposed hypothesis is rejected and not confirmed. 

Reza Shah's government was the first to focus on the dispersed sources of power by eliminating the dispersal of local powers. The persistence of ethnic divisions due to scarce resources, relative deprivation, disregard for indigenous capabilities, dispersion and alienation of ethnic groups has left the ethnic group of Lors still deprived. The main question of the research is what is the position of the Lorestan people in terms of development in the new order? Identification of Lorestan province only issues such as dispersion and lack of concentration of Lors in a specific geographical area has led to a weak formation in the use of population capacity and consequently the potential of natural resources or lack of it for the growth of residential areas of this people.

In this paper, using the descriptive-analytical method and the method of documentary collection, it is attempted to delineate the underdeveloped Iran in the Qajar era with respect to the role of government policy and characteristics from the viewpoint of Myrdal. How can Iran's underdevelopment in the Qajar era be explained by the role and peculiarities of the soft government from Myrdal's point of view?Findings indicate that the Iranian society in the Qajar era, which coincided with industrial development in the West, was increasingly exposed to the outside and the aforementioned developments, while at the same time having many problems within it, most notably Referring to the arbitrary rule of kings, the failure to enforce the rule of law in the country, the disobedience of powerful community groups including the Qajar dynasty, landlord aristocrats, tribal elders and merchants of existing laws and regulations, as well as widespread bureaucratic corruption. The soft government of Myrdal is in the political structure of Iran, which led to the Qajar era Lack the ability to enforce law, control internal affairs, and compel various groups to enforce state laws and regulations, as well as to take serious action to root out corruption at various levels and thus impede the development and implementation of modernization programs in the country. Let this era be created.

In this article, by using the descriptive-analytical method and the method of collecting documents, an attempt is made to answer the basic question of how the underdevelopment of Iran during the reign of Nasreddin Shah Qajar, according to the indicators of soft government from the perspective of the Qajar period. Mirdal can be explained? The findings indicate that the Iranian society in the era of Nasser al-Din Shah, which coincided with industrial development in the West, was increasingly facing the outside and the mentioned developments, and at the same time, had many problems inside, the most important of which We can mention the lack of social discipline, the lack of law enforcement in the country, the disobedience of powerful groups in society, including the Qajar dynasty, landed aristocrats, khans and tribal chiefs, and the merchant class from laws and regulations, as well as widespread corruption. Due to the fact that the government in the years 1227 to 1275 A.H. was not able to enact the same law, control the internal situation and compel powerful groups to implement official laws and regulations, as well as take serious action to eliminate corruption, and therefore could not develop In Iran like Western countries.

A currency crisis is brought on by a sharp decline in the value of a country's currency. This decline in value, in turn, negatively affects an economy by creating instabilities in exchange rates, meaning one unit of a certain currency no longer buys as much as it used to in another currency.currency changes is a main factor in macroeconomic fluctuations specially in under development countries like iran.in recent years great currency crisises have ocuured in iran and they had great impacts on production sector.in this paper we have studied main causes of currency crisese s and their impact on production sector in iran economy.The degree of the effect of the exchange rates on the competitiveness and the profitability of a manufacturing activity depends on the share of imported inputs in total inputs and rate of substitution between imported and locally produced inputs.in countries like iran import goods plays great role in production process and therefore changes in import goods price has big impact on production sector stability.

The low level of political development of Muslim countries involved in the phenomenon of terrorism in the Middle East region means the illegitimacy of the ruling regimes and the reduction of popular political participation with public dissatisfaction.Which has a great impact on the occurrence of political violence and makes terrorist activities an attractive option for the people of that society. The main purpose of this study, while examining the underlying causes of political underdevelopment of Muslim countries in the Middle East, is to analyze the role of terrorism as one of the most important components of underdevelopment in these countries. The present article is methodical, descriptive and analytical and based on the model of the theories of thinkers such as: Samuel Huntington and Lucien Pai as two thinkers in the discussion of the development of countries has been used in combination as a theoretical framework. The findings of this study indicate that the diverse and multi-ethnic structure, religious and mosaic nature of these societies and incomplete and artificial nation-building are important and influential factors in the formation and development of terrorism and terrorism with Creating effective infrastructural challenges and barriers complicates the process of political development in the Muslim countries of the Middle East. Political development is a fundamental change in the political beliefs of individuals and institutions of these countries, the presuppositions of which are changes in culture, economy and society. Changes in the mentioned areas become a factor for changing or consolidating the political area.

Political culture is a set of beliefs, values, and norms about power and politics that are shaped by factors such as geographic and climatic conditions, political and social structures, historical conditions, customs, and the economic system, and then form a process. Constant socialization is institutionalized and passed down from generation to generation. In the Qajar era, political culture in its unhealthy area, such as Patrimonialist culture, believed in superstitious beliefs, fatalism, and prevailing thinking in society, so that its footprint is abundantly found in travelogues, literary works, and intellectuals of this period. The present study, using a desc r i p ti v e-analytical approach and using the theoretical framework of Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis, seeks to answer the question of what role did unhealthy (superstitious and fatalistic) political culture play in the underdevelopment of the Qajar era? According to studies using library-documentary tools, it was concluded that irrationality, irrationality and ignorance, along with patrimonial culture and authoritarian structure, in this period challenged various economic, political and social challenges. It led to a tendency towards unhealthy political culture such as superstition and destiny, and this led to the reproduction of tyranny, the reproduction of ignorance, the reproduction of ignorance, and ultimately the unde rde vel op m ent and backwardness of this period.

The relation and the position of the two components of "security" and "development" play an important role in understanding and analyzing of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This article seeks to prove that "the essence of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and its reflection in the periphery of Iran has provided securitization’s bases for the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which has challenged the development of the country itself". Iran's lack of development can also endanger the security of the country in the long run. "Developmental state" is a necessary and indispensable need for the Iranian society, because in this country, the development process has been delayed very much and its current trend is slow. If Iran and the Islamic system intend to guarantee their life in the future, they must undoubtedly be on the path to sustainable development. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and using the library tool.

Conceptualization and the prism of the relationship between security and development have a great role in foreign policy making and its achievements or failures. The paper argues that with the security agenda development and superiority of the positive security approach rather than negative approach, security and development has got a total positive sum and lack of one can pose a risk to the other. Therefore, foreign policy distance from a security basis on one hand, and to develop it on the basis of the two on the other hand is undeniable.

This study tries to understand the thought of Mirza Malkam Khan and Jalal Al-e Ahmad and compare these two thoughtful about the reforms together.The essence of Mirza Malkam Khan’s idea was struggle with underdevelopment in the light of progress and also "Jalal Al-e Ahmad" considered nativism and return to the Islamic culture as a solution. The problem statements and the solution suggestions of those two thinkers can be explained in theoretic framework “Thomas Springs”. The main research question is why their responses to a same critical issue, underdevelopment, are different. Hypothesis for the question is that due to political-social conditions and different subjective assumptions of Malkam and Al-e Ahmad, in view and discover crisis, each of them has seen different ideal society and reached the contradictory responses.

Most Muslim thinkers believe that, after a golden period of culture and civilization, Islamic societies are now in decline, which has become more obvious in recent centuries due to the contact with the West. Having become conscious of their underdevelopment, Muslims reacted to this problem in various ways. In this article, the causes of such underdevelopment and the way out of it are examined, on the basis of views of two contemporary Muslim thinkers: Ali Shairati and Fethullah Gülen. The findings of the research indicate that both thinkers have been concerned with the issue of the decline in Islamic societies. Nevertheless, they did not view the issue from a sociological or economic perspective, but considered it as modern religious thinkers. Both point to political and socio-cultural causes of the decline, but regards Muslims’ distance from the true Islam as the main cause, considering the need for a new account of Islam as the way out the crisis. Shariati speaks of Islam as a revolutionary ideology encompassing a comprehensive plan for human life. Also, Gülen calls Muslims for active participation in social arena, while introduces his account of Islam within a civic framework

The researchers have been interested in studying the development gap and its causes between developed and developing countries. By emphasis on ideas of Gramsci’s followers, this article is to study the mentioned subject through theoretical perspective. Therefore, the focus of the study is on “how do the economic policies of developed countries, especially the hegemonic one, affect under-development of developing countries?” The fast answer to the question is that their supremacy in economic and fiscal system of world and also in international economic institutions is strong barrier against development process of developing countries. In addition to above mentioned question, the article is to explain economic and fiscal policies of developed countries, especially the hegemonic one, and also their effects on under-development of developed countries in international economic and fiscal institutions.

The 25 January revolution has been largely rooted in the economic hardship, vast unemployment and poverty in the country, and inability to address basic needs of the people particularly the youth. The economic hardship Egypt was long faced with should be explored through the country’s authoritarian political system. The authors in this paper seek to answer the question that what impact Egyptian political structure and institutions have left on the country’s economic development process and finally the revolution from Nasser to Hosni Mubarak. The hypothesis is that given power concentration and the existence of an oligarchical system, the chances for production and distribution of wealth have been scant in the country. Although the Egyptian government had not faced any political problem in establishing international connections, the country’s domestic political structure failed to facilitate free economic activities.