گردشگری روستایی

The aim of the present study is to identify the factors influencing social entrepreneurship in rural tourism in Gilan Province and to propose a fuzzy cognitive model. This research is considered exploratory-applied in terms of purpose and mixed-method (exploratory sequential) in terms of research type. The statistical population in the first phase consisted of 10 experts, scholars, and faculty members in the fields of tourism and entrepreneurship with outstanding experience in Gilan Province, who participated in semi-structured interviews and the Delphi technique. In the second phase, the statistical population included social entrepreneurs in rural tourism from 2022 to 2024, with a minimum of three years of work experience, from whom 12 individuals were selected for the fuzzy methodological section. For the structural equation modeling (SEM) section, social entrepreneurs active in rural tourism in Gilan Province were selected, and due to the use of the SEM method, a minimum sample size of 200 individuals wasdetermined.In the first phase, a non-probability judgmental sampling method was applied. In the fuzzy methodological phase, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was distributed to social entrepreneurs in rural tourism using a non-probability judgmental sampling approach. In the structural equation modeling phase, a probability convenience sampling method was used to distribute the questionnaire.To identify the influencing factors in the first phase, thematic analysis was conducted, followed by the Delphi technique to confirm the components. The relationships between these factors were then determined using fuzzy cognitive modeling, with the aid of FCMapper and Mental Modeler software to identify the interrelationships among the factors. Finally, the extracted model was tested using structural equation modeling within the statistical sample.Through thematic analysis, 10 key influencing factors were identified: economic and financial factors, policy and planning factors, social capital utilization, community empowerment, cultural factors, environmental factors, technological and innovation factors, social entrepreneurship in rural tourism, social factors, and human capital.These 10 influencing factors were presented to tourism experts in Gilan Province in the form of a pairwise comparison questionnaire ranging from -1 to +1. The data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed using fuzzy cognitive modeling, and the relationships among the factors were examined. The results indicated that the components of social entrepreneurship in rural tourism and community empowerment had the highest susceptibility to influence, while policy and planning factors, as well as economic and financial factors, exhibited the highest influencing power. Ultimately, social entrepreneurship in rural tourism and policy and planning factors achieved the highest central index.

The promising contribution of tourism industry in societal development makes it significant to the development program planners and suggesting researchers to identify determinants of tourism development, in general. However, this point has not been considered comprehensively in all tourism target areas, and perhaps neglecting the factors underlying rural tourism development has caused harmful effects on both the host society and tourists. So, this survey research was conducted aimed at investigating determinants of rural tourism development in tourism target villages of Dena county, Kohgilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad province with regard to components of societal capacity. The statistical population was resident household heads in tourism target villages of Dena county. The sample was consisted of 137 household heads were studied who were selected by simple random sampling method. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity is confirmed by panel of the experts. The internal consistence (reliability) was assessed using Alpha Chronbach’s coefficient (0.52-0.91). Results of analyzing the capacity factors for rural tourism development revealed desirable status of individual capacity elements, medium social capacity and undesirable status regarding organization capacity factors. Results of the logistic regression model suggested that social, individual and organizational capacities determined rural tourism development. Finally, to develop rural tourism capacity some applied suggestions were provided.

Rural participation and development is one of the most important concepts that have been discussed and investigated since a long time ago. The development of sustainable employment is focused on economic growth and sustainable rural development, which in connection with rural tourism can be fruitful in the direction of sustainable rural development. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the role of participation and rural development in rural tourism and the development of sustainable employment with the application of the rural multifunctionality index, which examines the issue using a mixed method.

This research, in terms of purpose is applid, and the research method used in it is a mixed that in the first phase, using the qualitative method of the expert panel, the opinions and consensus of the experts were collected and analyzed in order to extract the .....

Movies and TV series play an important role in attracting tourists to tourist destinations. Kazaj village in Khalkhal city hosted the filming of a part of a TV series in 2017. People and other stakeholders of tourism have different opinions about the effects of this film on village tourism. Based on this, the main goal of this research is to identify the set of effective factors in the effects of this film on tourism and to present related intellectual and mental models in this field. For this purpose, using library and field methods, the necessary data were collected from 15 experts, including the owners of ecotourism residences in the village, the villager, the owner of the filming location and some rural people familiar with this film, and through the Q analytical model and exploratory factor analysis was analyzed. The final results show that the effects of this film on village tourism, although it has had few effects in the field of promotion and introduction of the village, but the dimensions of the effects are very limited and small, and the level of attractiveness of the film and its location is low. Also, there are different mental models of film tourism in the village, the point of view of the promoters and encouragers to continue making such films, in contrast to the groups that do not consider such films beneficial in the village. It has created two or more different thought patterns related to film tourism.

Nowadays, tourism is one of the important sources of income and one of the effective factors in development and progress in countries. In this connection, rural tourism is of special importance as one of the main types of tourism. Therefore, knowing the obstacles and driving factors of this type of tourism is of special necessity. The current research has been done with the aim of identifying and explaining the factors driving and inhibiting the development of rural tourism from the perspective of experts, who have investigated the issue using a mixed method. The sequential research approach is an exploratory one that is carried out in two qualitative and quantitative phases. In the qualitative phase, using the scoping review method, the main variables and indicators were identified, and then in the quantitative phase, they were analyzed and investigated using the survey method and the questionnaire tool. According to the findings of the qualitative phase, 4 criteria and 43 sub-criteria were identified among 53 related researches. In the quantitative phase, specialists and experts in the field of tourism and rural planning commented on the approval and prioritization of each factor, and all the factors were approved in their opinion. The present study showed that various aspects promoting or hindering the development of rural tourism, including social, economic and environmental aspects of tourism development in Nir city, are considered with acceptable amounts. Therefore, the concept of rural tourism development should be effectively implemented throughout the region and existing gaps to support rural tourism development should be addressed.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of tourism entrepreneurship on the rural development of the rural areas of Rijab District. Kermanshah province, in which several factors influencing the development of this area through entrepreneurship tourism were analyzed. This study was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population was composed of the villagers of Rajab District (N = 6700), and 259 of them were sampled for the study using Bartlett et al.’s table. The measuring instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were checked and confirmed by the KMO test, Bartlett's test, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of the factor analysis showed that the most significant positive effects of the arrival of tourists in rural areas include infrastructure development (variance: 35.41%), economic and welfare development (variance: 21.84%), and development employment (variance: 13.20%). The destruction of the business environment (variance: 9.35%) can be mentioned as one of the most important negative effects. Field surveys in the rural areas of Rajab District also revealed that rural tourism in these areas is underdeveloped and that some measures to develop rural tourism entrepreneurship are expanding amenities and services, empowering villagers, strengthening physical infrastructure and extending the government’s support for entrepreneurship and rural tourism, fostering a positive view on the development of rural tourism, raising psychological empowerment, teaching the customs and traditions of the villagers to the tourists, improving social security, and improving the belief and attitude toward tourism.

The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the challenges of rural tourism development in Lande city using fuzzy cognitive mapping approach. The study population consists of experts who are aware of the tourism issues of the city and have high work experience and university professors. To collect information using fuzzy cognitive mapping method, in the first step after identifying the research problem and selecting experts with the necessary knowledge, the experts' mind map was extracted during group intellectual meetings and continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The responses were then categorized by the group facilitator based on the identified dimensions. The findings show that the cognitive mapping for rural tourism challenges includes 48 elements. Mapping analysis using FCMaper shows that these elements include 23 normal elements, 14 transmitter elements, and 11 receiver elements. The results obtained from mapping show that the element of incorrect use of loans and bank facilities in unrelated activities with having the highest input level is the most effective mapping element and the lack of proper communication road along tourist destination routes with having the highest output level is the most effective mapping element. Are study. Centrality is another indicator that shows the intensity of the effect of the elements and is obtained from the sum of inputs and outputs. Analyzes show that the element of lack of proper communication road along the target tourist routes with the highest degree of entry and exit is the most central element of mapping.

Rural tourism is a part of the tourism market and a source of employment and income, and it can be considered an essential tool for the economic, social, and ecological development of rural communities. The leading research based on the need for long-term planning in the field of rural tourism in Heris City, which is one of the most susceptible regions in the country in attracting rural tourism with various factors, is trying to reach a convincing answer to the question that the key and influencing factors on the future development of rural tourism in the city. Where is Heris? Based on the purpose, this is an applied study, and in terms of its nature and method, it is a descriptive-analytical study based on a prospective approach. Data collection tools included the use of (library) documents and interviews. To calculate validity, content and form validity methods and techniques were used. The reliability rate for "structural effects analysis" was 0.82. The panel of respondents consisted of 30 university professors and planning and development experts. This study identified 21 variables as primary factors and analyzed them with MicMac software. To determine the key drivers effective on the rural tourism approach of Heris City, based on the results of two methods, including "rank of variables in each mode" and "the total effect of variables in all modes," the key and effective factors were selected, which are "use of culture and rural art in presenting designs" and "paying attention to all levels and strata of society in presenting designs."

Developing the rural entrepreneurship ecosystem could be considered an appropriate strategy to accelerate the development of rural areas and increase job opportunities. On the other hand, applying entrepreneurship to Iran’s ecotourism and rural tourism is considered a supplement to agricultural activities to create favorable living conditions for the villagers and resolve the challenges existing in rural development. Therefore, this study sought to present a model for developing the rural entrepreneurship ecosystem in target tourism villages of Khorasan Razavi province using a qualitative research method with an applied descriptive-survey approach. To this end, the required data were collected via semi-structured interviews made with fifteen managers and board members of eco-tourist resorts. The data were then analyzed using the Grounded Theory method. Moreover, the validity and reliability of the model were measured via the Kappa index and confirmed by two researchers in the field of tourism and a few university professors. The study’s results suggested that the development of the ecosystem requires the decision maker to consider five aspects, including strategic orientation and effective leadership, identify appropriate sites’ locations, monitor the ecosystem’s development and provide its improvement mechanisms, set the demand-side policies, supply-side policies, and twelve sub-factors. Therefore, it could be argued that the proposed model may provide valuable insights for the development of an entrepreneurial ecosystem in rural areas with an emphasis on ecotourism opportunities.

The tourism industry, in addition to its advantages as one of the spatial objects, is facing risks and threatening processes that will face a decline in the benefits of this industry if not managed.  One of the most important ways to manage the risks of tourist destinations and maintain the destination is to improve tourists' perception of environmental risks before the trip. The present article examines and analyzes the risk perception indicators of environmental hazards of tourists in rural areas with descriptive-analytical methodology. The statistical population includes 267 rural tourists in the tourism target villages of Gorgan County. The collected data were analyzed using mean comparison tests, correlation tests, and heuristic factor analysis. According to the results, among the constructive dimensions of the risk perception variable (cognitive, emotional and functional) among tourists, the emotional dimension has the highest and the functional dimension has the lowest value. In addition, using exploratory factor analysis, the factors affecting tourists' risk perception could categorized into four factor; destination recognition, infrastructural and physical factors of destination, individual conditions and abilities, and social perceptions of the environment

Tourism is regarded as an inflectional factor in developing the communications between nations worldwide in today’s world, providing job opportunities in the economic sector and fostering socio-cultural interactions. On the other hand, rural tourism has widely been researched by a wide variety of scholars around the world, as it can help create new jobs, increase the residents’ revenues, and mitigate poverty, especially in villages that enjoy cultural attractions. Therefore, this sought to investigate the key factors and influential driving forces involved in developing tourism in Kandoleh village using the Delphi method and the future study approach. This study is considered applied in terms of purpose, carried out based on new methods followed in the future study, and novel exploratory and analyzing techniques using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods. In this regard, the key indices were identified via Delphi method, and the critical driving forces were detected based on the cross-impact analysis method using the Mick Mac software. The study’s results suggested that out of the twenty-eight key factors identified, efficient management and designation of Kandoleh village as the pilot site for rural tourism were the most influential elements in developing tourism within the village, followed by factors such as increased investments by the private sector, advertising, registering and preserving historical and cultural monuments, and providing security for tourists, respectively.

The existence of historical and cultural potentials and the existence of pristine ecotourism areas in rural areas provide a very favorable ground for the development of tourism in these areas. In Iran, due to the existence of large rural areas with numerous natural and historical-cultural attractions, tourism can be used as a solution for the development and revitalization of these areas. One of these areas has potential in the field of rural tourism and ecotourism, Kojoor area in Mazandaran province. The present study intends to provide appropriate planning for the development of rural tourism based on sustainable ecotourism by examining and recognizing the existing economic, social, environmental and physical fields as well as the current situation of tourism in this area. The statistical population in this study included villagers, tourists, officials and specialists and the method of data collection was both library and field. In this study, using the SWOT model, a list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was identified. Then, in order to eliminate or reduce weaknesses and threats, and strengthen and improve strengths and opportunities, based on the strategic planning process, vision statement and goals were determined, and then appropriate strategies and policies were developed to achieve the set goals. Finally, action plans at both macro and micro levels for the development of rural tourism in the Kojoor area based on sustainable ecotourism have been proposed. Findings show that Kojoor area has a special potential for the development of rural tourism and ecotourism and with proper planning can be recognized as a model tourism area in the future. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to use the participation of the local community, the support of officials and organizations related to rural tourism in the area, improve environmental and physical facilities, as well as private sector investment.

Risk perception could be considered as the first and most effective step for the optimal guidance and success of the risk management process. Today, tourism, as one of the new functions of rural spaces, is associated with many risks and threats for tourists that the perception of these dangers can play a significant role in travel decisions, readiness and their response to these dangers, the present article examines the factors affecting risk perception and its impact on the tourist's decision using the qualitative method of Husserl phenomenology. among the mentioned environmental hazards, the most possible hazards perceived by tourists in terms of human and natural hazards are the risk of road accidents and floods. The studied tourists considered objective to be more effective than subjective factors in perceiving the danger of tourist destinations. After perceiving the danger, two behaviors of avoiding travel by or facing danger have been selected equally.

Apart from its positive effects, rural areas’ tourism development would exert some tangible and intangible negative influences on the host community. For instance, some tourists destroy and damage the rural areas’ infrastructure and tourist attractions in different ways such as engraving remembrance words, breaking down trees, etc., which, in the long term, may negatively affect the relationship between the host community and the visitors of the tourism destination villages, leading to a decrease in community’s tourism reception and social tolerance. Therefore, this study sought to analyze the relationship between tourists’ vandalistic activities in rural areas and the local community’s tourism reception and tolerance in the five tourism villages of Neyshabour. To this end, a descriptive-analytical methodology was applied, using library resources and surveys to collect the required data. The study’s population comprised 92 heads of families living in the studied villages. The results suggested that the most frequent vandalized activity conducted by tourists was polluting the village and its surroundings with wastes and the use of alcoholic drinks and drugs. Scores of the locals’ tourism reception and tolerance were, except one case (tolerance of social anomalies induced by tourist visits), reported above average. Moreover, the results of correlation analysis indicated a significant reverse correlation between tourism reception and the locals’ conflict with tourists. Also, the analysis of the effect of tourists’ vandalistic activities on the local community’s tourism reception and social tolerance showed that the significance level was less than 0.05, indicating that the regression model used for the analysis was significant for both dependent variables.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs in 6 tourist villages of Binalood city of Khorasan Razavi province. The present research is applied and the method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is the tourist destination villages of Binalood city that have the highest volume of tourists and entrepreneurial activities. The sample size is based on statistics obtained from the city's Department of Industry and Mines, Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization of Khorasan Razavi Province and in consultation with village managers, owners of 196 entrepreneurial businesses in the field of restaurants, teahouses and resorts. The data extracted from the researcher-made questionnaire were analyzed using statistical analysis methods in SPSS software. The results of Friedman test showed that the humanitarian index has the highest and the economic index has the lowest average rank from the respondents' point of view. On the other hand, high chi-square coefficient shows a significant difference between the indicators. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test show the highest level of social responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs in Abreh and Jagharq and the lowest level in Zashk. In terms of moral index, there is no significant difference between villages, but in other indicators (legal, humanitarian, economic, environmental) the level of responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs in the studied villages is different.

Rural tourism is one of the factors that play an important role in improving the quality of life and is emphasized by researchers and has unique and salient features as a dynamic economic approach. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of tourism on the quality of life of the local community. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and based on descriptive-analytical nature. The sample size was estimated at 380 people according to the Cochran's formula, which was relatively proportional to the number of rural populations distributed among them.The required data were collected by library and field methods (questionnaire). analyze the framework topic (security and material welfare, housing quality, environmental health, quality of infrastructure and trade, employment and income and education). 45 items were used. The results of the analysis of the findings indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between tourism and quality of life and 0.677 of the changes in quality of life through tourism is explained. The results of the analysis of the findings indicate that according to the theories presented by the local community, tourism in all dimensions has a positive impact on the quality of life and has the most impact on the index of security and material well-being and It had the least effect on the education index.The results of Kodas technique also showed that among the 14 target villages for tourism, 3 villages of Shamshir, Harir and Sarab Hormsam were in the highest level in terms of quality indicators and 3 villages of Fash, Hajij Bozorg and Najvbaran were also in the lowest level and finally the correlation coefficient. Pearson showed a positive and significant relationship between rural tourism and quality of life.

Rural tourism has been suggested as a strategy for the development of rural areas due to its diverse functions and high ability to communicate with other sectors of the economy. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the economic barriers to tourism development in rural areas using the basic theory of tourism target villages in Zanjan province. The present study is a qualitative research group in terms of purpose, development-applied and paradigm. Library documents, photo and video preparation, in-depth interviewing and direct and non-participatory observation were used to collect information. The statistical population of this study is local managers (experts in tourism, villagers and members of Islamic councils) in eight villages of Zanjan province. The purposive sampling method (36 people with snowball method) was performed until theoretical saturation. Guba and Lincoln's evaluation method (including four stages of validity, portability, stability, verifiability, reasonableness) was used to validate the research. The collected data were analyzed through content analysis. By linking open source coding, concepts (axial coding), categories (selective coding) and validating the concepts obtained from the focal method research, the conceptual model of the research was drawn by experts and validated by the experts to validate the model. . The results show that tourism target villages of Zanjan province are facing economic challenges such as: restricting tourism seasons, vulnerability of agricultural economy, weakness of individual abilities, inappropriate economic environment, lack of risk-taking, lack of recognition. The market is faced with a lack of technical business knowledge.

Eco-tourism is one of the types of tourism that has developed rapidly in Iran. Mazandaran province has witnessed the proliferation of rural residence over the last 5 years due to the natural attractions of the rich rural culture. Use of tourism opportunities to improve the rural development and the need to establish a framework for preserving the social and natural values and controlling the quality of residential architecture , addressing the relationship between residential architecture quality and satisfaction It has made tourists indispensable. This article aims to find a framework for standardizing the architecture of residences, and assesses the satisfaction of indigenous peoples. The research method is descriptive-analytical in which after collecting a concept on enamel content analysis of theoretical foundations of indigenous architecture and identifying experienced models of satisfaction measurement, field data was collected through a questionnaire. According to the developed conceptual model, the physical, spatial, naturalistic and social dimensions of indigenous residential architecture are assumed to correspond to the basic, functional and emotional requirements of tourist satisfaction, respectively. The results of the research and analysis of the findings show that the architecture of the resorts has been the most satisfying tourist in terms of meeting the basic needs of the accommodation and accommodation and in this respect they preferred the hotels and villas. Next, architectural naturalism indices gained as much as 60% of audience satisfaction and were able to satisfy tourists' motivation for nature. The socio-cultural dimension of the resorts has the least tourist's satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to explain the factors affecting the development of rural tourism entrepreneurship. The research method is descriptive-exploratory and the main tool for data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of 174 entrepreneurs and business owners in rural tourism entrepreneurship in the country. SPSS and pls software were used for structural equation modeling. Based on the results of the analysis of the effect of the independent variables present on the development of rural tourism entrepreneurship; from the viewpoints of the respondents, the dimension of improvement and attention to the specific environmental context and characteristics of the rural manpower among the three macro dimensions have the highest importance with 0.40 and then From then on, the macro-institutional structure of the Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship with a significance of 0.35 is significant and the results show that the conceptual model and its relationships are significant.