جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کلسیم » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Kidney stone disease, is they third most important urological disease, which is considered as a universal problem. The similarity indicates that reactive oxygen species are produced in kidney stone. oxidative stress can play an important role in affecting this gene and ultimately in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases including kidney stone. Oxygen species, peroxidation products, lipids, enzyme indices and indicators of renal epithelial damage are considered as indicators of many chronic kidney diseases. The TRPV5gene plays an important role in calcium absorption and acts as a transporter. The purpose of this study is to study the relationship between the rs4252499 and rs4236480 polymorphisms of the TRPV5 gene and susceptibility to kidney stone.

In this case -control stu100 patients (average age=14.07± 45.01) and 100 normal people (average age= 45.89±14.26) were evaluated.A 5cc of blood samples were taken from each person. They genotype determination was done using T-ARMS method.

Data analysis was done using SPSS16 software.Participant’s general informations were collected using Questionnaire forms. The results of this research in molecular level showed that for rs4252499. A, factor increases the risk of kidney stone disease and for rs4236480, kidney stone disease probability is increased in presented of heterozygote genotype.Respectively (0R:2.59,95%CL:1.4-63.13,P=0.036) AND (OR:2.18,95%CL:1.17-4.07,P=0.014).rs4252499 and rs4236480 polymorphisms of the TRPV5 gene are associated with susceptibility to kidney stone disease.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the serum levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus.

  In this descriptive sectional study, infants who were admitted to the neonatal and NICU of Tehran Children's Medical Center Hospital with any diagnosis during 2018-2020 with vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency were included in the study. Serum levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, and their relationship with vitamin D deficiency were recorded and investigated.

  Among 400 included infants, 197 neonates (49.3%) had vitamin D deficiency and 203 (50.7%) had vitamin D insufficiency. The average serum level of vitamin D in studied infants was 11.477±3.55 ng/ml. There was no statistically significant relationship between the serum level of vitamin D in newborns and the serum levels of magnesium and phosphorus (P value = 0.118 and P value = 0.511), but there was a statistically significant relationship between the serum level of vitamin D and the serum level of calcium (P=0.0001). There was no statistically significant relationship between the level of serum vitamin D in newborns with the age and the gestational age of the newborn (P = 0.132 and P = 0.651). Still, a direct and significant statistical relationship was observed with the newborn's weight (P = 0.049). The average length of hospitalization in the examined infants was 16.39 ± 16.36 days. Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated the presence of an inverse and significant correlation between the level of serum vitamin D in infants and the duration of hospitalization (P=0.036). In such a way with the reduction of vitamin D serum level, the time of hospitalization increased.

  This study showed a statistically significant relationship between low vitamin D serum levels with calcium serum levels. 

Practical Implications: 

 In infants with low weight or hypocalcemia, there is a possibility of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D check is recommended to start treatment earlier and decrease the duration of hospitalization and other complications.

Regular aerobic exercise improves learning, memory, and cognitive and SynapticPlasticity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels ofcalcineurin and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II mRNA after four weeks of aerobic trainingexercises and before AD induction in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats.

Thirty 8-week-old rats with an average weight of 195±20 g were initially randomlydivided into two groups of aerobic exercise or rest for four weeks. Then, each group was divided intothree groups of AD, sham, and injection. Then, 48 hours after the last training session, Aβ1-42, or DMSOwas injected into the hippocampus. Finally, after the isolation of the hippocampus, CaN mRNA and CaMKIImRNA levels were measured.

The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the groups inmRNA CaN and CaMKII mRNA levels (P<0.05). The results showed that aerobic exercise and AD pre-inductionhad a significant effect on increasing calcineurin and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseII levels.

Overall, the findings of the present study showed that four weeks of aerobic training improvesthe molecular signaling of neuroplasticity in AD rats.

Menopause is a period in a woman’s life that can be physically damaging. However, its effect on bone mineral density is still debatable. This study investigated the relationship between serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase indices with lumbar bone mineral density in active and inactive postmenopausal women.

The number of subjects was 55 active postmenopausal women and 60 inactive postmenopausal women aged 45 to 85 years. Serum indices of calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase and anthropometric of the subjects were measured. The Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to analyze the research data. SPSS software v. 26 was used to analyze the data.

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Allameh Tabataba’i University with code IR.ATU.REC.1399.038.

The results showed a significant correlation between serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (P=0.021), calcium (P=0.019), and phosphorus (P=0.011) with lumbar bone mineral density in active postmenopausal women and also between body mass index with lumbar bone mineral density in both groups of active (P=0.014) and inactive (P=0.038) postmenopausal women. No significant relationship was found between other indicators.

According to the results of the present study, being active may have had beneficial effects on bone metabolism and has led to a better state of bone mineral density. It may also help to use these blood and anthropometric variables in identifying people at risk for osteoporosis in adulthood and old age.

Nowadays, osteoporosis is increasing, especially in postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes, including some enzyme factors, such as alkaline phosphatase and blood calcium levels. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of water exercise with Elaeagnus angustifolia supplementation on alkaline phosphatase and calcium serum levels in overweight and obese postmenopausal women.

The current apply quasi-experimental study 42 postmenopausal women living in Qazvin province, Iran, with a mean age of (52.97±5.08) years, a mean weight of (73.95±8.09) kg, and a mean height of (156±5.76) cm, were selected. Then, they were randomly divided into four groups: control (n=10), exercise + placebo (n=10), supplement (n=10), and exercise + supplement (n=12). The exercise included eight weeks of water exercise at an intensity of 60-74% of the maximum heart rate twice a week, and the supplement group received daily oral supplementation of 15 g. Blood samples were collected to measure the serum level of alkaline phosphatase with an ELISA kit and calcium with spectrophotometry method in two stages before and 24 h after the last session exercise. To analyze the differences between groups and within groups, the ANOVA test and paired t-test were used, respectively. The significance level was considered at α=0.05.

 The results of the study showed a significant difference only in serum calcium levels among exercise+placebo (P=0.013), exercise+supplement (P<0.001), and supplement (P<0.001) groups. No significant difference was observed in the other parameres between different groups.

Consumption of supplementation of Elaeagnus angustifolia with water exercise could not affect alkaline phosphatase, and body composition in overweight and obese postmenopausal women.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is one of the most well-known disorders due to long-term use of metformin due to interference with its absorption.

This double-blind randomized trial was conducted from June to October 2016 at Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Qom on 60 patients in the age group of 30 to 60 years with a history of type 2 diabetes for one to two years and taking metformin in the amount of one to two grams. Patients were divided into two groups of 30 people. The intervention group received metformin with 1 gram of calcium carbonate daily, and the control group received metformin without calcium. Each of the patients in the intervention group was given 200 calcium carbonate tablets. Vitamin B12 levels of the patients in both groups were measured before the start of the intervention, and they were evaluated in terms of neuropathy according to the Michigan questionnaire. Vitamin B12 of patients and neuropathy in two groups were measured before the intervention and after three months.

There was a difference between the two groups in terms of gender, and no significant difference was observed between the mean ages in the two groups. The mean level of vitamin B12 before receiving calcium in group A (intervention) was lower than group B (control) (P=0.036) and after receiving calcium, the level of vitamin B12 in the intervention group increased (P=0.002). In the control group, the level of vitamin B12 decreased (P=0.030). (P=0.006), and in the control group there was no significant difference in the examination of neuropathy (P=0.2).

Oral calcium daily intake increases vitamin B12 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and calcium may be able to moderate the decrease in serum vitamin B12 levels induced by metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Menopause is a period in a woman’s life that can be physically damaging. However, its effect on bone mineral density is still debatable. This study investigated the relationship between serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase indices with lumbar bone mineral density in active and inactive postmenopausal women.

The number of subjects was 55 active postmenopausal women and 60 inactive postmenopausal women aged 45 to 85 years. Serum indices of calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase and anthropometric of the subjects were measured. The Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to analyze the research data. SPSS software v. 26 was used to analyze the data.

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Allameh Tabataba’i University with code IR.ATU.REC.1399.038.

The results showed a significant correlation between serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (P=0.021), calcium (P=0.019), and phosphorus (P=0.011) with lumbar bone mineral density in active postmenopausal women and also between body mass index with lumbar bone mineral density in both groups of active (P=0.014) and inactive (P=0.038) postmenopausal women. No significant relationship was found between other indicators.

According to the results of the present study, being active may have had beneficial effects on bone metabolism and has led to a better state of bone mineral density. It may also help to use these blood and anthropometric variables in identifying people at risk for osteoporosis in adulthood and old age.

Objectives :

This study aims to identify the factors affecting the survival of hemodialysis patients using a two-stage survival/multivariate longitudinal modelling. 

Methods & Materials:

 The is a retrospective cohort  study on 395 patients aged > 60 years who underwent hemodialysis in Hasheminejad Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected over a 15-year period from 2004 to 2019. Phosphate, calcium, parathormone and creatinine variables were considered as longitudinal variables and mortality as a survival response. The two-stage survival and multivariate longitudinal modeling for long-term hemodialysis patients were fitted and the results were compared according to theirs likelihood function. Data analysis was performed in RStudio v. 3.4.3 and SAS v. 4.9 applications. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Results:

 The mean age of patients was 70.41±6.11 years. Of 395 patients, 249(63%) were male. Based on the log-likelihood function, the communication structure of the cumulative effect of longitudinal biomarkers and survival data was selected. Assuming that other variables were constant, the significance of values for mobility impairment, calcium level and parathormone level indicated that these variables were good predictors of the occurrence of death in hemodialysis patients over time. By each unit increase in each variables of mobility impairment, calcium level, and parathormone level, the risk of death increased by 1.391, 0.927, and 0.967, respectively.

Conclusion:

 By using a two-stage modelling, the variables of mobility impairment, calcium level and parathormone are found as factors affecting the risk of death in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, therapists should focus on changing health behaviors of these patients in consuming calcium and parathormone.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic and chronic disease. In this study, we examined the serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus in this disease and its relationship with clinical symptoms based on the patient's Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28).

This prospective cross-sectional study was performed on patients with rheumatoid arthritis referred to the rheumatology clinic of a military hospital in Tehran, Iran. The diagnosis was made by a rheumatologist according to the criteria of the American Rheumatological Association. After admission, the severity of rheumatoid arthritis was assessed according to DAS28 criteria, which is based on the number of painful joints, number of swollen joints, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus were also measured in all of these patients.

one hundred patients were present in this study, of which 22 were male (22%) and 78 were female (78%). The mean age of patients was 53.7±11 years (range: 26-76 years). The mean score of disease severity among patients was 14.4±1.2 (range 1.4-7.6). 12% of patients had passive disease, 8% had low-activity disease, 62% had moderate activity and 18% had severe activity. There was a significant difference between the severity of the disease and serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus. Patients with higher disease severity had lower levels of calcium and vitamin D while higher levels of phosphorus (p <0.05).

In patients with active rheumatoid arthritis, serum levels of vitamin D are low, so it is recommended to investigate the effect of this vitamin on improving the severity of the disease in these patients so that the final decision to increase this vitamin to the treatment regimen can be made.

There are controversies on the association between electrolytes and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its severity. Studies on these issues may help in resolving ambiguities. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between electrolyte indices and being infected with COVID-19 and developing severe symptoms using a meta-analysis.

A thorough search was done in national and international electronic databases using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms. Quality assessment was conducted by Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) checklist. We estimated the standardized mean difference between electrolyte indices and the incident of COVID-19 infection and its severity.

After screening the papers, 12 met the inclusion criteria. According to the meta-analysis results, the standardized mean differences for serum level of sodium and potassium between the dead and survived COVID-19 patients was estimated to be 0.22 (95% CI: -0.03, 0.46) and 0.14 (95% CI: -0.22, 0.50), respectively. The standardized mean differences for serum levels of sodium, calcium, and potassium between patients with severe and non-severe COVID-19 were estimated to be -0.28 (95% CI: -0.72, 0.17), -1.07(95% CI: -1.58, -0.55), and -0.10 (95% CI: -0.47, 0.27), respectively.

In this meta-analysis, the standardized mean difference for calcium was significantly lower in severe COVID-19 patients compared to that in patients with mild and moderate forms of the disease.

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease that can be prevented and cured. One of the most important and effective non-pharmacological interventions is performing proper physical activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 6-week performance of selected Pilates exercises for 6 weeks on some of the indicators associated with osteoporosis among postmenopausal women. This quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest design was conducted on 22 inactive postmenopausal women who participated voluntarily in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups of control and selected Pilates exercises (n=11 each). Bone alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus were measured 24 h before and after the intervention. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for outgroup comparison. The mean scores of age and body mass index of subjects were obtained at 52.87±4.58 years and 29.72 ±3.68, respectively. The results of this study showed that after 6 weeks of exercising, there was a significant difference between the two groups of Pilates and control in the bone alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus indices of postmenopausal women (P≤0.05). Accordingly, all three indices increased significantly. Based on the results, 6 weeks of Pilates exercises improved some of the skeletal structural features of postmenopausal women. Therefore, it can be stated that if physical exercises are performed regularly and for a long time, they can be preventive factors of bone-related diseases in postmenopausal women.

Identification and analysis of keratin-based tissues has always been used as an indicator of different element absorption into the body. In this study, the hair and nail compositions of people living in the urban community of Hamadan to determine the amount, difference and relationship of the measured elements were investigated.

Samples were collected from the city of Hamadan in 2019. By considering the sex and the age, the people were divided into three group of normal, athlete and addicted based on physical activities. The quantitative elemental concentration in hair and nail samples was determined by PIXE technique. The statistical data were performed by Origin Lab pro software.

Among the identified elements in the hair samples of females, a significant difference was determined between the element P with the elements of Cr and Ni (P<0.001) and a moderate difference with the element Co (P<0.01). No significant differences were found between hair elements in the male gender. Also, the quantitative p-value of element P between groups the normal people with addicts as well as the p-value of element Ca between groups of athletes with addicts was equal to p 0.01. In female nail samples, there was a significant difference between the element P and the elements of Ca, Cr and Al. The correlation coefficient of 0.33 was found among the common elements in the hair and nail samples.

The existence of a significant difference between the Calcium and its ratio in the hair and nail sample by considering the variables of gender and age can be used as a biomarker in forensic medicine.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes in which a pregnant woman develops glucose intolerance between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation (1). This type of diabetes usually resolves after delivery, but may pose risks to the mother and baby during pregnancy or after delivery (1). The results of some studies have shown that vitamin D can play a role in insulin secretion and dysfunction (13, 14). Maternal vitamin D deficiency is associated with preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, reduced birth size, preterm delivery, and adverse outcomes such as rickets, skeletal problems, diabetes, schizophrenia, developmental disorders, fetal immune dysfunction and asthma (13). The most important known role for vitamin D is to help balance and absorb calcium; Researches have shown that almost all cells in the body have vitamin D receptors. Vitamin D plays an important role in coordinating the immune system, preventing malignancy, controlling blood pressure and regulating blood sugar. Vitamin D plays a key role in insulin secretion and function, and there is a significant association between vitamin D deficiency and the incidence of insulin resistance and diabetes (15, 16). During pregnancy, significant changes in calcium and vitamin D metabolism occur in pregnant women to provide the calcium needed for fetal ossification. About 30 grams of calcium is transferred from the mother to the fetal skeleton by the end of pregnancy, and it is estimated that the fetus can receive more than 150 micrograms per kilogram of this amount daily through active transfer from the placenta during the third trimester of pregnancy (17). Regarding the importance of calcium and vitamin D, Asemi et al. In an interventional study showed that vitamin D and calcium supplementation can have positive effects on the metabolic profile of women with GDM (18). Exercise training is one of the main pillars of blood sugar control in diabetic patients (19). Non-pharmacological interventions to control blood sugar in GDM include lifestyle changes in mothers with GDM such as increased levels of daily physical activity (1, 20) and diet (21). One of the diets that is also useful for diabetics is the diet to stop high blood pressure (DASH) (25, 26). The DASH diet is a low-calorie, low-glycemic index diet. This diet contains large amounts of dietary fiber, phytoestrogens, potassium, calcium, magnesium and folic acid, and the beneficial effects of these components on gestational diabetes have been identified (27, 28). Given the importance of vitamin D and calcium in GDM, and given that no specific research has been done to compare the effect of DASH diet and yoga exercise as two non-pharmacological intervention methods in GDM; The aim of this study was to answer the question of whether there is a difference between the effect of regular yoga exercise and DASH diet alone and in combination on the control of blood glycemic and serum levels of vitamin D and calcium in women with GDM.

In this quasi-experimental study, 20 women with gestational diabetes were divided into three groups, yoga training (n=8), DASH diet (n=5) and training with diet (n=7). The exercise protocol consisted of eight weeks of yoga practice, three sessions per week, and each session lasted 50-60 minutes. The DASH diet was also controlled by a nutritionist. Blood samples were taken before and after eight weeks of interventions. In order to investigate the intra- and inter-group changes, respectively, t-test and covariance analysis and using SPSS software version 22 and a significant level of P 05 0.05 was used.

Significant decrease was founded in vitamin D level in yoga training group (P = 0.017) and significant increase was founded calcium level in DASH group (P = 0.009) and significant decrease was founded in FBS in Combined group (P = 0.019) and DASH (P = 0.008). Fasting blood sugar reduction in the combined group was significantly higher than in the DASH group (P = 0.045).

In the present study, all three intervention groups reduced fasting blood sugar in women with gestational diabetes, but this blood glycemic control was higher in the combined exercise group (yoga training with DASH diet) than the DASH group, which indicates the importance of diet combination and exercise control on blood glycemic. Regarding the effect of exercise on glucose uptake, it can be said that acute exercise stimulates glucose uptake through the upregulation of exercise on GLUT4 levels in skeletal muscle membranes. This effect is independent of insulin and glucose uptake continues for several hours after the end of exercise. Second, exercise increases insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. This effect lasts for several hours after the end of exercise and is clearly insulin dependent (19, 34, 35). Also, due to the fact that the DASH diet has limited the consumption of foods with high glycemic index, it has reduced blood sugar levels and controlled gestational diabetes. On the other hand, this diet includes large amounts of dietary fiber, phytoestrogens, potassium, calcium, magnesium and folic acid , which can be shown to have beneficial effects of these components on reducing insulin resistance in gestational diabetes (27, 28). In comparison between the methods, the fasting blood glycemic level in the combined group was significantly lower than the DASH diet group alone, which indicates the role of regular exercise in glycemic control in gestational diabetes. After eight weeks of yoga practice, a significant reduction in vitamin D was observed; however, in the group comparison, no significant difference was observed between the research groups and the average of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was still in the range of vitamin D deficiency. These findings suggest that none of the clinical intervention methods are effective on vitamin D levels in women with gestational diabetes. After the research interventions, a significant increase in plasma calcium levels was observed in the DASH diet group, but there was no significant difference between the intervention groups in the study of intergroup changes. Given that vitamin D is one of the parameters associated with serum calcium (40, 43). Overall, the findings of the present study showed that if you combine yoga exercise and DASH diet, you can achieve better results in glycemic control of women with gestational diabetes. Considering that the decrease in vitamin D levels was less in DASH and combination groups than in yoga exercises, it can be said that nutritional interventions are needed to prevent vitamin D deficiency as one of the important vitamins during pregnancy in gestational diabetes.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone that helps maintain healthy bones by absorbing calcium and phosphorus. This study aimed to determine the serum level of vitamin D among police staff and use the evaluated results to decide on the staff health and the effectiveness of organizational control and prevention programs.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed for 12 months from the start of the year 1399 in Tehran in the population of police staff referred to Medical Centers of police. With ethical and scientific issues being considered, blood samples were taken, and serum levels of vitamin D were measured using immunological kits by the ELISA method. Vitamin values less than 10 ng/ml were considered a severe deficiency, 11-30 were insufficient, and more than 30 were sufficient. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software.

From a total of 442 participants, 80% had severe deficiency or insufficient vitamin D levels (18.9% and 61.1%, respectively), and only 20% had adequate vitamin D levels. The largest deficit was observed among the 21- to 30-year-old age group. A significant difference was seen between age groups (P=0.001). In comparing different job types, administrative job positions had the highest frequency of severe deficiency and insufficient amounts of vitamin D, and the operational job positions had the lowest frequency. This difference was statistically significant
(P =0.02).

The results show that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high among police officers in Tehran (80%), which requires better planning, and appropriate and effective decision-making by the organizationchr('39')s health managers to improve employees’ health.

Jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia) is one of the most common clinical complaints during infancy among term and premature infants during the first week of life. Phototherapy is an effective and accepted treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, which may be associated with complications such as skin, eye and electrolyte disorders. This study was performed to compare the effect of phototherapy with oral calcium versus phototherapy alone in the treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term infants.

This clinical trial study was performed on 50 healthy term infants with jaundice (serum bilirubin 6.9-21 mg/dL). Neonates were randomly divided into intervention (50 mg/kg body weight of oral calcium with phototherapy) and control (phototherapy) groups. Data related to age, gender, birth weight, gestational age, number of hospitalization days and bilirubin level at the beginning of hospitalization and at 24, 48 and 72 hours were collected and compared in a checklist.

Decrease in total bilirubin level was observed with a significant difference between the two groups (p=0.000). The mean unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia showed significant difference in the intervention group (2.1±0.5 mg/dl) and the control group (2.6±1.3 mg/dl) (p=0.03). The changes in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in repeated measures was also significant in the intervention group (p=0.01).

The results of the study showed that oral calcium with phototherapy may be effective in reducing neonatal jaundice.

Preterm delivery is one of the essential midwifery problems, which causes a large proportion of infant mortality even in advanced societies. Despite advances in pregnancy care, the frequency of preterm delivery has not decreased. This study aimed to determine the relationship between serum calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium level with preterm labor in pregnant women.

In this descriptive-analytic study, 40 mothers with full-term and 40 mothers with preterm labor were enrolled. Serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were compared and compared. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software using statistical tests. The significance level was considered 0.05.

In the present study, mean (standard deviation) serum calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels respectively were 8.65 (0.72), 3.65 (0.57), and 1.89 (0.47). It was reported mmol / l and in mothers with term labor 8.8 (0.55), 3.53 (0.71) and 1.79 (0.17) mmol / lit, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the salts.

The results of our study showed no difference in serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the two groups of women with the term and preterm labor. However, further studies with a higher sample size are needed.

This study aimed to investigate the risk factors and the effectiveness of calcium and vitamin D intake in controlling the progression of osteoporosis.

This was a retrospective medical records study of the patients with osteoporosis, assessed from 2014 to 2018 in the bone density measurement center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz. Patients with a T-score of less than -2.5 and patients with at least two repeat tests in their medical records were included. After collecting patient information, the correlation between osteoporosis and  positive or negative  history of underlying disease or family history was evaluated. The effectiveness of calcium and vitamin D in controlling the progression of osteoporosis in those patients was also assessed.

16% of patients had a positive family history and 51% of patients had an underlying disease that was not significantly associated with osteoporosis. Decreased bone density in the spine area and femoral neck was significantly lower in people without basal calcium deficiency disease (P = 0.04). Changes in bone density between patients with and without underlying disease receiving calcium-D supplementation were significantly different (P = 0.02) so that in people with underlying disease, the decrease in bone density was significantly higher. There was no significant difference in changes in bone density in the spine and femoral neck between patients with and without the underlying disease who had not received calcium-D supplementation (P = 0.64).

Based on the results of the present study, there was no significant correlation between low densitometry measurements and osteoporosis in those with underlying problems like old age, nutritional factors, lifestyle and inactivity, smoking, menopause in women and low testosterone levels in men. It is important to pay attention to other risk factors in this population of patients. Calcium-D supplementation had shown a meaningful efficacy in patients without underlying disease, but this efficacy was not observed in patients with underlying disease.