جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اسکیزوفرنیا » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Caring for an adult child with schizophrenia is mostly done by the parents, who are often in old age. The physical conditions and age of elderly parents and the constant dependence of these patients on them may have a significant impact on the quality of care. The present study aims to investigate the lived experiences of Iranian elderly parents with adult children having schizophrenia.

This is a qualitative phenomenological study. Colaizzi’s seven-step method was used for data analysis. Using a purposive sampling method and considering maximum diversity, 16 elderly parents of adults with schizophrenia were selected from among those referred to the treatment and support centers in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist was used in this study. 

Four main themes and 11 sub-themes were extracted. The theme of emotional burden included the sub-themes of “endless fear and worry”, “regret and shame”, and “sadness and anger”. The theme of caring burden included the sub-themes of “impaired social and family relationships”, “helplessness and ineffective support”, and “challenges of the healthcare system”. The theme of optimal and effective care included the sub-themes of “purposeful effort for the child's recovery” and “commitment and responsibility”. The theme of coping strategies included the sub-themes of “spiritual coping strategy”, “adaptive psychological strategies”, and “maladaptive psychological strategies”. 

Caring for an adult child with schizophrenia brings is burdensome and have adverse psychological consequences for elderly parents. It is essential to support these parents to help them overcome psychological challenges during caregiving and use adaptive psychological coping strategies by providing psycho-educational interventions.

Schizophrenia is the most debilitating psychiatric disorder with the highest psychiatric ward admission rate. Drug therapy is the first line of treatment. However, it does not result in appropriate therapeutic responses in many patients, and they experience emotional regulation difficulties and psychosis symptoms after initial symptom resolution. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is currently an adjuvant treatment besides drug therapy to target the persistent symptoms of psychosis. The present study aims to determine the effectiveness of CBT on the positive and negative symptoms and emotional regulation of those suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

The research design was single-subject and of the AB type (baseline and intervention) with a follow-up phase. Besides the routine therapy sessions, CBT sessions were held for the study participants. They were patients admitted to Razi Educational and Therapeutic and Research Psychiatric Center in Tehran City, Iran, who were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Thirty patients were selected with convenience sampling, and 5 were randomly placed in the CBT group. They were evaluated with the scales of positive and negative symptoms of Kay, Fiszbein, and Opler (1986) and difficulties in emotional regulation by Gratz and Roemer (2004) in the baseline, intervention, and follow-up phases. The treatment sessions were planned based on the CBT protocol developed by Laura Smith, Paula Nathan, Uta juniper, Patrick Kingsep, and Louella Lim (2003). Non-overlap of all pairs (NAP), percentage of non-overlapping data (PND), percentage of all non-overlapping data (PAND), percentage of data points exceeding the median (PEM), Cohen’s d effect size, and improvement percentages were used to analyze the data, and visual graphs were used for data presentation.

The outcomes showed that in the intervention phase, compared to the baseline phase, the effect sizes of the positive and negative symptoms in the first to fifth participants were 1.6, 3.1, 3.2, 1.9, and 2.4, respectively. Only the effect sizes of the second and third participants were large. The effect sizes of the emotional regulation factor in the first to fifth participants were 2.8, 1.2, 1.1, 2.2, and 1.9, respectively. The effect size of the second participant was large, and the rest were average. The findings of this study showed that during the post-therapy and follow-up stages, while patients who had received CBT still experienced positive and negative symptoms of psychosis and difficulties in emotional regulation; these symptoms decreased in comparison with the baseline phase. Furthermore, their improvement percentages were not significant.

n Data analysis showed that although CBT is effective in reducing positive and negative psychotic symptoms and improving the emotional regulation of patients, the data obtained from Cohen’s d effect size and recovery indices showed that the results are not clinically significant. In other words, although the patients who received CBT showed a slight improvement in psychotic symptoms and difficulty in emotional regulation, they could not maintain the therapeutic gains in the follow-up phase.

Many neurological and psychiatric disorders are not due to mutations in a specific gene; rather, they are attributed to dysregulation of genes’ functions and signals that control their expression. Complex 'epigenetic' mechanisms regulate various gene activities with long-lasting effects within mature neurons and other cells of brain tissue. The present study reviewed related investigations up to 2021 by searching keywords including epigenetics, DNA methylation, microRNA, RNA editing as well as psychiatric disorders, schizophrenia, autism and bipolar disorder in PubMed database. Among collected articles, the most relevant research articles related to the topic of this article were selected and reviewed. Currently, at least four epigenetic mechanisms are known, that through altering DNA, RNA or histone codes, regulate genes’ expression levels. Meanwhile, these epigenetic mechanisms themselves are under the influence of internal and environmental factors and may be dysfunctional secondary to malnutrition, contaminants, toxins, drugs, substances, infections, etc. Many studies have shown that various epigenetic aberrations are involved in the expression of genes involved in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, and bipolar disorder. A comprehensive investigation on epigenetic alterations and the environmental factors that mediate these alterations can help to improve preventive and therapeutic strategies in neuropsychiatric diseases.

 This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding pregabalin to standard antipsychotic treatment in patients with chronic schizophrenia.

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, participants were 48 male inpatients aged 18-65 years with chronic schizophrenia but with clinically stable conditions. They were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n=24) and control (n=24). The intervention group received 75 mg of pregabalin per day for three weeks which was increased to 150 mg per day from the fourth week to the end of the study, in addition to standard antipsychotic medication for six weeks. The severity of psychotic symptoms was assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and their movement disorder symptoms were evaluated by the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) and Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) at baseline and at 3th and 6th weeks of the intervention. Collected data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS v.20 software, considering P<0.05 as the statistically significance level.

 No significant differences were observed in severity of disease based on the PANSS total score and its three subscales (positive scale, negative scale, and general psychopathology) and in the BARS and SAS scores at the end of 6th week in groups and between the two groups.

Adding 150 mg of pregabalin to the standard antipsychotic treatment of patients with chronic schizophrenia is not effective in improving their psychotic symptoms, but it is well tolerated.

 Conventional psychiatric treatments have weaknesses in the treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and have little effect on skill-training and community-based areas. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of the Community Re-entry Program as a community-based complementary therapy in increasing therapeutic compliance and reduction of relapse and rehospitalization in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

The present study was performed by quantitative method with repeated measures and using randomized clinical trial (RCT) research design. The statistical population of the study included all patients who were admitted to the acute wards of Raazi Psychiatric Hospital between January 20 and March 20, 2017, with a diagnosis of at least one of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A total of 80 patients with inclusion criteria were selected by simple random sampling and randomly assigned to the intervention (40 patients) and control (40 patients) groups using a random number table. The Intervention method was the “Community Re-entry Program” which was performed in 16 group sessions with a frequency of 4 sessions per week, in combination with conventional psychiatric treatment in the experimental group, while the patients in the control group received only conventional psychiatric treatment. The only tool used in the present study was a demographic questionnaire and the variables of therapeutic compliance and reduction of relapse and rehospitalization were also evaluated at intervals of 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge through telephone interviews with patients' families. The use of drugs, relapse of the symptoms, and rehospitalization of patients were evaluated in the mentioned time periods. Collected information and data were analyzed using SPSS-16.

 The results showed that the implementation of community re-entry program in combination with conventional psychiatric treatment had an effect on increasing therapeutic compliance ( = 40/145, P= 0/001) and reduction of relapse ( = 45/54, P= 0/001) and rehospitalization rates ( = 40/75, P= 0/001) in patients.

 The Community Re-entry Program, as an adjunct to conventional psychiatric treatment, is one of the effective interventions to increase therapeutic compliance and reduce the rate of relapse and rehospitalization. In order to compensate for the weakness of conventional psychiatric treatment in increasing therapeutic compliance and reducing the relapse and rehospitalization rate of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, non-pharmacological complementary therapies such as Community Re-entry Programs can be used.

Schizophrenia is one of the most severe psychiatric disorders that has a recurrent nature. Frequent relapses have destructive impacts on patient’s thoughts, behaviors and relationships. These can lead to disruption of personal and social performance of patient. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for increasing the number of relapses.

In this retrospective cohort study, data from medical records of individuals with SSD who were admitted at least once to Farabi Hospital between 2015 and 2019 years extracted. To determine factors related to recurrence of Schizophrenia, Univariate and multivariate analysis and multivariate Poisson Regression were performed respectively. Analysis was done using STATA 14.1.

Based on extracted data from 401 medical records, 255 (63.6%) were males and 146 (36.4%) were females. A total of 1105 relapse were observed in males with 683 cases, and females with 422 cases. 65 patient experienced relapse from 5 to 11 times. Among considered variables, Employment status (RR=0.85, P-value=0.043), age (RR=0.99, P-value=0.03), Mode of Onset (RR=0.78, P-value=0.027) and Medication Adherence (RR=1.67, P<0.001) were significant on increasing readmission.

According to the results of this study, the young age of onset of schizophrenia, the gradual onset of the disorder, unemployment and drug non-compliance had a significant effect on increasing the risk of recurrence in patients with schizophrenia. considering above risk factors, it seems necessary to perform preventive and therapeutic measures to reduce the risk of relapses. Patients with non-adherence can be under education and counseling.

Schizophrenia is the most debilitating psychiatric disorder in which the families of patients with schizophrenia play an important role in the care and recovery process. The aim of this study was to explain the lived experiences of families with schizophrenia.

This qualitative research was conducted using purposive sampling with 16 family members with patients with schizophrenia in 2020 in Gorgan (Iran). Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data until saturation was reached. Data analysis was performed using Van Menen's phenomenological approach. Ethical considerations were observed in human research.

From the data analysis, four main themes were extracted, including "drowning in the vortex of disease, trying to control life, wandering in the duality of care, to grin and bear with the disease."

The findings indicate that families are suffering, confused and neglected in society. So that despite the burden of patient care, they still try to overcome the problems. It is necessary to address the challenges of the family with a patient with schizophrenia in a deep and fundamental way so that more services can be provided to them with better planning and more equitable distribution of resources.

 Patients with severe psychiatric diseases, due to the debilitating and chronic nature of these diseases, requires prolonged care by family and other rated people. In addition to the patient, these diseases affect the caregiver and create high psychological, social, and individual pressure to take care of themselves. This study aims to compare the burden of schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder (BD) type 1, and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) on the family caregivers in Iran. 

In this descriptive-analytical study, using the non-probability sampling method, 450 family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia, BD type 1, and ASD were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Data collection tools comprised a demographic checklist, short-form Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-12), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). The questionnaires were distributed to the patients selected from the Psychiatric Institute of Tehran, Iran Psychiatric Hospital, and Ali Asghar Hospital. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA for evaluating the relationship of demographic factors with the amount and severity of disease burden, and interclass correlation coefficient in SPSS v. 22.

 The disease burden was higher on caregivers of ASD patients, followed by that of BD type 1 and schizophrenia patients. The highest and lowest hours of care were related to the ASD and schizophrenia groups, respectively. Women made up the majority of family caregivers. The educational level of family caregivers was higher in the BD type 1 group and was lower in the schizophrenia group. Most caregivers in the BD type 1 group were employed, while most of them in the schizophrenia group were housewives. The lowest and highest income levels were related to the family caregivers of ASD and schizophrenia groups, respectively. The highest and lowest hospitalization frequencies were seen in the BD type 1 and ASD groups, respectively.

 The burden of three diseases on the family caregivers is high. It is recommended that state-run consulting and screening centers be more active in this field. Because of the low-income level of some family caregivers, it is better to plan for more employment of family caregivers with the assistance of governmental and non-governmental organizations. It is better to hold strategic classes for the family caregivers to reduce their disease burden. Different methods to reduce the burden of diseases in caregivers, such as lowering care hours and using respite care and respite recess and dividing tasks between caregivers, using social or daycare services, can reduce their symptoms of depression and anxiety. Their depression and anxiety should be monitored, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures should be used for their treatment.

Conventional psychiatric therapies have shortcomings in the treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and have little effect on skills and community-based areas. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of community return program (CRP) as a community-based complementary therapy method in increasing readiness for discharge and post-discharge adjustment in patients with schizophrenia.

The statistical population in this randomized clinical trial (RCT) was all patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who were admitted to Razi Psychiatric Hospital in 2017. Eighty patients were selected by simple random sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The intervention method was CRP along with conventional psychiatric treatment in the experimental group, while patients in the control group received only conventional psychiatric treatment. The measurement tools included a demographic data form, CRP test, CRP daily Schedule, and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule. The frequency of patients 'aggression after discharge from the hospital was also determined and recorded at one, three, and six months after discharge from the hospital through telephone interviews with patients' families.

Implementation of CRP along with conventional psychiatric treatment was more effective than control group on the components of discharge readiness (discharge readiness, and awareness of disease, relapse symptoms and medication information) (p=0.01) and coping capacity (increase ability and performance improvement, ability to daily scheduling, aggression rate (p=0.01).

In order to compensate for the weakness of conventional psychiatric treatment in increasing preparedness for discharge and post-discharge coping of patients with schizophrenia, non-pharmacological complementary therapies such as CRP can be used.

 This study aims to investigate niacin sensitivity in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy people and examine the accuracy of niacin skin flush test in diagnosing schizophrenia.

 This diagnostic study was conducted in 2018 in Zanjan, Iran. Three niacin concentrations (0.001 M, 0.01 M, and 0.1 M) was first applied topically to the skin of 36 schizophrenia patients and 33 healthy controls. Flush responses were evaluated at 10 and 15 min after application. Sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of the test were measured for each niacin concentration and evaluation time. 

 At 10 min, the highest test accuracy was reported when 0.001 M niacin solution was used (Sensitivity=94%, specificity=50%, PPV= 51%, and NPV= 94%). At 15 min, the highest test accuracy was observed at 0.01 concentration (Sensitivity=52%, specificity=92%, PPV=79%, and NPV=77%).

 Flush responses to niacin is more impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, niacin can be considered as a biological marker of schizophrenia and can be used for its diagnosis.

Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling mental disorder and medication non-adherence remains a significant challenge for the patients and psychiatrists. The present study aimed to assess the impact of short-message service (SMS) on medication adherence in schizophrenic patients as compared with the control group.

A total of 63 patients with schizophrenia were assigned to the intervention group (N= 32) and the control group (N= 31). The patients in the intervention group received a daily SMS that read, ‘‘Please remember to take your medication” at 8:00am and 8:00pm. Medication adherence was assessed by the self-report Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) at baseline and in the 3rd month, and the 6th month.

Patients receiving SMS had a significantly greater improvement in medication adherence compared with the control group in the 3rd month, but there was no significant difference in the 6th month.

The results of the present study showed that text message reminder for medication intake is an effective and feasible strategy for enhancing medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia.

Theater therapy is one of the effective treatment methods in teaching communication skills. Due to the lack of verbal and non-verbal skills, as a result of affecting the quality of life of people with schizophrenia, this study was conducted with the aim of the effect of theater therapy on cognitive regulation and quality of life in these people.

Methods and Materials: 

This study was a clinical trial and pretest-posttest and control group. Samples were randomly selected among patients who referred to Atieh neurology and psychiatry occupational therapy center and were divided into control and experimental groups. Theatrical therapy was performed in groups for 1-hour 8 sessions program. The cognitive excitement regulation questionnaires and quality of life questionnaires were administered to collect the data.

The study included 20 people with schizophrenia, including 6 women and 14 men each person was randomly divided into two groups of treatment and control (10 treatment group including 5 women and 5 men, control group 1 woman and 9 men). The mean age of the participants in the treatment group was 41.80±8.36 and the control group was 45.20±7.78. Data analysis showed that the differences in none of these subscales of quality of life and cognitive regulation questionnaires were significant.

According to the results of this study, the treatment of theater therapy in this group of patients does not have much effect on quality of life and cognitive regulation, but this method can be supplemented to change behavior, reduce depressive symptoms using various methods such as self-presentation, deviated from the role and predicted future, which leads them to talk and play with others, used.

One way to evaluate visual-spatial functions is to use line bisection test. With the advancement of information technology, this study attempted to design a line bisection test software and investigate its efficacy compared to the conventional paper-pencil form in schizophrenic patients.

The present study was a causal-comparative one and line bisection test software was designed with visual studio 2015 exactly the same as the paper-pencil form. In the first stage, 30 healthy individuals were selected by purposive method according to the inclusion criteria and each of them took 3 software tests and 3 paper-pencil tests and the mean deviations were calculated from the midpoint of the line. Then, the results of the two tests were compared. In the next stage, to test visual-spatial performance, 15 schizophrenic patients were randomly selected from hospitalized psychiatric patients and both software and paper-pencil forms of line bisection test were performed for each patient.

Using one-way analysis of variance, the mean deviation from the mean in healthy individuals and schizophrenic patients was evaluated and the results showed no significant difference between software and paper-pencil forms (P<0.05). Due to the high accuracy of software implementation, the errors due to randomized responses are detectable by the software.

The results of this study indicated that line bisection test software is a good alternative to paper pencil test to evaluate the spatial-visual performance of schizophrenic patients and this software can be used to evaluate cognitive functions, especially the parietal lobe injuries of schizophrenic patients.

Defective executive functions impair behavioral and emotional control in schizophrenia patients, and identification of its correlates can help design treatment protocols.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between visuospatial functions and executive functions of female patients with schizophrenia admitted to a psychiatric hospital.

In this descriptive correlational study, the statistical population consisted of female patients with schizophrenia admitted to Najaf-Abad Modarres Psychiatric Hospital from September 23, to December 21, 2019, to receive medical treatment. To conduct this study, 50 individuals were selected using the purposive sampling technique based on inclusion criteria. The subjects were subjected to mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and clock drawing test (CDT). Data were analyzed using SPSS-24 by Pearson correlation and stepwise regression methods.

Results indicated significant positive relationships between visuospatial functions in the first (r=0.414, p<0.01) and second (r=0.552, p<0.01) stages with executive functions of patients in the CDT. Among predictor variables, the visuospatial function in the second stage (beta coefficient=0.524) was a significant predictor of executive functions in schizophrenia patients (p<0.05).

It can be concluded that executive functions in patients with schizophrenia can be improved by providing cognitive rehabilitation interventions and timely and appropriate training to enhance their visuospatial function.

The use of rehabilitation treatments along with drug therapy can greatly help in the treatment of schizophrenic patients and their return to society. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Community Re-entry Program on improving insight in people with schizophrenia.

The present study is a pre-test, post-test clinical trial with the statistical population including all patients with schizophrenia admitted to the Tolue rehabilitation center. For this purpose, 40 patients admitted to Tolue Rehabilitation Center who met the inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups. The experimental group received a community Re-entry program for sixteen sessions. The groups were tested by Anderson's positive and negative symptoms questionnaire before and after the intervention, after completion and two months later. Data were analyzed using t-test for two independent groups, and covariance analysis by SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL; Version 18

The results showed that patients in experimental group compared to control group after implementation of community Re-entry program on negative symptom scales (P = 0.000), disruption (P = 0.000), excitement (P = 0.000)). Anxiety, depression (P = 0.000), positive symptoms (P = 0.000) and total positive and negative symptoms (P = 0.000) at posttest and follow-up on negative symptom scales (P = 0.000). Significant differences were observed between rupture (P = 0.000), excitement (P = 0.01), anxiety and depression (P = 0.000), positive symptoms (P = 0.000) and total positive and negative symptoms (P = 0.001). (P-value<0/05).

Schizophrenia is one of the most severe chronic diseases in psychiatry. The person with this disease receives the highest level of family care. The diversity and severity of family care roles in schizophrenic patients can create a lot of psychological burden in family caregivers and disrupt family functioning. The purpose of this study is to status of psychological burden and the role of family careers in patients with schizophrenia.

This study is a review article that was searched in electronic and paper sources for year 1990-2017 in SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed databases. The key words of schizophrenia, family careers, psychological burden, function, mental patients was used.

The caring pressure for families of schizophrenic patients causes disorders of family relationships, restrictions on social activities, work and recreation, financial problems and physical problems, anxiety, depression, poor quality of life, violent behavior with patients. Studies have shown that these families have poorly functioning, so that the coherence and consistency of the family of these patients and the understanding of their members of their own will also lead to problems. The families of these patients are less capable of solving the problem, performing tasks and roles to meet the emotional and economic needs, verbal and nonverbal communication, and emotional response.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Psychiatric team can help the vulnerable population by providing emotional and psychological care through the role of the teacher. Family therapy interventions will help the patient's relatives to change their attitude towards the disease, its signs and symptoms, and to alleviate stress and psychological stress, and provide them with mental health.

 Psychosocial stresses and stresses caused by schizophrenic patients are a significant but common practice that, if left untreated and intervened, can lead to a reduction in the physical and mental health of family caregivers as hidden patients, and The quality of care they provide is effective.  The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of peer-centered education on psychological burden on family caregivers of schizophrenic patients.  This study was a clinical trial performed on 64 family caregivers of patients admitted to the military hospital with schizophrenia in 2018. Patients were selected using a purpose-based method and randomly divided into two groups of test and control. For the experimental group, peer educator training was performed for 6 sessions and the control group did not take any action. Finally, the psychological burden of the two groups was compared. P less than 0.05 was considered as a significant level.  There were no significant differences between the two test groups between the two variables. In the pre-intervention stage, the mean psychological burden was not significantly different in the two groups of test and control, while immediately and two weeks after the intervention, this difference was significant (P<0.001).Also, the results of the ANOVA test showed significant differences between the two groups (P<0.001).
Discussion and  Considering the average level of mental burden of the samples in this study and considering that the results of this study indicate the positive effects of peer-to-peer education on the psychological burden of families of schizophrenic patients, it is recommended to use successful experiences of peers as a model with Creating empathy between educator and learner to reduce the psychological burden of families of schizophrenic patients in hospitals and after discharge.
IRCT No. : IRCT2018122180420040N1

Schizophrenia is one of the chronic psychiatric disorders that positive and negative symptoms, particularly negative ones, causes reducing performance in personal, social, and family performances.
The present study is aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) in combination with pharmacotherapy on negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
This is a single-subject method with multiple baseline and follow-up design. Four patients with schizophrenia diagnosis by psychiatrist were selected via purposive and convenience sampling method. The negative symptoms were measured using the Andresen’s Negative Symptom Scale (1982). Patients entered the intervention phase step by step and received stimulation with intensity of 2 mA in their cortical region of the Left Dorso – Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in ten sessions. At the end of the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth sessions, they were interviewed and their scores were recorded. Two weeks follow up was done. To analyze the data trend and stability index was used.
The results indicated that the Trans cranial Direct Current Stimulation in combination with pharmacotherapy has the highest effectiveness on alogia (poverty of speech) and Attention-Deficit in all four subjects. But its effects on the affective flattening or blunting and avoliton- apathy, anhedonia- asociality depending on the patient's age, the duration of suffering from the disease, and medicinal diet of patients are different.
Based on results it can be said that Trans cranial Direct Current Stimulation in combination with pharmacotherapy can be effective in reducing negative symptoms of schizophrenic patients.

 The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between transdiagnostic factors and psychotic symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia disorder. Materials and 

In this descriptive-correlational study, 60 individual with schizophrenia disorder in Mashhad and Neyshabur in 2017 were selected by convenience sampling method. The participants completed Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS), Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (SAQ), Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and regression analysis.

The result showed that there are significant relationships between transdiagnostic factors, namely intolerance of uncertainty (p=0.01), cognitive avoidance (p=0.01), experiential avoidance (p=0.01), worry about worry (p=0.01), adaptive (p=0.01) and maladaptive (p=0.05) cognitive emotion regulation, and psychotic symptoms. In addition, experiential avoidance and intolerance of uncertainty predicted psychotic symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia disorder.

The results of this study emphasize the importance of transdiagnostic factors in experience of psychotic symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia disorder.