Economic Growth

Considering the importance of the variables of institutional quality, education quality and health expenditure in the economic growth of countries, in the present research, the threshold effects of institutional quality on the relationship between health expenditure, education quality and economic growth of selected oil exporting countries were investigated.

For this purpose, the data of 15 selected oil exporting countries including Algeria, Angola, Congo, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela during the period of 2001 It was used until 2022. The data analysis method is based on the panel threshold approach (PSTR).

The findings of the research showed that institutional quality, health expenditure and quality of education had positive and significant effects on the economic growth of the studied countries. Also, the results have confirmed the existence of threshold effects of institutional quality on the relationship between health expenditures, education quality and economic growth, so that in the first regime, government expenditures and education quality had less effect on the economic growth variable, while in the second regime Second, this effect is strengthened.

Based on this, it is concluded that a threshold level of institutional quality is necessary for a stronger effect of the quality of education and health expenditures on the economic growth of the countries under review.

The health financing system and health costs in society is "the process of collecting, aggregating and managing financial resources in order to purchase health services". Iran's health financing system is facing challenges. Providing, maintaining and promoting health in society; Responding to their clinical and non-clinical expectations and supporting them financially against catastrophic health costs is one of the general goals of the health system. Increasing the health budget of the government and using it correctly in the health system is considered an investment that will show its positive effects years later. Improving people's health will lead to an increase in their healthy working days and more work and production and paying more taxes to the government. In the present study, the relationship between financial depth, macroeconomic fluctuations and health costs with economic growth has been investigated, considering the threshold effects of the shadow economy.

In this article, the threshold effects of the shadow economy will be investigated on the relationship between financial depth, health costs and macroeconomic fluctuations with economic growth by applying Star's threshold regime change models. In Iran during the time period of 1370-1401 and using the soft transfer threshold approach (STAR) was discussed.

The estimation results of the nonlinear part of the model (second regime) show that the shadow economy variables, exchange rate fluctuations, inflation, government spending in the health sector, liquidity growth and nominal interest rate have a negative relationship with the economic growth index. so that the variables of the shadow economy, exchange rate, inflation, government spending, liquidity growth and nominal interest rate respectively lead to a decrease; 21%, 17%, 7%, 10%, 5% and 3% economic growth.

crisis management related to exchange rate fluctuations, inflation and shadow economy is one of the most important things done by the country. On the other hand, the main channel of influencing the financial depth is done by increasing the efficiency of investment and monetary policies. Therefore, the way of financial market liberalization, weak management of the financial system and the lack of formation of coherent financial markets and the benefit of regulations in the country can be seen as the reasons for reducing the efficiency of investment through the non-optimal allocation of resources in the country. Therefore, it is necessary for the country, while improving the level of security of the relevant platforms, to complete and revise the existing laws and regulations in the field of banking, economics and electronic banking, etc., with the approach of adapting the aforementioned laws to international regulations.

Economic resistance means strengthening the economy to accelerate economic growth and GDP when the country is under the illegal and oppressive sanctions of hostile regimes. The health system is one of the important parts of production cycles in our country, relying on the capability and skills of experts in this field. Under the influence of sanctions, health system has also received a severe pressure and difficulty in supplying some basic health-related items and financing. However, properly allocating resources and applying the Supreme Leader's guidelines on the economic resistance can help solve these problems. Also, using the health system's production potentials in health tourism, etc., can promote this system as an important part of the country's production system. In addition, current situation and the coronavirus outbreak shed light on the importance of the health system worldwide. During the epidemic, the lack of resources and workforce in the health system can be solved based on the economic resistance guidelines.

Investigating spiritual obstacles and damages that challengethe economic growth in the Islamic society and affect theIslamic economy is the subject of this research. The purposeof the author in this article is to investigate the relationship andimpact of spiritual obstacles in economic growth andsustenance and livelihood of people and economy in theIslamic government from the perspective of the verses of theHoly Quran.In fact, in this research, the author seeks to investigate therelationship between obstacles such as symptoms and turningaway from the remembrance of God, blasphemy andcommitting sins as obstacles that have a negative impact oneconomic growth and cause disruptions in the economicsystem and many challenges and harms. It creates betweenpeople in Islamic society and Islamic government.Since the attitude of the religion of Islam and the Holy Qur'antowards man and his livelihood is all-round and complete likeother aspects of his life, therefore, regarding the obstacles andharms that exist on the way of Islamic economy, only materialand tangible obstacles are mentioned. He did not stop thereand analyzed the spiritual obstacles of economic challengesand explained the solutions to overcome these obstacles. Theresearch method of this article is descriptive and analyticalwith library technique.

Many studies have examined the relationship between economic growth, environmental pollution, and health expenditures by combining different variables. However, the role of ICT and renewable energy consumption in health expenditures has been overlooked. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamic links between health expenditures, environmental pollution, economic growth, information and communication technology and renewable energy consumption in Iran.

This descriptive-analytical and applied study was performed using time series data extracted from the World Bank and Iran Statistics Center from 1981 to 2019 for Iran. In this study, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to evaluate the long-term and short-term dynamic, unit root tests and diagnostic tests CUSUM and CUSUMQ and Canonical Co-Integrating Regression (CCR) Dynamic least squares (DOLS), and fully modified least squares (FMOLS) have been used to validate the results of ADRL estimates in Eviews12 software.

The results of ARDL estimation method showed that in the long run, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth have a positive effect on health expenditures with a coefficient of 0.829 and 1.065, respectively. Renewable energy consumption with coefficient -0.0808 was a significant negative role in reducing health expenditures. The coefficient of -0.286 obtained for the information and communication technology variable at the level of 95% indicates a reduction in health expenditures in parallel with the development of information and communication technology. Short-term results also showed that COE with a coefficient of 0.193 has a positive effect on HE. In addition, EG has a positive effect on HE with a coefficient of 0.828. Also, ICT and REC with coefficients of -0.199 and -0.080 have a negative effect on HE. CUSUM and CUSUM squares confirmed the stability of the parameters and CCR, DOLS and FMOLS regressions confirmed the results of ADRL model.

Increasing economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions had a positive effect and the consumption of renewable energy and information and communication technology had a short-term and long-term negative effect on health expenditures; Therefore, policies to maintain sustainability, reduce environmental pollution, focus on renewable energy projects, as well as invest in information and communication technology equipment and infrastructure will be beneficial.

Achieving sustainable economic growth requires investment in infrastructure to increase production capacity. Such investments include not only physical investments, but also human investments, education, and health. In this study, we aim to analyze the effect of labor force education in the health sector on Iran's economic growth.

This is an experimentally analytical-descriptive study conducted using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) and annual data for Iran from 1991to 2019. In addition to analyzing the effect of labor force education in the health sector on economic growth, the effect of public education, higher education in the Ministry of Science, physical investment, openness, and export were also examined. Data were extracted by documentary method from the database of the Statistics Center of Iran, and estimates were made using Eviews 10 software.

Findings of this study indicated the positive effect of independent variables on Iran's economic growth, in which the coefficients of public education, labor force education in the health sector, labor force education in the Ministry of Science, physical investment, openness, and exports were equal to 0.0125, 0.621, 0.8752, 0.449, 0.218, and 0.2429, respectively.

Results of the model estimation indicated the positive impact of public education, labor force education in the health sector, and labor force education in the Ministry of Science. Based on the results of the present study, the adoption of appropriate policies by policymakers in the field of educational investment at the public and higher levels, especially in the health sector, has an effective role in increasing Iran's economic growth.

The countries should be economically developed in today’s world. By reviewing the literature, a healthy and efficient workforce is a key factor in economic development, which indicates the effectiveness of the health sector in countries. Efficient information systems should be used to achieve efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, service quality, and customer satisfaction. The present study aimed to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the efficiency of hospital information systems.

Interviews and questionnaires are collaboratively used in this study to identify the factors affecting the productivity of hospital information systems. A total of 22 hospital information systems specialists (IT and system support experts) were selected based on the purposive sampling method. In the present study, expertschr('39') views on the factors affecting the productivity of hospital information systems were first identified using a survey research method. The factors are prioritized from the questionnaires and the Fuzzy Delphi method.

After analyzing the findings, it was found that physicianschr('39') satisfaction, information quality, usability, appropriate support, high reporting ability, being on the web, and proper user training are the factors affecting the efficiency of hospital information systems.

As a result, considering the findings of this study during the implementation of information systems projects, hospital officials can play a significant role in economically improving public health.

Economic growth and sustainable development is the ideal goal of all nations and directly leads to improving the health of society. However, indirectly and through environmental degradation can have a negative impact on health status, so the main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of economic growth and environmental quality on health expenditures in Iran.

The present descriptive-analytical and applied study at the national level was performed using the autoregression econometric method with distributive intervals in Eviews 10 software. The data were of the annual time series that were extracted for the years 2006-2006 from the databases of the World Bank, the Statistics Center of Iran and Yale University.

There was a long-term relationship between economic growth, environmental quality and health spending in Iran. The long-term elasticity of health expenditures to GDP, environmental performance index and government health expenditures were 0.85, -0.13 and 1.18, respectively. Also, physician supply had a positive effect of 0.38 on health expenditures. The error correction factor was also estimated to be -0.22.

Increasing economic growth, government health expenditures and the supply of physicians had a positive effect, and improving the environmental performance index had a negative effect on health expenditures. Therefore, policies to maintain sustainability and reduce environmental pollutants, as well as invest in advanced equipment to purify pollutant gases will be useful.

Since oil is not a sustainable source of income for oil-rich countries, economic planners have focused on non-oil sources of income. In this regard, the tourism industry is one of the most lucrative industries in the world.Tourism includes services that have a great impact on economic and social activities. Health tourism is one of the most important areas of the tourism industry. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of health tourism shocks on economic growth in 2005-17 using the self-regression approach with distributive intervals.

In this applied analytical research, the required statistics and information in terms of logarithm were collected through documentary and library methods from 2005 to 2017.

The experimental findings of the present study showed that the short term increase in the number of health tourists had a positive effect on the countrychr('39')s economic growth. The decreased number of health tourists also led to a decrease in the countrychr('39')s economic growth. The effective exchange rates and the number of medical services providers to tourists had negative and positive effects on the countrychr('39')s economic growth, respectively. In the long run, increased number of health tourists had a positive effect on economic growth, while a decrease in the number of health tourists had a negative effect on economic growth. The exchange rate and the number of health service providers to tourists had negative and positive effects on economic growth.

Both in the short- and long-term, entry of health tourists has a positive effect on the countrychr('39')s economic growth. So, authorities are recommended to invest in this area to provide better services to health tourists on the economic planners and policymakerschr('39') agenda.

One of the most important parameters for improving the level of GDP and economic growth in Iran is the role of the health services sector and its related indicators. In this regard, many studies have been conducted, but the effect of simultaneous separation types of health services on the economic growth of Iran has not been studied. It would be helpful for policymakers to study the health indices in order to recognize the health-care index that has the greatest impact on growth and prioritize it for investment. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Types of health services on the economic growth of Iran.

This study is causal analytical in terms of the method and it is also the applied research in terms of purpose. The method of data collection is documenting – library. For this analysis, Vector Autoregressive Model, Johansson - Juselius Method and Vector Error Correction Model are used. Data collected for the period of 1981 - 2017 Were estimated by Eviews software. 

Based on the coefficient of the error correction method indicates that about 0.86 of the short-term imbalance is adjusted in each period to achieve the long-term equilibrium. Further, in the long run, a one percentage increase in the Labor force, labor productivity, population growth rate, ratio of investment to GDP and the of types health care services ( health costs, cost of treatment, cost of education and insurance ratio), leads to 0.67, 1.77, 0.88, 1.12, 5.43, 3.02, 4.85 and 2.09 percentage increase in the GDP, respectively.

Health cost has the most effects on economic growth in comparison with other health care services. This result could help policymakers to modify their policies in allocation of expenditures in different sectors of health services and to highlight the investment in this field in order to achieve economic growth and development in the future.

The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between government expenditures on health care and economic growth in Iran.

 the present study was an analytical descriptive that used modeling methode and Eviews 10 software has been used in the short and long term of the VECM4 (co-test test and parent test) method in this research. The realm of research was from the years 1382 to 1397 and the season.

The results of the research show that all of the variables of this study were static with once differentiation and government spending in the health insurance organization is affected by GDP in the short and long term.

the conclusion of this article says that the impact of health sector spending on GDP and economic Growth was unclear.

The adult health of any community is essential to the economy of that community. On the other hand, women's participation in various fields, including manufacturing, has increased, so the importance of women's health alongside men has increased, and today the mortality rate of men and women is considered as an indicator of health by economists. Examination of the available evidence suggests that economic growth, good governance and environmental pollution are among the important variables affecting health.

In the present study, the impact of economic, institutional and environmental variables affecting the mortality rate of men and women in 49 developing countries over the period 2000 to 2016 was investigated using the threshold panel model. In this study mortality rate of males and females of proxies was considered as health index and CO2 as threshold and health expenditure, good governance and misery index as control variables were used. Model estimation was performed using Stata 15 and Eviews 9 software.

The results show that a two-diet model with a threshold limit can be verified. In the low threshold regime, it was confirmed for both the men and women groups that the variables of economic growth and good governance had a more positive effect than the upper threshold groups, and the health costs variable in the upper threshold group had a more positive effect than the lower threshold.

Health is an important and urgent issue that statesmen always seek to improve and expand in society. Several factors are involved in improving health. Income is one of the factors that increase the health of society. But the way governments are governed by countries has a health-promoting effect on society, both directly and indirectly.