مجله پژوهش های کاربردی روانشناختی
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1400)

The present study is an attempt to develop a wise parenting package based on the teachings of Imam Ali and evaluate its effect on parent-child relationship and symptoms of internalized behavior problems in preschool girls. The study falls under the category of hybrid heuristic research studies. The population of the study consists of two valuable books in the qualitative phase, namely Nahj al-Balaghah and Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim. The purposive sampling method was used to select the sample. Two components, namely wisdom and parenting were extracted and coded using qualitative thematic analysis methods. Finally, a wise parenting package was formulated based on the teachings of Imam Ali in 12 sessions. The validity of the package was calculated using Fleiss' kappa method (0.84). In the quantitative phase, the research fell into the category of experimental studies with control group and pretest/posttest design. The population consisted of the parents of female preschoolers  in Isfahan during the academic year 2017-2018. According to the inclusion criteria, 30 subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental group (receiving training with Wise Parenting Package) and a control group (without intervention) (15 subjects in each group). Data collection instruments included the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Pianta’s Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS). The MANCOVA results in SPSS-25 showed a significant difference between the parent-child relationship subscales (intimacy and conflict) and the behavior problems subscales (anxiety and depression) in the control group. However, no significant difference was found between dependence and physical complaints in the control group. It is recommended that this package be used to further improve health and conflict among family members..

This study examines the effectiveness of different interviewing tools in consolidating eyewitness memory. This applied research used the post-test with control group design. The population includes all undergraduate students of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science of the University of Tehran, studying in the academic year 2019-20. Eighty participants (21 males and 59 females) were selected using cluster sampling and divided into four groups of equal size. First, participants watched a video recording showing a bank robbery. In the second session, they were interviewed using an eyewitness interview tool (no interview session for the control group). In the last session, all participants were examined using a free recall task. Data were analyzed using MANOVA in SPSS-23 software. The results indicated no significant differences between the CI and the self-administered interview groups (SAI) in either the interview session or the delayed recall task. Participants in the structured interview group recalled significantly fewer details in the first interview session than did the CI and SAI groups. However, this significant difference was only found between the CI and SI groups in the delayed recall session. Thus, the results suggest that early recall can help consolidate witnesses' memory and help them recall more information in later recall attempts.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of an intervention program of dream interpretation group sessions using the Ullman method on exploratory, action, and experiential insights in healthy women. This is an applied and quasi-experimental study with a pretest/posttest and a control group. The population includes all Persian-speaking women living in Iran, aged 20 to 45 years, with at least a diploma, and able to access and work with the Internet in 2020, who were eligible to participate in the study based on the inclusion criteria. After publishing the invitation on the websites and virtual advertising pages of various cities, 20 people from this population were purposively selected (based on the inclusion criteria) and then randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (10 people in each group). Data collection instruments were the Gains from Dream Interpretation (GDI) questionnaire and the intervention program, including the Ullmann's Appreciating Dreams Protocol (UADP), conducted online in 11 sessions of 90 to 120 minutes. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-24 software. The results showed that the intervention program of group interpretation of dreams according to the Ullmann's method had a significant effect on exploratory and action insight (p < 0.05), but was not significant on experimental insight. Therefore, the Ullmann's Appreciating Dreams Protocol can be used to promote insight in the non-clinical population.

The aim of this study is to identify the causes of  malcalligraphye and its solutions. The advances in technology do not reduce handwriting and writing. This research was conducted with the aim of application and quality and in the form of interpretative phenomenology. For this purpose, thirty elementary school teachers in Tehran in 2020 were interviewed to be saturated. The statistical population in this study is elementary school teachers in Tehran whose subjects (20 males and 10 females) were selected using criterion sampling. Then, the interviews were analyzed and coded according to Dickelman's method. The factors of misbehavior and strategies for improvement were investigated. The strategy of data validation was also conducted with the members. The research examines the factors of misbehavior and its solutions from the teachers' perspective and forms the classification of educational, psychological and physical factors with the categories related to the student, related to the families and related issues. The result of the study shows that all three factors teachers, students and family are involved in this problem, which requires the efforts and cooperation of all factors. From the research results, it is also found that psychological factors such as anxiety and stress play an important role in this problem, and solving psychological problems and persuading and coaxing students can play an important role in improving students' handwriting.

The aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of a parenting model based on executive function theory and the Barkley program on self-control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This study is an applied and randomized clinical trial. The study population is mothers with children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Isfahan in the spring and summer of 2018, of whom 45 subjects were purposively selected based on entry and baseline criteria and randomly divided into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). Fifteen subjects were assigned to each group. The Self-Control Assessment Scale (SCRS) was used to measure the dependent variable at different stages of the study. The first experimental group received 12 sessions of the achievement theory- based parenting model, the second experimental group received 8 sessions of the Barkley program, and the control group received no treatment. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and SPSS-26 software. The parenting model based on the theories of executive functions and the Barkley program had positive effects on self-control of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (p<0.05). That is, parenting models based on executive function theories and the Barkley program significantly improved self-control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, parenting models based on theories of executive functions and the Barkley program, together with other effective therapies, are likely to improve self-control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of Meaning of life in the relationship between depression, emotional atmosphere in the family, and suicidal ideation in drug-dependent women. The research method was applied and descriptive-correlational. The target population was all drug-addicted women in Ahvaz and the number of available samples was 180. According to the available sampling method, 149 subjects were finally included in the study. In the present study, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data, skewness and elongation were used to determine the normality of the data, and path analysis was employed to evaluate the proposed model. The research instruments were Suicide Thought Questionnaire (SIS) by Mohammadifar et al. (2005), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Hillburn Family Emotional Questionnaire (FEA), and Stiger and Oshi's Meaning of Life Questionnaire (MLQ). SPSS 25 and AMOS 25 software were used. In the proposed model, the variables of suicidal ideation were considered as criterion variables and the variables of family emotional atmosphere and depression were considered as predictor variables. The results show that in the hypothesized model, all direct paths to suicidal ideation, except for family emotional atmosphere, were significant at the p<0.01 level. Indirect pathways were also significant with suicidal ideation through the meaning of life as a mediator variable. Based on the results of the study, the proposed model of the relationship between depression and emotional atmosphere of the family mediated by the meaning of life and suicidal ideation has a good fit, and this model is very important to identify effective factors in suicidal ideation of drug addicted women.

The aim of this study is to analyze students' perceptions and lived experiences of the concept of thought management. A qualitative research approach and a phenomenological method were used. The research area was the faculty of psychology and Education at Tehran College. The research sample consisted of 20 (4 males - 16 females) students (4 PHDs - 16 Masters) selected by purposive sampling criteria. Theoretical data saturation was achieved after a semi-structured interview with 14 subjects, but interviews were continued until the twentieth subject to validate the results. Data analysis was performed using Colizzi's seven-step strategy and MAXQDA 10 software. To validate the results, the review method was applied by the members, and in order to observe the qualitative characteristics of the research, the three criteria of acceptability, verifiability and reliability were used. In data analysis, thought management was divided into five key areas: Concept, Role, Factors, Consequences, and Strategies. This resulted in a total of 10 major themes and 47 subthemes for the concept of thought management. For each factor, the following concepts were proposed and explained. Concept: two main themes, perception and use, were proposed and explained, and for each of the other four factors, two main themes, operational and psychological concepts were proposed and explained..

The purpose of this study is to explain the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on body image, attachment style, and emotion regulation in women with eating disorders. The present paper is a quasi-experimental study of "pretest-posttest with control group design" and was applied research based on the aim. The statistical population includes 470 women who attended nutrition clinics, psychiatric centers, and bodybuilding and aerobics clubs in areas 1, 3, 6, and 21 of Tehran in 20219. The sample includes 30 women with eating disorders who attended the above centers in 2019. They were selected by Convenience Sampling and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Patients in the intervention group received 12 sessions of two-hour CBT group therapy over a 12-week period. Patients in the control group remained on the waiting list. Participants answered the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Satisfaction with Body Image (SWBI) questionnaires in the pretest and posttest phases. We used ANCOVA and the T-test for independent samples to test the research hypotheses. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis. The results of ANCOVA showed a significant effect of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on body image (F= 6.632, p= 0.016), emotion regulation (F= 57.423, p=0.001), and secure attachment style (F=6.250, p= 0.019). In addition, the results of the Independent Sample T-test showed that cognitive behavioral therapy had a significant effect on avoidance attachment style (t= 3.272, p= 0.006) and ambivalence attachment style (t= 4.570, p=0.001). The present study demonstrated that cognitive behavioral group therapy improved body image, attachment style, and emotion regulation in women with eating disorders, and that this type of treatment may be a useful therapy for women with eating disorders.

The purpose of the present study is to develop a model of posttraumatic growth according to positive psychology in cancer survivors. The research purpose was applied and was a qualitative and meta-synthesis. The statistical population was both foreign and domestic research articles published about the title of the research between 2005 and 2021. Science Direct, Springer, Google Scholar, Taylor & Francis, Noormags, Magiran, SID, and Civilica databases were used to access these studies. By reviewing 10,000 articles, 10 related studies that met the criteria were selected. In synthesizing the research findings, 6 main components were finally identified: psychological capital, self-compassion, meaning in life, spirituality, gratitude, and love. To evaluate the validity of the data research, the four assessment criteria proposed by Lincoln and Guba were credibility, transferability, reliability and confirmability, as well as Cohen's kappa coefficient.These extracted concepts are introduced in positive psychology and especially in character strength. In fact, these concepts are a set of thoughts, actions, and strengths that cancer survivors have used with regard to posttraumatic growth. The results of this study may provide appropriate insights in the context of positive psychology for medical and mental health professionals dealing with cancer patients and may be effective in developing intervention packages according to the needs of this group.

One of the most important goals of the education system is the successful implementation of inclusive education. Therefore, the factors that influence the success of inclusive education should be investigated. The purpose of the present study is to investigate teachers’ perspectives on the requirements of inclusive education and recommended actions for its successful implementation. The present study is purposive conducted by using a phenomenological qualitative approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the content analysis method. The participants includes all teachers in Torbat-e Heydariyeh in the school year 2020-2021. Based on purposive sampling, 15 female and 15 male teachers (teaching in exceptional and normal schools) were selected and interviewed. The findings show that teachers have negative, positive and neutral perceptions about the need for inclusive education. In addition, 83% of the participants believed that there is no need for inclusive education. Respondents’ courses of action for successful implementation of inclusive education were divided into four categories: “teacher preparation,” “school preparation,” “student preparation,” and “how to integrate students.” The first theme was considered the most important option for action. Based on the importance of inclusive education, special attention must be paid to the factors that influence the students' perspective. In addition, effective application and implementation of the proposed measures can improve the quality of teaching and learning in an inclusive environment to achieve successful inclusive education.

The purpose of this study was to identify the behavioral experiences and psychological coping of women who were victims of an extramarital affair. The method of the study was applied and qualitative phenomenological. The population of this study included women who were victims of marital infidelity in Tehran in 2016. The sampling was purposefully continued until saturation and finally 18 female victims were selected and participants were interviewed in depth. Colaizzi content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The data analysis resulted in the identification of 2 main themes, 8 subthemes, and 38 basic concepts. The main themes of coping and adaptive behavioral responses include 1) relying on hobbies and favorite activities, 2) adapting to spouse, 3) seeking treatment and counseling, 4) companionship, 5) trying to change existing conditions, and 6) worship and praying. The main themes of maladaptive behaviors and responses include: 1) confrontations and maladaptive behavioral responses that focus on self and 2) confrontations and maladaptive behavioral responses that focus on spouse. Overall, the results of this study showed that the experiences of women who were victims of marital infidelity have behavioral consequences and hard and sometimes growth-oriented coping.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Concrete Processing Mode (CPM) and Abstract Processing Mode (APM) on working memory capacity during high rumination. The research method of this basic study is experimental. The statistical population consists of individuals aged 18-50 years with high rumination living in Tehran who voluntarily participated in the study in January 2021. Among them, 30 individuals (21 women and 9 men) with high rumination were selected using the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Participants were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people each, a concrete group and an abstract group, who were put in a negative mood by watching a sad movie. They then performed the instructions CPM or APM, depending on the group. Participants' working memory was measured with the Reading Span Test (RST) before they watched the movie and after they performed the processing mode instruction. The results of the covariance analysis of the data using SPSS version 26 software showed that the CPM group had significantly higher working memory capacity than the APM group. This meant that the capacity of working memory was affected by the changes in processing mode. This effect was evident on the working memory processing subscale, but the changes on the working memory storage subscale did not differ significantly between groups. Consistent with previous findings, CPM was also considered an adaptive mode in contrast to APM in this study. The results showed that processing mode can predict changes in working memory capacity during severe rumination.

This study is to compare body esteem, body image flexibility, and attachment style in women with and without self-compassion. It is a basic research and causal-comparative. The statistical population consists of all female students of Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad branch (11 thousand subjects). Among them, 210 women were selected as available sample size, of which 119 had self-compassion and 91 did not have self-compassion, who filled out the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), Body Image–Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), and Self-Compassion Scale–Long Form (SCS-LF). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS25 software. The results of one-way analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of women in body appreciation, body image flexibility, and attachment style. The significance level of the research variables was 0.05. Overall, women with self-compassion showed more body appreciation than women without self-compassion, and their attachment style was more secure and anxious, while women without self-compassion had more body image flexibility than women with self-compassion and their attachment style was avoidant.

The present study examines the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social self-efficacy in the relationship between attachment styles and social anxiety in female high school students. The statistical population includes all female high school students in Ilam, i.e., 3822 individuals who were studying in the academic year 2020-2021. Among these students, 360 students were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. The method of the study is descriptive-correlative and its purpose is basic. The path analysis method and SPSS-24 and Amos-24 software were used to analyze the research data. The instruments used in this study are: Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A), Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire- Short form (CERQ-S) and Self-Efficacy for Social Situations (SESS). The path analysis results showed that cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social self-efficacy mediated the relationship between attachment styles and social anxiety. On the other hand, the results showed that the variables of the model were able to explain 0.38 of the variance of social anxiety in the present study. The results of the present study suggest that attachment style can predict the level of social anxiety by influencing cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social self-efficacy.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion training on academic resilience and mental vitality of high school students. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test with a control group. It was applied in relation to the purpose. The statistical population includes high school female students in the city of Tehran in the academic year 2019-20.A multistage clustered random sampling was used to select 40 students and they were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group (20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group). The experimental group received seven sixty-minute training sessions on self-compassion for one month. The questionnaires used in the study were the Academic Resilience Questionnaire (ARQ) and the Mental Vitality Scale (MVS). The data were analyzed using ANCOVA method. The results showed that self-compassion training had a significant effect on academic resilience and mental vitality of high school students (p<0.001), so this intervention led to an increase in academic resilience and mental vitality of high school students. Therefore, it can be said that self-compassion training is an effective method to increase high school students’ school resilience and mental vitality by using techniques such as familiarity with the concept of mindfulness, accepting emotions, confronting emotions, personal responsibility skills, and self-awareness.

The present study is to examine lifestyle changes, mental health, and violence against women during the corona virus outbreak. The method of the present study is fundamental in terms of purpose and mode of data collection, a survey conducted in the form of a regression correlational research project. The population includes all married women living in the cities of Tehran and Shiraz in 2021. Among them, a sample of 193 subjects was selected by purposive sampling. The subjects answered the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Questionnaire to Measuring Wife Abuse (QMWA), and Lifestyle Changes Questionnaire (LCQ) during the Covid-19 pandemic. Data were analyzed with SPSS 22 software using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression. The results of the study showed that lifestyle changes had a negative significant relationship with mental health (p<0.01). However, no significant association was found with violence against women (p>0.05). In addition, among the lifestyle changes examined, changes in sleep were significant predictors of mental health (p<0.01). Overall, the results suggest that the side effects of the Corona pandemic are severe and put women at risk for mental health problems. In addition, women may be exposed to abuse due to lifestyle changes caused by the Corona virus epidemic. Therefore, the negative impact of Corona virus on mental health and violence against women can be minimized through interventions, timely follow-up by individuals, and effective measures by society.

Teaching emotion-oriented strategies has been considered in solving learners’ problems. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of teaching emotion-oriented strategies on academic self-efficacy and academic adjustment of boys in high schools in Rafsanjan. The research method was applied in view of the purpose. It is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and a posttest with an experimental group and a control group. The statistical population of this study includes all first-year male high school students in Rafsanjan who were studying in the 2018-2019 academic year. According to the nature of the study, the sample size was 30 male students who were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling and randomly divided into two groups of 15. Both before and after the training process, both groups answered the Academic Adjustment Questionnaire (AAQ) and Morgan-Jinks Student Efficacy Scale (MJSES). The data were analyzed using statistical methods such as frequency, mean, standard deviation, and analysis of covariance. The results showed that teaching emotion-oriented strategies had a significant effect on academic adjustment and academic self-efficacy of male high school students at the level of P <0.01. According to the results of the study, teaching emotion-oriented processing strategies, because it emphasizes both cognitive and emotional factors, affects students’ self-efficacy and academic adjustment.

The present study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of collaboration for academic, social and emotional learning on internalized and externalized emotional and behavioral problems and academic performance of male elementary school students. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and follow-up with control group. The statistical population includes all fifth grade elementary school students who were educated in the city of Pishva during the 2017-2018 school year. Students were assessed using the Achenbach Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001). Students with a T-score greater than 63 were classified into a clinical area and randomly divided into an experimental and a control group of 24 members. The experimental group participated in 12 sessions of collaborative social and emotional learning. Post-tests were conducted after the training sessions and a follow-up test was conducted after 3 months to assess the stability of the training. The Aachenbach Emotional Behavioral Problems Questionnaire (CBCL & TRF) and the Academic Performance Test (APT) were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using SPSS software version 24. The results of the data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the mean scores of internalized and externalized behavioral problems and academic performance (P = 0.001). Thus, collaborative for academic, social and emotional learning (CASEL) with activities and engaging students with various exercises in the educational process resulted in improved academic performance and reduced emotional and behavioral problems. It is recommended that educational agencies utilize these skills due to the impact of CASEL on reducing internalized and externalized emotional and behavioral problems and improving academic achievement of elementary students.

The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of interpersonal difficulties in the relationship between experiential avoidance and difficulties in emotion regulation with suicidal ideation. The research method was descriptive-correlative and based on the purpose, practice and statistical population of this study, which included all citizens of Karaj in the fall of 2019 with a total of 124688 people selected by them using a two-stage random sampling method with reference to Karaj urban area, districts 3 and 7 in the first stage and the second stage two Hamoon Boostan in district 3 and Nabovvat Boostan in district 7 and finally 270 people (125 men, 143 women and 2 unknowns). The study instruments included the Emotion Regulation Difficulty Scale by Gratz & Roemer (2004) (ERDS); the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire by Gámez, Chmielewski, Kotov, Ruggero & Watson (2011) (MEAQ); the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-47 by Pilkonis, Kim, Proietti & Barkham (1996) (IIP) and the Suicide Cognitions Scale by Rudd et al. (2010) (SCS). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. In the present study, the indirect path coefficient between experience avoidance and suicidal ideation (β=0.066, P=0.003) and difficulty in emotion regulation and suicidal ideation (β=0.086, P=0.006) was positive and significant at the 0.01 level. Overall, the present study showed that interpersonal difficulties mediated the association between experience avoidance and difficulties in emotion regulation with suicidal ideation.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the effectiveness of self-differentiation therapy on couples’ egocentrism and marital adjustment based on Bowen’s family systems theory. It is an applied and quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population is 56 couples who contacted NAJA counseling centers in Tehran in 2018. The criteria for inclusion in the study were assigned by a psychiatrist. It included the absence of personality disorders, absence of chronic mental disorders, absence of addiction, and couples identified as dynamic in a diagnostic interview, a problem related to demarcation. In addition, the self-report of the subjects confirmed that they were not on the verge of divorce and did not have chronic physical illnesses. Therefore, 15 couples were in the experimental group and 15 couples were in the control group. The Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test (LWMAT) and the Lapsley Ego-Centrism Questionnaire (LAPCEL) were used. Repeated measures were used and the hypothesis was tested using SPSS-21 software with a mixed analysis design. Differentiation therapy significantly contributed to the improvement of marital adjustment (P = 0.001). In egocenterism, results of Personal Fable Scale (PFS) indicated that the therapy affected uniqueness (P = 0.048) and the omnipotence and vulnerability components (P = 0.001). The therapy has been also affected the fantasy variable (P = 0.001). The 1-month follow-up of the results showed the stability of the effects of the intervention. Therefore, the intervention increased compatibility and decreased egocentrism of couples in the experimental group compared with the control group in the posttest and follow-up phases. So this model can be used by family counselors and therapists