فهرست مطالب آنیتا باغداساریانس

Chronic pain results from a complex interaction of biological, psychological and social factors that causes the experience of pain. The purpose of this research was to identify the structural model of chronic pain based on mindfulness, social support and life events with the mediating role of psychological distress and pain catastrophizing.

This was a descriptive-correlational study with structural equation modeling. The study population included all patients suffering from chronic pain with musculoskeletal and rheumatoid arthritis related pain, which had referred to Tehran medical centers for follow-up in 2023. A total of 496 people were selected using the convenience sampling method. They completed the McGill Pain Questionnaire (1957), the Bauer Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (2006), the Perceived Social Support of Zimmet et al. (1988), the Pickel's Stressful Life Events (1971), the Leviband's Depression, Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire (1995) and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale of Sullivan et al. (1995). Research data were analyzed using SPSS-26 and AMOS-23 softwares using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling.

The results of the structural equation model indicated that this model fits the experimental data well. The direct effects of the standard pathway mindfulness coefficient and the amount of stressors on chronic pain were significant (p<0.01) and the direct effects of social support and the number of stressors for chronic pain was insignificant. Additionally, the effects of standard indirect path coefficients for mindfulness, social support and the number and the amount of stressors with the mediating role of psychological distress and pain catastrophizing on chronic pain was significant (p<0.01).

Mindfulness, social support and life events play an important role in explaining chronic pain through the mediation of psychological distress and pain catastrophizing. Therefore, the findings of this study can be used in more detailed planning of psychotherpeutic interventions for patients with chronic pain.

Emotional and cognitive states directly affect the neural mechanisms of chronic pain, And increasing pain negatively affects the emotional and cognitive states of a person. Despite the growing research evidence of the effects of psychological variables such as mindfulness, social support, stress and pain catastrophizing on the phenomenon of chronic pain, the general effects of these variables have been less investigated in the form of comprehensive causal model.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural model of chronic pain based on mindfulness, social support and life events with the Mediating of pain catastrophizing.

The method of the present study was descriptive-correlation type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all male and female patients with chronic pain who were treated for follow-up treatment in 2022, they had referred to pain clinics, pain specialists, neurologists, physiotherapists, and health centers in Tehran with problems related to musculoskeletal pain and rheumatoid arthritis, of which 496 people were selected using the available sampling method. Data collection tools include the Mc Gill Pain Questionnaire (Melzack, 1975), the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (Baer et al., 2006), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support by Zimet et al. (1988), Scale of Life stressful Events‐Paykel (Paykel et al., 1971) and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (Sullivan et al., 1995). Data analysis was done by structural equation modeling method and using SPSS-23 and AMOS-23 software.

The results of modeling of structural equations indicated a good fit of the model with experimental data. The effect of the coefficient of the direct standard path of mindfulness on the experience of chronic pain was significant and the indirect path of mindfulness on the experience of chronic pain with the mediating role of pain catastrophizing was significant (P< 0.05). The effect of direct and indirect standard path coefficient of social support with mediating role of pain catastrophizing on chronic pain experience was not significant (P> 0.05). The direct and indirect path of the number of stressful factors on the experience of chronic pain was also insignificant (P> 0.05). However, the standard direct and indirect path of the amount of stressful factors on the experience of chronic pain with the mediating role of catastrophizing was also significant (P< 0.05).

According to the obtained results, it seems that mindfulness, social support and life events play an important role in explaining chronic pain by mediating pain catastrophizing. Considering that these variables have a significant contribution in predicting the pain of chronic pain patients, Therefore, mental health professionals can use these factors to improve the mental health of people with chronic pain.

It is essential to pay attention to the emotional, psychological and social processes of students. according to this the present study was conducted to offer a model of predicting hope according to the social support and meaning in life with the mediation role of Self-esteem in the university students.

The research method was descriptive-correlational and pathway analysis. The statistical population of the study included all undergraduate students at non-state universities in the city of Tehran in academic year 2019-20. The statistical sample included 480 students who were selected through clustered random sampling method. The applied questionnaires included Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) (Zimet, et.al. 1988), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) (Steger, Frazier, 2006); Self-esteem Questionnaire (SEQ) (Rosenberg, 1979) and Hope Questionnaire (HQ) (Sympson, 1999). The data analysis was conducted through pathway analysis via SPSS and AMOS version 23.

The results showed that social support, meaning in life and Self-esteem have significant relationship with hope in the students (p<0.01). Moreover, social support, meaning in life and Self-esteem have significant direct effect on the students’ hope (p<0.01). Furthermore, Bootstrap results showed that the Self-esteem has significant medication role in the relationship between social support and meaning in life (p<0.01). Finally the model enjoyed a suitable fitness.

Considering the meaningful mediating role of self-esteem, it is necessary for therapists and counselors to improve the self-esteem of students by using appropriate training, so as to increase their hope.

In proportion to the expansion of various skills in life, learning and education of any society needs quantitative and qualitative improvement. The rapid development of technology has caused a change in the way of learning, and in order to increase learning and acquire knowledge, different methods of teaching and training are used to improve people's knowledge, among these methods is the use of standard concept maps. In the current research, the use of the concept map teaching method compiled with the network process analysis method and the lecture method on the students' learning skills in the topic of chemical atom structure was investigated.

The present study was a mixed-methods (exploratory-explanatory) research and was conducted in two steps. The first step was done with a qualitative research method of the Delphi type. The statistical population consisted of experts and professors in chemistry education in 2020-2021, and 30 individuals were selected using purposive sampling. The tools used in this step were semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made pairwise comparison questionnaire.The data were analyzed using the network process analysis method (a multicriteria decision-making method) and the Super Decisions software.In the second step, a quasi-experimental quantitative research method was used with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with two groups (one experimental group and one control group).The statistical population consisted of all eighth-grade high school students in the academic year 2021-2022. A sample of 30 students was selected using convenience sampling and divided into two groups of 15. The experimental group received education using concept maps developed based on ANP, and the control group was taught using the lecture method. The data collection tool was a learning skills questionnaire, and to assess the validity of the tool, the opinions of experts and professors were used. The reliability of the research tool was calculated to be 0.96 using the test-retest method, and the data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis and SPSS (24.00) software.

The findings of the first step showed that mathematics layers with a weighted average of 0.652, physics 0.235, and chemistry 0.113 had the greatest impact, respectively, and the highest and lowest weighted averages in the physics layer were the concept of matter and the concept of electron movement in Certain circuits (Bohr) was 0.011. In the mathematical layer, the concept of main numbers and its four main operations was 0.291, and the concept of sine waves and wave concept was 0.014. In the chemistry layer, the concept of subatomic particles was 0.407 and the concept of using electron arrangement was 0.010. And the results of the statistical analysis in the second step, for hypotheses at a significant level (0.05), indicated a significant and more stable effect of training with the concept map method on learning skills.

Considering the greater impact of education with the standard concept map method and the importance of prerequisites, it is possible to rank educational concepts using the network process analysis method and use it in teaching and learning. Also, the standard conceptual map can be considered as a suitable tool and approach to achieve learning.

 This research was conducted with the aim of providing a structural model of wisdom based on successful intelligence with the mediation of self-esteem in middle managers. The cross-sectional research method is correlational. The statistical population of this research was made up of all the middle level managers of private banks, municipal organizations and Mahan Airlines in Tehran in 1399-1400, from among them, 300 people were selected by staged cluster sampling method. In this research, the tools of wisdom (Ardelt, 2003), successful intelligence (Sternberg, 2005), and self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965) were used, all of which are valid and had acceptable reliability. In order to analyze the data, SPSS-V19 and Lisrel-V8.80 software were used. Also, in order to respond to the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling was used. The findings of the research showed that the model has a good fit. The results showed that successful intelligence had a direct effect on wisdom. In connection with the existence of an indirect effect of successful intelligence on the wisdom of middle managers through self-esteem, it is confirmed with 95% confidence. The results showed that successful intelligence had a direct effect on wisdom. Therefore, paying attention to the mentioned variables helps senior managers and researchers in order to apply the concept of wisdom, it is very important to identify and select middle managers in organizations and design more appropriate training packages and increase knowledge and designing more suitable for cultivating wisdom.

Extramarital affairs have devastating impacts on married couples leading to separation and divorce. The purpose of the present study is to formulate the model of extramarital relationships in accordance with early maladaptive schemas and marital intimacy mediated by cognitive flexibility among men.

In this descriptive correlated research, two hundred and fifty men with extramarital affairs visiting psychological counseling center in Tehran during first half of 1400 A.H, are selected by convenience sampling method. The data is collected from the questionnaires of Young’s Schema Therapy (1998), Yeniceri and Kokdemir’s Infidelity (2006), Walker and Thompson’s Intimacy and Intergenerational aid and contact among mothers and daughters (2007), Denis and Vander Wal’s the Cognitive Flexibility and Inventory (2010). The obtained data was analyzed by utilizing structural equation modeling method in statistical software of AMOS 24 and SPSS 27.

The assumed research model meets the requirements of experimental data (RMSEA=0/056). Direct coefficient path between early maladaptive schemas (B= 0/137) and marital intimacy (B= 0/287) was in significant model with extramarital relationships (P<0/05). Direct coefficient path among early maladaptive schemas (B=0/21) and marital intimacy (B=0/47) was significant with cognitive flexibility (P<0/05). In addition, indirect coefficient path of maladaptive schemas in extramarital affairs was gained through significant flexibility while no significant indirect coefficient path was observed between marital intimacy and extramarital affairs via flexibility (P>0/05).

Early maladaptive schemas and marital intimacy were related to extramarital affairs through mediated variable of cognitive flexibility. Thus, extramarital relationships can be reduced via decreasing early maladaptive schemas and increasing both marital intimacy and cognitive flexibility.

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders a high percentage of patients with depression (two-thirds of them) have prominent anxiety symptoms. Hence, the existence of a natural, simple, accessible, and affordable treatment method is required by every person suffering from depression. The purpose of the study is to compare the effectiveness of Ayurveda knowledge as a complementary medicine approved by the World Health Organization (WHO), with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and the combination of the two, on reducing anxiety in depressed women.

The research was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population includes 40 women aged 45-25 who were diagnosed with moderate depression by a psychiatrist and took the Beck depression test. They volunteered to participate in this research by filling and signing the informed consent form. Participants were placed in four groups of 10 people with a simple random allocation method, underwent cognitive-behavioral therapy, Ayurveda and combination of the two for 10 weeks based on the protocols. Data collection tools were Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) (1996) & Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (1983). The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures.

The intergroup effect test was significant in state anxiety (P=0.003) and trait anxiety (P<0.001). The partial ETA value indicated that approximately 31% of the variation in state anxiety and 46% in trait anxiety could be explained by the treatment groups. The results of comparing the averages between the groups with Tukey's test showed that there was a significant difference in trait anxiety between cognitive-behavioral therapy and Ayurvedic therapy as well as combined therapy (1.53 ± 7.4) (P<0.001). ), also there was a significant difference in state anxiety between cognitive-behavioral therapy and Ayurvedic treatment 1.88 ± 5.43 and between cognitive-behavioral therapy and combined therapy 1.88 ± 7.133 (p=0.003). There was no significant difference between the experimental group of Ayurveda and combined treatment. (P = 1.00)

According to the obtained results, the combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and Ayurveda can have a better and more stable effect in reducing the anxiety of depressed women.

 Pproviding physical and mental health for women is one of the important factors in the stability of family and society. In this regard, one of the psychosomatic issues is premenstrual syndrome. This research was conducted to investigate the structural pattern of cognitive emotion regulation based on psychological capital with the mediating role of marital satisfaction in women with premenstrual syndrome.

 The current research was of a correlational design using structural equations. The statistical population included all women with premenstrual syndrome, who visited the family planning midwifery clinic in Kermanshah in 2018-2019. Three hundred and eighty women were selected by the convenience sampling method. The research tools included Grenfsky's emotional regulation questionnaire, Luthans' psychological capital, and Inrich's marital satisfaction questionnaires. Data were analysed by Spearman's correlation method by SPSS-21 and LISREL software.

 The results of this study showed that there is a significant direct relationship between cognitive-emotional regulation strategies and psychological capital (GFI=0.92; AGFI=0.88; RMSEA=0.052) as well as psychological capital directly and indirectly through the mediation of marital satisfaction (GFI=0.92; AGFI=0.88; RMSEA=0.052) and (RMSEA=0.062) can Predict the cognitive regulation of emotion.

 It can be said that psychological capital along with marital satisfaction can play an important role in the cognitive regulation of emotions in women with PMS. Therefore, by increasing psychological capital and marital satisfaction, it is possible to help improve emotional regulation in women with premenstrual syndrome

Chronic pain can provide emotional and psychological incompatibility in the affected person, thus threatening mental health. The current research aimed to develop the structural model of chronic pain based on mindfulness, social support, and life events with the mediating role of psychological distress.

This descriptive research used the structural equation modeling method. The population included all women and men suffering from chronic pain in Tehran city who had been referred to medical clinics in 1401 with complaints of musculoskeletal pain and rheumatoid arthritis. Four hundred and ninety-six patients were selected using the convenience sampling method. Then, they completed the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire (SLESQ), and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). Data were analyzed using SPSS v.25 and AMOS softwares.

The results showed a good fit of the model with experimental data. The effect of the coefficient of direct standard paths of mindfulness and the amount and number of stressors on the experience of chronic pain was significant, whereas the direct coefficient for social support and the number of stressors was insignificant (p<0.05). Also, the indirect path of mindfulness, social support, amount, and number of stressors on the experience of chronic pain through the mediating role of psychological distress was significant (p<0.05).

Mindfulness, social support as well as life events play important role in explaining chronic pain by mediating psychological distress. Thus, mental health professionals can use these factors to improve the mental health of the people with chronic pain.

the selection of wise managers, human resources and efficient workforce is the most fundamental factor of production, construction, growth and development, therefore the most comprehensive knowledge of the concepts and structures related to human resources, special tools and finally the skill of using these tools It is necessary; Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between emotional creativity and wisdom in young middle managers.

The current research was a correlational cross-sectional study. The statistical population of this research was all middle level managers of private banks and Mahan Airlines in Tehran in the first half of the year 1400, from among them, 300 people were selected by staged cluster sampling method. In this research, the tools of wisdom (Ardelt, 2003), emotional creativity (April, 1999), and self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965) were used, all of which had acceptable validity and reliability. In order to analyze the data, SPSS-V19 and Lisrel-V8.8 software were used.

The research results showed that the model has a good fit. The results showed that emotional creativity had a significant direct effect on wisdom. The indirect effect of emotional creativity on the wisdom of middle managers was confirmed with the mediation of self-esteem with 95% confidence (P=0.05).

The results obtained from this research showed that paying attention to the mentioned variables in the selection of managers and more appropriate design for cultivating wisdom helps senior managers and researchers.

New research indicate that even a mild level of depression are associated with a significant decrease in the quality of life in adults. Therefore, the existence of a natural, simple, accessible and cost-effective treatment method is needed by every person suffering from depression. The purpose of this research is to compare the effectiveness of Ayurvedic knowledge, as a complementary medicine, with cognitive-behavioral therapy and also to examine the combination of these two therapies on the quality of life in depressed women.

The research was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population includes 40 women aged 45-25 who were diagnosed with moderate depression by a psychiatrist and took the Beck depression test & by filling and signing the informed consent form, they expressed their consent to participate in the study and volunteered to participate in this research. They underwent cognitive-behavioral therapy, Ayurveda and combination of the two for 10 weeks based on the protocols. Data collection tools included World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire - short form. The data were analyzed using repeated measurement tests.

The average scores of the variable quality of life of depressed women in the Ayurvedic intervention group were 52.3 ± 5.33 before treatment and 54.1 ± 5.04 after treatment, and no significant difference was observed between them (P = 0.12). Treatment with cognitive-behavioral approach, before treatment was 43.7 ± 16.95 and after treatment was 54.95 ± 13.51, no significant difference was observed (P = 0.26) But in combined treatment before treatment was 61.8 ± 11.84 and after treatment it was 54.8 ± 7.73, So the difference between the average score in this method was significant (P = 0.038).

Considering the adverse effects of depression on the quality of life of women, the combination of Ayurveda as complementary medicine and cognitive-behavioral therapy can be beneficial in improving the quality of life in depressed women.

Given the considerable increase in the prevalence of obesity/overweight in Iran especially in school age children, it is important to identify the causes of childhood obesity. The aim of this study is to develop a model of childhood obesity based on maternal body mass index and parenting stress mediated by maternal feeding styles.

The statistical sample consisted of 460 students aged 7 to 11 from schools of Tehran with their mothers. Subjects were selected using cluster sampling method. After measuring the body mass index of children and their mothers, Parenting Stress Index- Short Form and Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire were completed by mothers. Data were analyzed by Amos software with using Structural Equation Method.

The model generally had a good fit. Based on the results of path analysis of maternal body mass index, parenting stress, emotional feeding, instrumental feeding, prompting/encouragement to eat, and controlling feeding directly predict the child's body mass index. The results showed that maternal body mass index and parenting stress also indirectly predict the child's body mass index through all of the maternal feeding styles subscales such as Emotional, Instrumental, Control and Encouragement feeding style.

The findings of this study showed that these relationships can predict childhood obesity as a model,  and can lead to useful insights into interventions in the first level of prevention.

This research was conducted with the aim of providing a structural model of wisdom based on successful intelligence and philosophical mindset with the mediation of self-esteem in middle managers.

The cross-sectional research method is correlational and in order to respond to the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling analysis was used. The statistical population of this research was made up of all the middle level managers of private banks and Mahan Airlines in Tehran in first half 1400, from among them, 300 people were selected by staged cluster sampling method. In this research, the tools of wisdom (Ardelt, 2003), successful intelligence (Sternberg, 2005), philosophical mindset (SmithSultani, 1375), and self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965) were used, all of which are valid and had acceptable reliability. In order to analyze the data, SPSS-V19 and Lisrel-V8.8 software were used. The findings of the research showed that the model has a good fit. The results showed that successful intelligence had a direct effect on wisdom. In connection with the existence of an indirect effect of successful intelligence on the wisdom of middle managers through self-esteem, it is confirmed with 95% confidence .

The results showed that philosophical mindset had a direct effect on wisdom. In connection with the existence of an indirect effect of philosophical mindset on the wisdom of middle managers through self-esteem, it is confirmed with 95% confidence.

Therefore, paying attention to the mentioned variables helps senior managers and researchers in choosing managers and designing more suitable for cultivating wisdom.

Premenstrual syndrome is one of the most common problems in women and causes some physical and psychological changes in women. This study was conducted to examine the structural pattern of cognitive emotion regulation based on sleep quality with the mediating role of marital satisfaction in women with premenstrual syndrome.

The method of the present study was correlational using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all women diagnosed with premenstrual syndrome in 1398 and 1399 in Kermanshah, of which 380 people who were referred to the family planning clinic in Kermanshah were selected by convenience sampling method. The research instruments included the emotional regulation questionnaire (Garnefsky et al., 2001), Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (Enrich), and the sleep quality index (Pittsburgh, 1989). The data were analyzed by the Spearman correlation method using SPSS-21 and LISREL software.

This study indicates the existence of a significant direct relationship between cognitive-emotional regulation strategies and overall sleep quality in women with PMS and also the quality of sleep directly and indirectly through marital satisfaction can be a good predictor for cognitive regulation of emotion in women with premenstrual syndrome.

It can be said that sleep quality and marital life satisfaction can play an important role in the cognitive regulation of emotion in women with premenstrual syndrome.

Adolescent delinquency is associated with a set of abnormal behavioral patterns and poor emotional self-regulation skills, including self-injurious behaviors and experiences of anger and aggression. Studies show that the components of compassion therapy in form of group therapy are effective on hope, life satisfaction and mood disorders of delinquent adolescents and also improve positive emotional cognitive regulation and increase mindfulness skills, and reduce the experience of shame and guilt in clients. Anxiety disorders, depression, and increased anxiety tolerance and decreased emotion regulation have been negative, but there is a research gap in the application of this treatment to delinquent adolescents in the target population.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on aggression, self-harm behaviors, and emotional self-regulation in juvenile delinquents of the Correction and Rehabilitation Center in Tehran.

The method of this quasi-experimental study was a pretest-posttest plan with a one-month follow-up. The statistical population of study included all clients residing in Tehran’s Correction and Rehabilitation Center in 2019; 13 people were selected from them as the sample of this research. Klonsky & Glenn inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS), Hoffman &Kashdan emotional self-regulation questionnaire and Bass & Perry aggression questionnaire were used in pre-test, post-test, and follow-up steps; compassion-focused training program was conducted in twelve 90-minute sessions (one session per week). To evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention and to control the effect of pretest, a complex analysis of variance with repeated measures was used.

The results showed that compassion-focused therapy consistently led to significant effect in reducing the symptoms of aggression and self-harm behaviors (p<0/05) and this effectiveness has been consistently continued in follow up phase. Regarding the effectiveness of compassion-based therapy on the components of emotional self-regulation, the results showed that the implementation of the independent variable improved adaptation and tolerance (p <0.05) and this effectiveness was persistent in the follow-up phase.

It can be concluded that compassion-focused therapy is effective in reducing self-harm behaviors, aggression, and improving emotional regulation in delinquent adolescents. These results can be used in planning for preventing harmful behaviors in adolescents and reducing these behaviors, especially in delinquent adolescents.

Borderline personality disorder is a severe and debilitating disorder that is estimated in one to two percent of the general population. The aim of this study was to structurally model borderline personality disorder based on early life trauma, schema mentality and perception of maternal parenting with the role of mood mediator.

The statistical population of the study consisted of people with borderline personality disorder referred to medical centers (clinics and psychiatric hospitals) in Tehran in the years 1997-98 that 250 people were selected as a sample by purposive sampling. Data collection tools included Borderline Personality Scale (BPI) Questionnaire (1999), Mood Personality Questionnaire (TCI), Cloninger et al (1993), Child Abuse Experience Questionnaire (CASRS), Mohammadkhani et al (2003) and Mentality Questionnaire. Schematic (SMQ) and Perceived Parenting Methods Questionnaire (POPS) by Grolling et al (1997). Data analysis was performed by structural equation modeling (SEM) and using SPSS24 software.

The findings showed that mood plays a mediating role in the relationship between early life trauma and borderline personality. Mood mediates the relationship between schema mentality and borderline personality and mood mediates the relationship between maternal parenting and borderline personality (P <0. 05)

The present study confirmed the role of mood, early life traumas, schema mentality and perceived parenting practices in explaining borderline personality disorder, which provide the theoretical basis for preventive programs to clinical professionals. Gives.

The behaviors considered normal at age 3 may indicate a clinically significant problem or disorder at age 5. Disruptive behavior problems in early childhood, such as aggressive behaviors, are often stable and signs of poor mental health prognosis in the future, which may lead to school failure, substance abuse, and crimes. These behaviors represent a range of potential risk factors regarding neurodevelopmental disorders and mental health problems, let alone their adverse effects on the child's current performance and increased stress in the family. The family environment is an important feature of the intervention because it can greatly enhance or hinder children and adolescents' emotional and social development. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of parent–child interaction therapy and a combination of parent–child interaction therapy and attachment therapy on insecurely attached mothers with their children's behavioral problems.

This quasi–experimental study has a pretest–posttest and a 2–month follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population included mothers with children with behavioral problems. The mothers were referred to psychological counseling clinics in district one of Tehran City, Iran, during 2018 and 2019. Thirty eligible volunteer mothers were identified as having an insecure attachment style based on their scores in the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale–Short Form (Wei et al., 2007) were included in the study. They were divided into two experimental and one control group. The first experimental group received only the parent–child interaction therapy. The second experimental group received the combined method of parent–child interaction therapy and attachment therapy. The mothers responded to the Child Behavior Checklist for the pretest, posttest, and follow–up assessment (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2007). The first experimental group received 10 sessions of parent–child interaction therapy, and the second group received 10 sessions of parent–child interaction therapy and 10 sessions of attachment therapy. Descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (analysis of variance, analysis of variance with repeated measurements, and Bonferroni's post hoc test) were used to describe and analyze the data in SPSS version 24. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The results showed that the parent–child relationship therapy and the combination of parent–child interaction treatment and the attachment therapy had a reducing effect on both variables of anxiety, depression/isolation, physical complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, law–breaking and aggressive behavior (p<0.001). The time parameter reduced anxiety, depression/isolation, physical complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, law–breaking behavior, and aggressive behavior (p<0.001). The interaction of time*group reduced anxiety, depression/ isolation, physical complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, law–breaking, and aggressive behavior compared to the control group (p<0.001). There was a significant difference between the two experimental groups in the variables of depression/isolation (p=0.006), aggressive behavior (p=0.013), and law–breaking behavior (p=0.001). But no significant difference was observed between the two experimental groups in the other variables, i.e., anxiety, physical complaints, social problems, thought problems, and attention problems (p=1.000). Also, the results showed a significant difference between the mean values of the mentioned variables (including anxiety, depression/isolation, physical complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, law–breaking behavior, and aggressive behavior) in the pretest with posttest and follow–up phases in the experimental groups (p=0.001) and the persistence of this effect in the follow–up phase (p=0.017, p>0.05).

Based on the findings of this study, both parent–child interaction therapy and the combination of parent–child interaction therapy with attachment therapy are effective on children's behavioral problems. However, combining parent–child interaction therapy with attachment therapy showed a greater effect on children's behavioral problems.

Diabetes disease as one major problem of the health system in the world is a one metabolic and chronic disease that adolescents with it face many psychological, emotional and social problems and disorders. As a result, present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of encouragement education on diabetic quality of life and emotional behavioral disorders in adolescents with diabetes.

This research was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and two-month follow-up design with control group. The research population was adolescents with diabetes of members of the Tehran Diabetes Association in 2019 year. Among them 30 diabetic adolescents were selected by simple random sampling method and randomly replaced in two equal groups. The experimental group underwent encouragement education for 10 sessions of 45 minutes and the control group did not receive any training. The research instruments were the Burroughs and et al diabetic quality of life brief inventory (2004) and Achenbach and Rescorla emotional behavioral disorders scale (2001). Data were analyzed by chi-square, repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test in the SPSS-21 software version.

The findings showed that the encouragement education led to increased diabetic quality of life (F=21.02, P<0.001) and decreased internalizing emotional behavioral disorders (F=25.68, P<0.001) in adolescents with diabetes, but had no significant effect on their externalizing emotional behavioral disorders (F=3.17, P=0.071). In addition, the effectiveness of encouragement education remained in the follow-up phase on increasing diabetic quality of life (F=33.28, P<0.001) and decreasing internalizing emotional behavioral disorders (F=49.59, P<0.001) and lack of effect on externalizing emotional behavioral disorders (F=2.35, P=0.094) in adolescents with diabetes.

Regarded to the results, health professionals and therapists can use the method of encouragement education along with other educational methods to improve health-related psychological characteristics, especially increase diabetic quality of life and decrease internalizing disorders.

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder that has attracted the attention of many mental health professionals due to its high prevalence and health costs. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of electrical cranial stimulation, combining cranial electrical stimulation with drug therapy and cranial electrical stimulation with cognitive-behavioral therapy on rumination, emotions, and depressive symptoms in women.

In the form of a quasi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test-follow-up with a control group among all women with depression referred to counseling and psychotherapy clinics in Alborz province, 60 eligible people entered the study and were randomly divided into six groups. Data were collected using Beck Depression Inventory (1961) and Ruminative Response Scale by Nolen-Hoeksema et al. (1989) and then they were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance.

The results showed cranial electrical stimulation, drug therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy as well as the combination of cranial electrical stimulation with drug therapy and the combination of cranial electrical stimulation with cognitive-behavioral therapy had a reducing effect on rumination (P=0.001). Cranial electrical stimulation, drug therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy as well as the combination of cranial electrical stimulation with drug therapy and the combination of cranial electrical stimulation with cognitive-behavioral therapy had a reducing effect on depressive symptoms (P=0.001).

It is suggested that cranial electrical stimulation be used as a complementary method along with drug therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Most women experience one of the symptoms of PMS and these symptoms affect the quality of life and relationships of women in the family, workplace and community. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of individual and couple Emotion Focused Therapy on the severity of premenstrual symptoms.

The research design was quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test with three experimental groups and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all married women in Tehran. From this population, 54 people were selected as a statistical sample by the available method and randomly replaced in three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). The required findings were collected using the Premenstrual Syndrome Questionnaire (Steiner et al., 2003) in three rounds: pre-test, post-test and follow-up test, and using repeated measures analysis of variance test Was analyzed.

The results showed that the mean severity of premenstrual symptoms in individual and couple Emotion Focused Therapy groups decreased compared to the pretest and the results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the effect of therapies on The reduction in the severity of premenstrual symptoms was significant and stable (p≤0.001) and the results of comparing individual and couple Emotion Focused Therapy showed that there was no significant difference between individual and couple Emotion Focused Therapy approaches.

Considering the effectiveness of individual and couple Emotion Focused Therapy, this approach can be used as one of the intervention methods by marriage counselors and family therapists.