فهرست مطالب جلال رحیمیان

The verb "xɑstan" in Persian has a dual nature, so that it can be used both as an auxiliary verb and a lexical verb. " xɑstan " as a lexical verb indicates different meanings that are also expressed in the form of different structures. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to discuss the syntactic and semantic dimensions of this verb in different constructions. The authors believe that Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), with its approach to the study of complex constructions, is well capable of giving a comprehensive description of the constructions in question. In this command, complex constructions are explained based on the "Interclausal Relations Hierarchy ". The mentioned hierarchy consists of two syntactic and semantic continuities. In the syntactic dimension, juncture-nexus relations are considered and in the semantic continuum, the type of semantic relations based on the main predicate is discussed. In this regard, an attempt was made to describe the various uses of the verb " xɑstan " based on hierarchy, and from this approach, the assumptions of the RRG were tested based on research findings. Some findings suggest that the verb " xɑstan " semantically falls into the category of psych-action, jussive and propositional attitude predicates, and in the syntactic dimension it also appears in the form of core cosubordination and core subordination. It is worth mentioning that the data of the present study are taken from the corpus of Hamshahri 2.

Considering the growing interest of non-Iranians in pursuing higher education in Iran, the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology statistics indicate this trend. In 1398, out of 129 nationalities, 40,000 foreign students were studying in Iran, requiring Persian language courses as a prerequisite for university entry. These courses focus on teaching scientific Persian in humanities, technology, engineering, and medical sciences. Evaluating the content of available resources and assessing their efficiency in achieving academic language proficiency is crucial.One of the linguistic theories in the field of language teaching text analysis that has been welcomed by many researchers is the systematic Functional grammar. A review of the conducted researches well confirms that this command has been well-known not only in English, but also in other languages, including Persian, in introducing practical ideas. To be effective for standardizing educational content. From the framework of systematic Functional grammar, we chose the category of coherence for studying Persian texts with academic purposes. Coherence in this command has been proposed as a powerful tool for textualization and texture, as Sojudi (Sojudi, 2009) considers the observance of two features in writing the content of the text, which are 1- coherence and 2- features A structure in which the observance of each affects a better comprehension and reading. He believes that the most basic element in the formation and texture of a text is coherence. Coherence, along with other factors such as text structure and words are the determining factors in the quality of text comprehension. Also, the issue of coherence in the view of some scholars such as Ghazizadeh & Ghonsoli (Ghazizadeh & Ghonsoli, 2011) and Ahmadi and Mirzapour (Mirzapour & Ahmadi, 2011) due to the objectivity of this category in the text as one of the methods of communication between the text and its audience is considered.Therefore, paying attention to the use of cohesive elements in Persian educational texts with academic goals by the authors and also emphasizing the correct and principled teaching of coherent elements of the text in advanced writing classes causes on the one hand the learner with how Get acquainted with the production and creation of a coherent scientific text and become proficient in writing this register  of texts, and on the other hand, provide better processing and comprehension in these register s of texts that seem to have semantic complexity due to their content. . According to the issues raised, the present study has two main objectives. First, by studying the volume of academic scientific texts in the field of social sciences, to achieve the pattern of application of textual coherence tools in books in this field, and the second goal is to represent and match the pattern extracted in Persian language teaching texts with academic goals in the same scientific. It is worth mentioning that in the discussion of teaching Persian language to non-Persian speakers, in recent years, as much as the content assessment and educational needs assessment of Persian language teaching resources for general purposes, Persian books with academic purposes have not been paid enough attention.1-What are the characteristics of the pattern of application of cohesive elements in academic scientific texts in the field of social sciences?2-To what extent do social science texts for foreign learners correspond to the pattern extracted from the same academic texts in terms of lexical and grammatical coherence elements?

Therapeutic discourse is a special type of organizational discourse that is used in patients' psychotherapy. The present study seeks to find the principles of how to end conversations in a therapeutic situation using the conversation analysis approach. In particular, it examines therapeutic discourse of treatment sessions for patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) based on the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach. The method used in this research is based on the logic of qualitative research. The linguistic corpus used in this research included the last 10 minutes of conversations of 252 psychotherapy sessions. Participants in this study were selected from both genders. To analyze the data, methods of conversation analysis, word counting and finding keywords in the text have been used. Also, ATLAS t.i. computer software has been used to construct and present the verbal pattern. The results of this study show that in all sessions, the psychotherapist has announced the end of the conversation due to his/her active nature in the psychotherapy sessions. The application of all techniques related to the completion of conversations was in accordance with the principles and foundations of psychotherapy interviews. Also, the use of goodbye terms has originated from the culture of Iranian society.

The present study aims at examining the possible relation between metaphor and impoliteness in the context of interpersonal media gossip. To this end, we collected data related to 20 celebrities (10 actors and 10 actresses) regarding 60 linguistic situations that occurred from August 2018 to April 2020. Words under examination were 51449. According to the findings of the study, human conceptualization based on source domains such as shit/ animal waste matter, useless things, cartoon/ fictional characters, useless money, dirty substance, imaginary/ metaphysical beings, mushroom, bread, weekdays, fat, and disease/blight were accompanied by impoliteness. These findings justify the role of impoliteness in confirming the direct relation between metaphor and impoliteness to the extent that human is considered as one of the above domains. Interpersonal media gossip prepares the grounds for the use of 345 metaphors along with impoliteness which has its roots in special features of this type of gossip. Among all source domains, concepts such as shit/ animal waste matter are of the highest frequencies. Among impoliteness strategies related to naming, one must point to the negative impoliteness sub-strategy. Language users attempt to hurt the positive face of people from themselves by using positive impoliteness.

The present study studies control constructions in Persian language based on Role and Reference Grammar (RRG). In RRG, control constructions are discussed based on " theory of obligatory control ". This theory has semantic foundations and specifically evaluates the phenomenon of control based on the thematic relations of the arguments as well as the type of control predicates. In the present paper, we first categorized the types of control predicates based on " Interclausal semantic relations " in the RRG and in this command, we analyzed the types of control constructions based on psych-action, causative and jussive predicates. The findings confirm that the Persian language data are consistent with the theory of obligatory control and as a result, the explanatory adequacy of the theory can be confirmed. It is worth mentioning that the data of the present study are taken from the corpus of Hamshahri 2.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a new approach in the field of Discourse Analysis that examines the relationship between language and thought and discovers the hidden ideology behind the texts. In Critical Discourse Analysis, language has two layers, the superficial and the underlying. At the superficial layer, the discursive structures and features are explored while, at the underlying layer, the ideology and worldview of that discourse’s producer are discovered. Discursive features depict social actors. Social actors are all people who are present in a discourse. They are represented in different ways in the discourse with the help of socio-semantic features. In CDA, it is believed that most texts are ideological and that events are reported from a particular perspective. As a result, adopting this approach, the dominant ideologies in different texts can be re-examined. In this research, an attempt has been made to study one of the most important issues using CDA. The problem is domestic violence against women, and the method used to investigate is the model of social actors of Van Leeuwen (2008).Domestic violence has recently received more formal attention in Iran. Domestic violence is one of the most common types of gender-based violence, which includes physical, psychological, verbal, sexual, economic, and social harassment. Women and girls are the most affected by domestic violence. Violence against women has devastating consequences, especially at the family level. Therefore, paying attention to this issue and examining it from different dimensions can be helpful. This study tries to analyze the narratives of women who have experienced various forms of domestic violence, using a completely linguistic model. In other words, by examining the discursive features in these narratives, this study explores the ideologies of the producers of these texts and also examines the tools and strategies that these women use to persuade or influence their audience.

Phase predicates describe each of the beginning, continuation, or end phases of an event and are expressed in the form of verbs such as start, continue, end, and so on. In this regard, we call the structures in which there is a phasal predicates "phase construction" and discuss them. We believe that Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) with its approach to the analysis of complex constructions can be used as a theoretical framework for the present study. Based on this, we first analyze the syntactic and semantics aspects of phase constructions, then explain the interaction of the two levels of syntax and semantics. Finally, we will present the “constructional scheme” of phase constructions in Persian language. In the syntactic dimension, various types of "juncture-nexus" relations are considered, and in the semantics dimension, various properties of predicates will be the focus of discussion. Syntactic-semantic interaction in phase constructions will also be justified in the form of linking algorithms. It is worth mentioning that the data of the present study are taken from the corpus of Hamshahri 2.

This study is about to find how conceptual metaphors help in drawing identity borders and attaining legitimacy. So, the semantic system of conceptual metaphor (Kováces, 2010) and the components of myth and social imagination (derived from Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory, 2001) make the theoretical framework of the research to find how the semantic system affect reaching general legitimation. To answer the research question, Joe Biden’s speech in his inaugural ceremony in 20 Jan. 2021 is used as the case study. Based on the findings, metaphor provides a cognitive framework for expressing ideological ideas. Each metaphor in this discourse foregrounds a concept and backgrounds the alternative ones. The president conceptualizes the USA as “America is human” metaphor to accompany the nation, and avoid the party-based views. As a result, metaphor is a tool for avoiding clear border-makings, foregrounding concepts, and representing different views according to conceptual domains. Though using metaphor, discourses can turn to a discourse having the least out groups and the most in groups in a country. Therefore, conceptual metaphor provides a base for creating an ideal space for myth-making. Through such tools, Biden tried to capture a discourse trying to attract the attention of the most and avoid rejecting the potential groups.

Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) provides a workable mechanism, namely “interclausal relations hierarchy”, for the analysis of complex constructions. It is used as a general rule for interlinguistic studies. This hierarchy consists of "semantic continuum" and "syntactic continuum" and is based on iconicity, which means that constructions with high semantic correlations are expressed in the form of stronger syntactic relations and vice versa. In this hierarchy, causative constructions are also included, which were the focus of the present study. In this research, causative constructions were divided into 3 types: causative [type 1] or direct causatives, causative [type 2] or indirect causatives, and jussives. We first examined their syntactic semantic forms and interactions in causative constructions. The juncture-nexus relations and semantic hierarchy were discussed in the syntactic and semantic dimensions, respectively. The findings indicated that the direct causatives were in nuclear co-subordination relations, while the indirect causatives and jussives were in core co-subordination relations. We also proposed a constructional scheme for direct causation in Persian. The interaction of the two levels of syntax and semantics in causative constructions was also explained in the form of linking algorithms. Finally, it was found that Persian language acts in a way that it confirms the "interclausal relation hierarchy" and thus, its explanatory adequacy could be corroborated.

Scientific study of speech rhythm for more than eight decades proves that it is not only an important part of music and poetry, but has become a challenging subject in all branches of linguistics. Moreover, acoustic study of speech rhythm has provided practical results in various topics, including speaker identification. On the other hand, some studies indicate that speech rhythm varies greatly between languages, dialects and speakers. They concluded that the between-speaker variations in speech rhythm depends on the linguistic discriminations in the sentences. In this study, in addition to examining Qashqai speech rhythm, the effect of each sentence on the rhythmic features of this linguistic dialect was investigated. To this end, the acoustic durational rhythmic correlations of Qashqai in a reading text were examined by calculating different measures of phonetic intervals including segmental intervals, vowel and consonant intervals, vocalic and intervocalic intervals, voiced and unvoiced intervals, syllable intervals, and syllable peaks intervals. Furthermore, in order to study the effect of each sentence on Qashqai rhythmic features, between-sentence speech variability was considered. The results showed that Qashqai rhythm was placed in the middle the rhythm continuum of languages close to the syllable-time languages; however, in comparison to Persian language it was closer to the stress-time languages. The results of durational rhythmic measures at different phonetic intervals demonstrated that the Syllabic normalize Pairwise Variability Index (nPVI-Syl), the standard deviation of Variation Coefficient in consonant intervals (VarcoC) and the Syllable rate (rateSyl) were respectively the robust measures in identifying between-sentence variabilities in Qashqai speech rhythm.

This study aims to analyze the grammar of linguistic metaphors in Persian based on the theoretical framework of Deignan (2005, 2006). The purpose of the present study is to answer the questions “what role does grammar (part of speech, inflection, lexical grammar) play in the metaphorical representation of hand as one of the members of the conceptual domain of human body?", and "how does each of the three levels of grammar affect the metaphorical representation of the mentioned conceptual domain?" In other words, which level does play the more significant role? The second version of Hamshahri corpus was used to answer the research questions to determine the function of grammar in the metaphorical representation of hand as a source domain. The findings signify that the first level of Deignan’s framework has no influence upon the metaphorical usage of hand. From among the components of the second level, singular inflection in both metaphorical and literal uses is the only significant form. In the third level, the relatively fixed patterns in the metaphorical meanings and the free syntactic patterns in the literal uses show how metaphorical meanings are shaped.

The present sturdy studies the semantic function negative prefixes »na « and »bi « in Persian. The founder of this approach using six semantic features, studies semantic function of morphological items, including affixes and their function in the processes of compounding, derivation and conversion. In the present research, data which is collected from the second version of" Hamshahri" corpus and polysemy of prefixes »na «and »bi «has been studied according to the type and meaning of stem. analyzing data suggests that different meanings of prefix » na «are due to co- indexing principle. This principle, can't explain the negative meaning in some cases and for the elaboration of negative meaning in these cases we need to put away the principle and pay attention to semantic features of stem; although this issue is not correct about prefix »bi «and we can explain all negative meanings conveyed by this affix. Also, it was shown that negative prefixes  »bi « and  »na « are adjective maker; except, in some small amount of cases.

Equative constructions have not been desirably studied due to their formal and semantic similarity to similitive constructions. Haspelmath (2017) proposed the six basic types of equative constructions in distinct patterns based on typological studies. On the basis of these six patterns, there are also three cross-linguistic generalizations. In the present study, by examining the equative constructions of the (Turkic) Azarbaijani language, we conclude that five types of six types of these basic constructions can be found in the (Turkic) Azarbaijani language. Regarding the generalizations mentioned above, all generalizations are valid in (Turkic) Azarbaijani. It should be noted that the data of the present research are based on the corpus of the ordinary speech of the native speakers and the intuition of one of the writers.

In the present study, we have used a descriptive-analytical method to examine the data. The data of the present research are based on the corpus of the ordinary speech of the 10 native speakers and the intuition of one of the writers. This research mainly analyzes data from direct elicitation and does not include data from written text.

Equative constructions express situations in which “two referents have a gradable property to the same degree" (Haspelmath, 2016, p. 9). Equative constructions vary widely in different languages, but the six main types are distinguished by Hespelmat (2016). Each of these types is characterized by the following five components:  (1) 1                  2                      3                  4                      5 Compare      degree-marker parameter standard-marker standard Kim        is   [as                      tall]         [as                    Pat]. Type 1: Only equative standard-marker:In this type of equative construction, there is a comparee, standard and standard marker, and there is no degree marker, and also the parameter generally plays the role of a predicate. (2) Sanin  taĉin  xošgel  di. "Taĉin" has appeared as a standard marker and is mostly used to compare similarities in human traits, and as it is obvious, this standard marker has appeared as a post-addition (after the standard marker). The comparee is used as a pronoun. (3) Maryam mehrnaz ĉimi  gozal  di. "ĉimi" is standard marker that is placed in postposition of standard (after the standard) and is used to express the similarity of traits between humans and other living things.Type 2: Equative degree-marker and standard-marker:In this type of construction, in addition to the three main components (comparee, standard, parameter), there are also a degree marker and a standard marker. In Azerbaijani, as far as the authors have studied, there is no structure in which it is possible to show both the standard marker and the degree marker based on type 2. Type 3: Equative degree-marker unified:In this type of construction, there are predicate parameter, degree marker (meaning the same degree) and [comparee + standard] exists as a unified unit, but there is no standard marker. In examples (4-5), "ham" and "bir" indicate degree marker. (4) Nɑsirinan mahdya ham qiɑfa dilar (5) Husseinan Ɂahmad bir Ɂandɑzada dilar Type 4: Primary reach equative:In this type, the predicate is a verb means to reach / unite. In the Azerbaijani (Turkish) language, as shown in Examples (6-8), the verbs tʃatmaz, jetišmasan, tʃakib are used to mean to arrive, go or unite:(6) Hiškim safihlida   Behruza  tʃatmaz (7) San zirahlixda  maʤida   jetišmasan (8) Sanda tanbalihdan bɑʤuɁɑ tʃakib san. Type 5: Primary reach equative unified In this type of construction, [comparee and standard] appear as a unified unit in role of subject, there is a verb to reach / unite and a parameter (usually in a dative case).(9) Rɑmininan Bahram chohlexdɑ barɑbar dilar. (10) Bizim mɑšininan sizin mɑšini sürɁatda bir dilar. Type 6: Secondary reach equative In this type of construction, there is a parameter as the first predicate and a verb (to reach united) as a second predicate. In examples (11-13), being good, being tall, and being stingy, respectively, are used as the predicate parameters, and the verb "tʃakib" is used as the second verb, which implicitly means to unite / achieve. (11) Amir gözal di xɑlasina tʃakib (12) Mohammad uzün   di   Aliya tʃakib (13) Hasan xasi  di   Ɂisya   tʃakib

In the present study, by examining the equative constructions of the (Turkic) Azarbaijani language, we conclude among six types of these basic constructions, five can be found in the (Turkic) Azarbaijani language. The authors also provide the seventh pattern of the aforementioned constructions by examining other ways of expressing equative constructions in (Turkic) Azarbaijani. Regarding the generalizations mentioned above, all generalizations are valid in(Turkic) Azarbaijani.

Research shows that scientific language, in addition to having specific vocabulary, has syntactic and structural features that distinguish it from general language. academic texts play an important role in identifying these features and extracting frequency patterns from linguistic structures. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the patterns of coherence to the text in accordance with the coherence concept proposed in the systematic orthographic system with the aim of application in Persian language teaching for academic purposes. So a corpus of academic texts in the two disciplines of social sciences and biology, which consisted of a volume of 21133 and 19131 words, respectively, coherent patterns were extracted. The results showed that at the lexical level, the elements of repetition, co-occurrence, semantic inclusion, contradiction and synonymy and at the grammatical level, the elements of reference, substitution and omission are among the factors of coherence in scientific Persian. Dar confirmed the difference in distribution and frequency of these elements. The results showed that, in general, in scientific Persian language, lexical elements play a greater role in the coherence of texts than grammatical elements. It was also found that at the lexical level, the two elements of concurrence and repetition in the social sciences and biology texts, respectively, and at the grammatical level, the two elements of personal reference in the social science texts and reference references in biology are the most used. Another result was less use of the element of omission in both scientific disciplines than in other elements.

The present study aims at analyzing and describing inflectional features of nouns and verbs in Bavanati dialect (central part of Bavanat city). It is the first systematic study on this dialect. Our research method is descriptive one based on data collected through field and library search. In this research, we have studied and analyzed the categories in terms of their structural as well as semantics features. The significant findings of the research are as follows: since the most common plural marker is /ǎ/, the speakers are often forced to apply different phonological processes to the nouns to make them pronounceable. The most common indefinite marker is "jej" whose equivalence in standard Persian is ‘jek’ ‘one’.  Extra marker is frequently omitted in this dialect. The possessive pronouns are also structurally unique and the details of which are discussed in the paper. As far as the verb is concerned, second plural person-number marker, /-ik /, is quite different from that in standard Persian. In verbal negative forms, the prefix "mi-" is reduced to "m"; for instance the standard verbal form such as "ne-mi-ræv-æm" ‘I won’t go’ is changed into "næ-m-r-æm". Many other findings and specific features of the dialect are presented in conclusion section of the paper.

In our ordinary and everyday speech and in the informal and colloquial contexts in general, we encounter the use of constructions, in which two verbs appear in a “verb-verb” situation, thus making a complex predicate construction, such as "kešid bordeš", "gereft xabid", and "daram miravam". All these three constructions have a common feature of adjacency of verbs, in which one verb has a matrix function and the other has a dependent function. Thus, in the present study, they were studied under the title of "adjacent verbs". The authors believed that the “Role and Reference Grammar (RRG)” would provide a useful theoretical framework for better understanding of the “construction of adjacent verbs”. In RRG, all linguistic constructions are explained in three dimensions: syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic (focus structure). Accordingly, in the present paper, we first classified the different types of adjacent verbs and then discussed their features. It starts by identifying the syntactic, semantic, and focus structure representations will be discussed and then, the constructional scheme of adjacent verbs in Persian will be represented.

Therapeutic discourse is a special type of organizational discourse which is used by psychotherapists when treating their patients. This is highly significant in sociolinguistic studies, for which the present study attempted to shed some light on one aspect of this issue. One of the important communicative strategies in psychotherapeutic dialogues is implementing feedback markers. The present study aimed at analyzing different types of feedback markers used by male and female psychotherapists during psychotherapeutic sessions for patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. Our method is based on the logic of the quantitative and qualitative research within the framework of conversation analysis methodology. The data were collected by recording audio and video of psychotherapy sessions. The corpus contained 1333 markers derived from psychotherapeutic sessions including 630 minutes of conversation. The findings showed that the number of linguistic feedback markers produced by male psychotherapists was higher than those produced by female psychotherapists in psychotherapeutic sessions. While female psychotherapists used a large number of lexical feedback makers, male psychotherapists used plenty of non-lexical makers. The focal point of producing feedback markers are at the end of sentences and utterances carrying falling intonations and after pauses. In this study, ‘understanding and following patients’ remarks” is considered as the major and central meaning of feedback.

Equative constructions have not been desirably studied due to their formal and semantic similarity to similative constructions. Haspelmath (2017) proposed the six basic types of equative constructions in distinct patterns based on typological studies. The five key components in an equative construction, are illustrated in (1), using an English and a French example. The six types can be characterized with reference to these five components: (1) 1 2 3 4 5 comparee degree-marker parameter standard-marker standard Mary is [as beautiful] [as Lili]. Mary est [aussi belle] [que Lili]. As Haspelmath (2017) points out, an equative construction must allow a way to express the PARAMETER (component3, some gradable property concept words, usually are called adjective), the COMPAREE (component 1, the first referent to be compared), and the STANDARD (component 5, the other referent to which the first referent is compared). Regarding the equative constructions in Persian language, as far as the authors have considered, no research has been done. However, some works of research can be mentioned regarding the methods of expressing analogy and similarity, such as; Shariat (1988), Arzhang (1971), Farshidvar (2009) among them. In this paper, however, we intend to answer the following questions by studying equative constructions: 1- What will be the representation of different types of equative constructions in Persian language? 2- what are the generalizations given about equative structures in Persian? The data used in the present study comes from two main sources: from published stories and novels with colloquial styles, and from daily conversations of people around. The methodology used to collect the data was, primarily, direct elicitation of sentences. The authors built contexts and ask people to make a constructions according to that contexts. We tried to provide enough context to give a clear view of the use of the construction in question. After studying the data, the authors identified seven types of equative construction in Persian, which are introduced as follows. Type 1: this type of equative construction in the most common type in data. It consists of a predicative parameter plus compare and standard. There is an equative standard-marker, but no equative degree marker. 1. Mɑ mesle to hɑzerjavab nistim. We like you spontaneous are not We are not as spontaneous as you. Type 2: In this type of equative constructions, in addition to the three main components (comparee, standard, parameter), there is also a degree-marker and a standard standard-marker. In Persian, as far as the authors have considered, there is no construction in which the standard-marker and the degree-marker can be shown at the same time based on type 2, but there is a construction similar to the type 2 in such a way: “comparee+ preposition+ nominal adjective+ Ezafe+ standard”: 2. Afshin be zerangi-e Bijan nist. Afshin as smart as Bijan is not. Afshin is not as smart as Bijan. In (2) we can consider preposition (be) as a degree-marker and Ezafe as a standard-marker. Type 3: This type consists of a predicative parameter with an equative degree-marker, the comparee and standard referents are unified, i.e. they are expressed as a single conjoined or plural noun phrase (‘Afshin and his brother’). There can thus be no standard-marker. As Haspelmath (2017) points out, “This construction can also be regarded as a kind of reciprocal construction.” [Afshin va barɑdar-ash] ham qiɑfe-and. Afshin and brother-his the sam appearance are. Afshin and his brother are the same. (have the same appearance) Type 4: this type of equative construction contains a verb as its primary predicate that in other contexts represents a notion of ‘residan= reaching’ or ‘raftan= take after’, there are comparee as subject and the standard as second argument that is generally the object, and the parameter that expresses as a kind of oblique constituent (‘in kindness’). 4. Sɑrɑ tu mehrabɑni be Maryam nemiresad. Sɑrɑ in kindness to Maryam doesn’t reach. Sɑrɑ does not reach Maryam in kindness. Type 5: In this type of equative construction, there are comparee and standard as a continuous unit as a subject, a verb expresses the notion of “reaching or equalling” and a parameter as an oblique constituent (tu zibaei). 5. [Afshin va Bijan] tu zibɑei be ham miresan. Afshin and Bijan in beauty to eachother reach. Afshin and Bijan are equal (to each other) in beauty. Type 6: In this type there is a parameter as the first predicate, and a second verb that expresses a notion of ‘residan=reaching’ or ‘yeki shodan=equaling’. This type of construction does not exist in Persian as far as the authors have considered. In more precise terms, it is not possible to use an adjective as the first predicate and a verb as the second predicate at the same time. But the construction is used with a attributive adjective, such as in example (6): 6. Zibɑei-e Arash be pedaresh nemirese. beauty-Ezafe (of) Arash to his father doesn’t reach. Arashʹs beauty doesn’t reach to his father (beauty). Type 7: In this type of equative construction, comparee and standard is used along with the verb of “reaching/ equalling”. There is standard-marker without standard, it inferred from the context. The important point that distinguishes this type of construction from other constructions is that the comparee also has a marker that appears as a postposition (after comparee). 7. Maryam ham be mɑdaresh rafte. Maryam as well to her mother take after. Maryam takes after his mother (in manner). Based on the research findings, some generalizations of equative constructions in Persian can be provided. First, [if the Ezafe is considered as a standard-marker] there is no equative construction in Persian that has a degree-marker but left the standard without any marker. Second, in all examples of equative constructions in Persian that the parameter appears as a predicate, the parameter is placed after the standard, and according to Haspelmath (2017), in such a situation, the language has an object-verb word order. According to Dabir Moghaddam (2001), Persian language, especially in the field of simple sentences, tends to have a predominant object-verb order. Therefore, the mentioned generalization is valid in Persian language equative constructions. Third, in all examples of equative constructions (with predicative parameters) with the order of [parameter + standard] in spoken and written data, the standard-marker is placed before the standard. This violates Haspelmath's (2016) prediction. Perhaps the reason for this discrepancy can be attributed to the nature of the free word order of the Persian language.

In recent months, the outbreak of coronavirus has affected the lives of all communities across the world. Because Corona is the topic of the day, the present study, using the theory of cultural-cognitive metaphor of Kövecses (2005), has examined the metaphorical differences of this virus in the headlines of the two Persian dailies, Etemad and Iran. The data of this research have been collected from all issues of different sections of Etemad and Iran newspapers from February 20, 2019 to May 20, 2019. The domains of origin, including vehicle, human, animal, calamity, obstacle, sword, object, commodity, race, living creature, force / agent, place, war, event, game, opportunity, and frightening creature were common between the two newspapers. In addition to these commonalities, metaphorical differences were also observed. In Etemad newspaper, Coronavirus was based on the domains of crisis, food, actor, cloud, drink, song and discussion, and in Iran newspaper, based on the domains of teacher, test, path, burden, ruler, natural force, prison, gift, life, season, puzzle, traffic light, tool and murderer, are also conceptualized. These differences between the domains of origin of the two newspapers are in line with the stylistic differences of Kövecses theory.

This study investigates the nature and structure of Persian incorporation within the framework of Distributed Morphology (DM) as a fully synthetic approach that considers morphology as syntax. In this approach, the Root selects for an argument, and then the Root must be merged with that argument or adjunct before it merges with its category-determining feature bundle. So Roots allow being incorporated into them. They are not yet included in any category. In order to become nominal or verbal, they have to incorporate further into a category-creating head. Some linguists (Arkan, 2006; Karimi, 1997; Shaghaghi, 2007; Spencer, 1991, 1995) considered the incorporation process as a morphological phenomenon because within the framework of Baker's synthetic theory, data from their understudied languages violates Baker's syntactic principles, but DM can describe incorporated constructions inconsistent with syntactic conditions of Baker’s synthetic theory. It seems that DM, unlike previous approaches, can solve some challenges, such as combining the syntactic function of incorporated construction of concrete structures (Gerdts, 1988), changing the syntactic function of the element derived from incorporation (Baker, 1988), and some restrictions on modifier stranding for merging with verbs (Baker, 1988, 1996). The analysis made in this article shows that syntactic approaches need to be reconsidered to explain incorporation.

This study deals with interpersonal media gossips in order to discover which of the two strategies, namely, politeness and impoliteness are more frequent in the context of the present study. Brown and Levinson's (1996) Politeness and Culpeper's (1996) impoliteness were used as theoretical frameworks. The data were composed of 3078 utterances containing 50230 words, talking about 10 male and 10 female famous Iranian actors. The findings showed that 2820 utterances represented impoliteness strategies while only 258 utterances contained politeness strategies. Results of statistical analyses revealed that negative strategy (60%) is the most frequently used impoliteness strategies, and positive strategy (77%) is the more frequently used politeness strategies.

In a linguistic analysis, different levels such as words, sentences, textual structures, combinations etc. interact with each other and make the bases, principles and the context of a thought and an ideology. In fact, ideology lets any thought and approach to draw its identity-based and other-making borders with its antagonists. Power construction and social context interact with each other in the political elections. In this arena, the political elites represent their discourse in a manner leading to grasping the utmost votes. Therefore, in this rivalry, besides legitimizing their ideology, these elites delegitimize their antagonists. Besides, what is presented before the elections, what the candidates utter in their inaugural speeches is somehow a different material. What is uttered in the inaugural speech generally contains all the political currents, parties, groups and thoughts. In this era other-makings is articulated through a hidden discourse. It seems that elections provide a ground in which power and hegemony get integrated in a peaceful manner. Therefore, it is important to find the reason of the supremacy of an ideology and the failure of the other. In the years 2016 to 2017, three presidential elections were held in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the United States of America and France. Iran elections were held on May 19th, 2017 and Hassan Rouhani was re-elected for a second term. The United States presidential election of 2016 was held on November 8th and Donald Trump won the White House. The presidential election of France was held on May 7th, 2017 in which Emmanuel Macron was elected. In this study, by considering the context-based situation of each discourse, the authors investigate how identity making, representing self and others and different social actors is formulated throughout these political events. There are many questions asked regarding what happens throughout the elections period. How can language-use foreground a discourse and let it gain its expected results? How does the hegemon discourse attract all the groups and parties? What is the role of linguistic mechanisms? However, this investigation is about to answer the question that “how are the identity-based borders of producing and reproducing authority represented in the first inaugural speech of the elected presidents after the elections?” This analysis is done in the micro and macro levels. The study’s hypothesis is that “the elected candidates in the presidential elections of Iran, the US and France have based their semiotic system on the articulation of their maximal positive identity and defining a minimal other-making circle (maximal inclusion and minimal exclusion)”. The corpus of this study is composed of three inaugural addresses of the three case discourses. Their usage of different pronouns, the manner they address their audience and their high frequency references is part of the analysis and the manner they represent their identity is another part. Therefore, the study’s theoretical framework has two main levels, a micro and a macro one. The micro level investigates the linguistic strategies each president applies and the macro one is found through critical discourse analysis (CDA). So, the framework is based on a combination of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s discursive theory and some ideas obtained from Roland Barthes and Jacques Derrida. As a result, firstly, the linguistic mechanisms are analyzed through the implicit and explicit implication of Barthes and the presence and absence ideas of Derrida. Then, other factors like self and other, other-making, foregrounding and backgrounding, chain of equivalence and logic of difference in each of the speeches is analyzed. As the interdisciplinary studies like this one are based on a two-level method, they can provide an appropriate ground for understanding the linguistic trends, processes and structures that have a special importance in policy-making. The data analysis proves that the three analyzed discourses, despite their different contexts, have common grounds in the application of the linguistic mechanisms. The findings present us three macro-structures the first one of which is “the pronouns”. Using the pronouns “I” and “we” is a strategy for the ideological representations and the political inclusions and exclusions. In fact, the first person singular pronoun is used for foregrounding the self and displaying the positive side and the plural one gathers all the parties and thoughts together. The second macro-structure is the “speech content”. The analyses reveal different topics each having their special importance in the related context. The repeated issues are some strategies that are consciously used to encourage the audience and create hope for a better future by the help of the government. This is a repeated subject in all the analyzed speeches. The third macro-structure is the opening and closing remarks containing appreciation in the beginning part and the commitment to compliance in their closing part. Another point is that the findings prove that the chain of equivalence and the identity-maker one is evidently described in Rouhani’s speech. Furthermore, backgrounding the negative others of Rouhani’s discourse is done implicitly. On the other hand, while the discursive others of Trump and Macron are implicitly represented, they do not have an evidently drawn chain of equivalence. In each of the studied discourses, a kind of ideological reality is hidden. In other words, the ideological context reproduced by each discourse represents self and other in a special way that outlines the borders of each discourse positively and negatively. This kind of representation in each discourse describes how each one is legitimized. As politics has mostly been studied from a social and political lens, and linguists have had fewer productions in this field, it is recommended that linguists apply their specialized view in this domain and prove how language can affect politics. As this study demonstrates, linguistic mechanisms help the candidates have an effective representation of their identity, legitimize themselves, delegitimize their others, and finally win the votes.

Persian light verbs have changed in terms of frequency of use in the course of time. The study of frequency changes of various common light verbs in the long history of Persian language seems reasonable, but the study of light verbs in the course of a relatively short period (a century) for the purpose of showing syntactic changes, can be a matter of significance. The present study deals with such topic. A diachronic study of the use of Persian light verbs in different periods sheds light on the processes leading to the formation of light verbs. In fact, studying the frequency of a number of light verbs during a century can lead to the discovery of how they turned into light verbs. Our purpose in this study is to analyze five Persian light verbs dӑštan (have), ӑmadan (come), ӑvardan (bring), gereftan (take) and didan (see) in five periods during a century (1220-1320 AH). In this study, 15000 simple and complex predicates, extracted from newspaper texts, have carefully been analyzed. In each period, the number of complex predicates based on type and token has been identified. This study shows that the light verb dӑštan has been regarded as the main light verb in the periods under study. This study also shows that the verb didan hasn't been used as a light verb in the last three periods, while it has been commonly used as light verb in the primary periods and has turned into a lexical verb in the course of time. This study also shows that the frequency of the mentioned light verbs during five periods indicates fluctuation; however, it is possible to reach a reasonable conclusion through a well-disciplined procedure.

The dialect of Ardakan in Fars is one of the western-south dialects of Iran spoken in some of parts of Sepidan and especially in its center, Ardakan, in Fars province. This study examines the verb system of this dialect precisely by analyzing the data gathered through questionnaires and interviews with informants who are above 35 years old. In this research, topics such as infinitives, verb stems, verb endings, different tenses, moods, causative verbs, and passive voice are analyzed. In order to show how this dialect keeps the ergative structure, transitive and intransitive verbs in simple past, present perfect, past imperfective, past continuous, past perfect, and past subjunctive tenses and the use of them in sentences are compared. Then, different moods in this dialect such as indicative, subjunctive, and imperative moods are studied. At the end, it is analyzed the way causative verbs and passive voice are made.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of using self-regulation learning strategies on Arab Persian language learners' academic achievement. This study was descriptive and 45 male and female students from the Persian language center of Imam Khomeini International University were selected as participants through random sampling. The Pintrich and De Groot’s Self-Regulation Learning Strategies Inventory (1990) was used as a tool for data collection. The learners’ grade point averages on a four-skill coordinated test of Persian language in the academic year 2017-18 were considered as indicators of academic achievement. After filling out the questionnaire, the data were analyzed by means of Pearson correlation coefficient test, t-test of two independent samples, and a stepwise multiple regression. The results of this study showed that, in learning Persian language as a second language, there is a significant positive correlation between self-regulation, self-efficacy and internal evaluation and academic achievement. Between test anxiety and academic success, a significant negative correlation was observed. Also, in this study, there was no significant difference between male and female learners in applying self-regulation strategies. Cognitive strategies positively, and test anxiety negatively predicted the academic achievement of Persian learners. At the end, suggestions were offered for Persian language instructors to have their students attend to the use of self-regulation learning strategies. Extended Abstract</strong> In the area of ​​academic achievement, one of the most influential theories of learning is the theory of learning strategies. According to (Omalley & Chamot, 1990), learning strategies are skills that are first acquired as declarative knowledge and eventually become highly procedural knowledge through practice. Different researchers have classified strategic learning in different classifications (Griffiths, 2008). Zimmerman (2015) provided a broader classification of self-regulated strategies according to an active process which involves thoughts, emotions, and spontaneous behaviors and guides one towards the goals he or she has set for himself. Therefore, self-regulated learners are introduced as individuals who contribute to their learning.</strong> In the past few years, non-Persian speakers of different L1 backgrounds have been learning Farsi, and many centers within Iran have been entrusted with teaching Persian as a second language. Therefore, the role of influencing factors on improving Persian learning process and efficient learning is of great importance. Considering the background of the studies and the importance of self-regulation skills as an effective factor in appropriate and effective learning on the one hand and the importance of academic achievement on the other hand, research has been conducted in English and other languages. The impact of applying self-regulated learning strategies on the success rate of non-Iranian students, no reliable research has been conducted to date. Therefore, it seems necessary to examine the impact of such learning strategies on the success rate of non-Iranian students who are learning Farsi as a second language. Therefore, the present study sought to discover the relationship between the use of self-regulated learning strategies and the academic achievement of non-Iranian Persian-speaking students by using the results obtained in Persian as a second language to improve their learning and academic achievement.  With this aim in mind the following hypotheses were considered: 1. There is a significant relationship between the use of self-regulated learning strategies and academic achievement of Arab Persian language learners. 2. There is a significant relationship between the use of motivational beliefs (self-efficacy, intrinsic evaluation, and anxiety) and academic achievement of non-Iranian Persian learners. 3. There is a significant relationship between gender and the use of self-regulated learning strategies. 4. The contribution of each of the self-regulation strategies and motivational beliefs to the prediction of Persian language learners’ academic achievement is different. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of using self-regulation learning strategies on Persian language learners' academic achievement.  This study was descriptive and 45 male and female Persian language learners studying at Imam Khomeini International University were selected as participants through random sampling. The Pintrich and De Groot’s Self-Regulation Learning Strategies Inventory (1990) was used as a tool for data collection. The learners’ grade point averages on a four-skill coordinated test of Persian language in the academic year 2017-18 were considered as indicators of academic achievement.  After answering the Farsi version of the questionnaire, the data were analyzed by means of Pearson correlation coefficient test, t-test of two independent samples, and stepwise multiple regression.  The results of this study showed that in learning Persian as a second language, there is a significant positive correlation between self-regulation, self-efficacy and internal evaluation and academic success. Between test anxiety and academic success, a significant negative correlation was observed.  Also, in this study, there was no significant difference between male and female learners in applying self-regulation strategies. According to the results, in teaching Persian as a second language, teachers should not only pay attention to what is to be taught, but also how and how to learn it. Planners and authors of Persian language teaching books to non-speakers can adjust their educational content according to the principles of self-regulation learning strategies so that teaching through these strategies makes learning more efficient and lasting. Teachers can also get acquainted with this type of learning by holding science courses. Studies show that when using self-regulated learning, 80% of classroom activities are done by the learners and only 20% by the teacher. Therefore, teachers should manage the classroom so that the learners can self-organize and manage most of the activities and hold themselves responsible for their own learning. As a suggestion for future research, it may be worthwhile to study Farsi acquisition by non-Arabic-speaking nationalities in the context of self-regulated learning and compare the results with the research results of this study. On the other hand, the study of the effect of teaching self-regulated learning strategies on the development of Persian language as a second language can also be the subject of future research.