فهرست مطالب علیرضا جلالی

The implementation of principles such as freedom of belief and religious freedom and finally the methods about criminal protection of religious freedom of citizens by legal systems are issues that prove the quality of the relationship between religion and State in different countries. European systems in particular, which have experience about the transition from an official religionto a system in which religion is separate from politics and law, are good models for exploring the criminal protection of religious freedom and the relationship between religion and State in general. Therefore, the study of the Italian system regarding thouse issues can be an important, interesting and instructive topic.

The present study was conducted in terms of data collection by documentary method and study of the rules and the jurisprudence of the Italian legal System and the obtained information was analyzed by descriptively-analytically method.

The present study has reached the conclusion that the more the government is dependent on a particular religious school, the more the criminal protection

Cancer is one of the most complex challenges because tumor cells can evade the host immune system and adapt to different conditions. The present review aims to explore the immune system and how different immune cells and mediators contribute to the development and progression of thyroid cancer.

Data were collected and summarized from research on the immunology of thyroid cancer and immune responses that play a crucial role in cancer development and may help diagnose malignant tumors. The data were collected from the Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Articles were reviewed without a time limit, and finally, 99 articles that were most relevant to the goals of this study were selected.

The molecular patterns of cytokines and chemokines play a key role in explaining the immune system’s role in tumor initiation and progression. Different cells are also filtered into the thyroid tumor, and the balance between their antitumor and tumor-stimulating activity may be involved in the prognosis of cancer.

The cells and mediators of the immune system in the microenvironment surrounding the tumor play a crucial role in the development and progression of malignancy. Accurate knowledge of the tumor microenvironment and its effective elements can help determine patients’ clinical condition and treat thyroid cancer.

Considering the importance of tax function in the country's economy, it is necessary to reform the tax system and eliminate its deficiencies. Public acceptance is actually the level of society's trust in the country's tax structure and the assurance that tax justice is observed on the one hand and that the collected tax is spent on the development of the country on the other hand. On the other hand, tax evasion has always been one of the major concerns of governments in order to get closer to tax justice while providing maximum tax revenue, so the purpose of this research is to provide a proposed model for reforming Iran's tax system with two approaches of increasing public acceptance and reducing tax evasion. . The current research was conducted with a combined approach (combining qualitative and quantitative methods). In the qualitative part, the conceptual model of the research was designed by asking the opinions of 32 tax experts and through an open questionnaire. In the quantitative stage, through a statistical sample consisting of 112 informed people, the model designed with the structural equation modeling (PLS) approach wastested. The resultsshow that the tax system is the foundation for the promotion of transparency due to its supervision and requirements. Transparency also has a positive and significant effect on reducing tax evasion in this area. Also, reducing tax evasion will increase public trust in this system.

The inability of the intellect to reach the essence of transcendence and bewilderment against it, is one of the common concepts of Islamic and Christian mysticism. The Cloud of Unknowing, written by an Christian mystic interprets the path of a mystic as moving towards God in a cloud of darkness, ignorance, and bewilderment; In this journey, the seeker flies towards the transcendent truth with a sharp arrow of love, placing a cloud of forgetting between himself and the whole universe. The essay deals with the central themes of this book, especially The Cloud of Unknowing and The Cloud of Forgetting, and in order to deepen this analysis, it uses an example of Iranian mysticism, that is, The Conference of the Birds (Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr) by Farid ud-Din Attar. In this way, while trying to understand the perspective of the English mystic, the common point of views between these two prominent mystics is analyzed.Attar considers man's desire to Join God as passing through the burning deserts and valleys and finally reaching the level of bewilderment (hayra), while the Christian mystic, who lived in the rainy Midlands of England, sees this attainment as flying through the clouds of bewilderment, darkness and ignorance.

European democracies see themselves as defenders of political freedoms including the freedom of all political parties. This, however, does not mean that all parties operate in complete freedom. The law in these regimes identify a phenomenon known as "anti-system parties", whose activities are prohibited. In this paper, we will attempt to answer the following question by studying the legal systems of Spain, Germany and Italy: how is the relationship between freedom of association and the dissolution of anti-system parties characterised in European democracies? Based on a descriptive-analytical and comparative study, it seems that the rational for dissolving anti-system parties is  guaranteeing freedom of association itself; as anti-system parties do not adhere to political pluralism, if they came to power this will lead to the abolition of other parties or the violation of their freedoms. On the other hand, the existence of this strong tool to defend the system entails the risk of abuse by the established order. Therefore, democracies must establish a reasonable balance between freedom of association and the supression of anti-system parties, namely by using the dissolution tool only in exceptional cases and under strict and precise rules.

Taxes have always been recognized as a powerful tool for distributing income in society. In fact, in order to reduce inequality, governments analyze how the incomes of individuals in society change using various tools. Various factors, including economic, social, and monetary and fiscal policies, affect changes in society's income distribution over time. Factors such as tax policies, government spending, type of income, price discrimination, government transfers, minimum wage, unemployment rate, financial facilities for low-income people, etc. can somehow regulate incomes in society. In addition to being the most important source of government spending, taxation is one of the effective policy tools in stabilizing the economy, reallocating economic resources and reducing income inequality. Among the types of government revenues, taxes are the most acceptable and economically appropriate. Providing current government expenditures from tax revenues is one of the goals that has always been considered by planners and government men. In Iran in recent decades, increasing oil revenues along with insufficient attention to financial discipline in the government budget has caused tax revenues Does not find a suitable place in the budget. Oil revenues are part of the country's capital and belong to present and future generations. This national capital will be practically destroyed if consumption is not used and intergenerational justice is not observed.

Various National and international legal systems demonstrate that the greater the special protection of fundamental rights is, the more developed a legal system will become. After the presentation of data and its analysis, the following question will be answered in the present paper: based on national and international models and particularities of the Iranian legal system, what methods and institutions can be more effective for the special protection of Iranian citizens’ fundamental rights? The findings of this study suggest that the creation of a special court - called Citizens Rights Court- with the purpose of completing article 25 of the Iranian Penal Procedure Code or the broadening of the Guardian Council’s competence in terms of subsequent supervision, may be ways to improve the Iranian legal system in the terms of protecting fundamental rights of citizens.

Protecting human dignity as an inherent and inviolable right is one of the most important obligations of the government even when a person is liable for his criminal behavior before the law. Adopting a descriptive-analytical method, the present study endeavors to answer the basic question that based on the procedure of the European Court of Human Rights, as an innovative and developed international judicial body, what elements should the courts consider when issuing a judgment in order to impose a punishment protecting the human dignity? After reviewing some judgments of the Court, the research concluded that by observing some formal and substantive principles such as justification of conviction, charge bargaining, ne bis in idem principle, citation of high quality laws, proportionality of offence and punishment and non-recourse to severely painful punishments, the human dignity of offenders is safeguarded. Accordingly, in case of non-observance of the mentioned principles, the legal systems would be exposed to serious human rights challenges, because states' lack of attention to the human dignity of criminals, would make the repressive nature of states to prevail over the fundamental rights of citizens.

Traditional joints always have some clearance which increases accelerations and forces. Flexural joints are a new type of joints that the clearance is eliminated and can be built seamlessly. The presence of intrinsic stiffness in the flexural joints increases the stiffness of the joints, and it can reduce the difficulties caused by clearance in other joints. The purpose of this research is to decrease the effect of joint clearance using flexural joints. First, dynamic equations of the slider-crank mechanism are derived using the Lagrange equation, where the mechanism has both the clearance joint and the flexural joint. Moreover, the flexural joints are modeled based on a pseudo rigid body model in which the joint is modeled as a torsional spring. The design of two different types of flexural joints has been done based on defining the optimization problem and optimal design. Design variables of optimization problems include joint geometry and material properties. Minimizing the maximum values of the links' acceleration has been considered the objective function, and the optimization problems have been solved using the Genetic Algorithm. The results show that utilizing the flexural joints in the desired mechanism can reduce the maximum values of accelerations by approximately 90%.

Every year, more oil reservoirs experience pressure drop and production rate decreases. The water flooding process is one of these conventional methods to increase oil production. The velocity of the injected fluid into the porous medium under different physical conditions can extract different amounts of oil from the pores. Due to the spatial geometry and composition of the pores, the velocity of the fluid entering each pore has a wide range. In this study, the effect of fluid velocity in three pores with hydrophilic, hydrophobic and neutral wettability surfaces has been investigated. This was done using numerical simulation with ANSYS-Fluent software at the scale of a 1 mm pore containing medium viscosity oil. The results of this study show that for a pore with single output in the state of hydrophilic cavity and neutral wettability, all oil is removed from the pore at all speeds. But for a pore with two outlets, only if the surface of the hole is hydrophilic, all the oil is removed, and for the pore with neutral wettability, 78% of the oil volume is removed. For the pore with hydrophobic surface, less oil was removed from the pore by increasing the velocity of the inlet fluid and the recovery coefficient was achieved between 63.7% and 98.5%.

Article 59 of the Iranian Constitution mentions the possibility of refer to popular vote through referendum on very important issues. One of the examples of this direct legislation is to enact laws about crimes and punishments; until today, the Iranian legal system has not referred to the referendum in general and to the legislative referendum in criminal matters in particular. It may be argued that given the impact of Islam on some crimes and punishments in Iran, Basically, referring to the opinions of the people on the mentioned issues should have a religious restriction. However, governments like Italy have used legislative referendums about criminal issues; according to Article 75 of the Italian Constitution, a referendum can repeal a parliamentary law, and this rule has been implemented at various times, even in criminal policy. In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method and after examining the principles of referring to public opinion in criminal matters from an Islamic perspective and presenting the features related to the Iranian and Italian systems, we will reach the conclusion that holding a referendum to determine criminal policy in Iran, provided that certain conditions are respected, not only has no legal and religious prohibition, but getting ideas from the Italian procedure can be considered a significant help in achieving the following issues: Improving the quality of governance of the Islamic Republic, increasing the level of mutual trust between people and the rulers and finally adapting the situation of crimes and punishments to the current concerns of society. This does not mean that the state should not monitor the implementation of referendums to avoid non-rational decisions by the people.

The Italian system is an exemple of Social-democracy; in this regime, Constitution focuses on the obligations of the State and citizens. In this paper with emphasis on the obligations of citizens towards public questions and with descriptive and analytic method, we try to answer the following question: What are the characteristics and the essence of the concept of “mandatory obligations of solidarity” of citizens in the Italian legal system and in the event of non-compliance with these citizenship duties, what problems occur? After the data analysis, we come to this conclusion the concept of “mandatory obligations of solidarity” of citizens towards the State and society is about obligation to participate in elections, duty to respect the Republic and the Constitution, to pay taxes, obligation to work and compulsory school education. Some of these duties are symbolic, but others are legally obligatory. In any case, in the event of non-compliance with the obligations of citizenship, the dissolution of society and State occurs. To prevent this, the State must spread the culture of citizenship duties. If imposing sanctions for non-compliance with these duties can be a solution in the short term, in the long runs this sanctioning attitude of the State alone cannot guarantee the unity of the people with the State.

The right not to be punished is one of the new rights in the relationship between citizens and the government. This right is not mentioned in any of the articles of the ECHR; however, an examination of the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights shows that this right has not gone unnoticed by judges. One of the manifestations of the recent right is the verdicts related to imprisonment. Thus, contrary to popular belief, the right not to be punished is not limited to the stage of sentencing and the prohibition of the imposition of dignified or earlier punishments and the principle that the punishment is minimal; beyond that, the right remains in place during the execution of the sentence.

The present study was conducted in terms of data collection by documentary method and study of the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the obtained information was analyzed by descriptively-analytically method.

The present study has reached the conclusion that any imposition of disproportionate and unnecessary suffering and any illegal and irrational restriction of the basic rights of a prisoner offender during the execution of imprisonment in various physical and mental forms is a violation of this right. And is a guarantor for governments; because the transformation of a criminal human being into a static and aimless being is in conflict with the greatest goal of imprisonment, namely, rehabilitation and socialization of criminals.

The European Convention on Human Rights describes prohibition of torture as an absolute right and in recent years the European Court of Human Rights has interpreted the expulsion of foreigners in the framework of that principle. But in these cases, the Court mitigates its point of view and doesn't apply an absolute parameter. In this research with an analytical-descriptive method, we’ll try to answer the following question: why in international law a right (prohibition of torture) is assessed as absolute, but in practice for foreigners the same principle is limited? At the end, we’ll prove that without a relativist interpretation of the Court, the sovereignty of European States about the expulsion of foreigners would be limited and this would entail negative economic consequences. Furthermore, without this interpretation, there would be problems also for the security of Europe. But this point of view raises criticism, because there is a duality in the Court jurisprudence: an absolute principle from a theoretical point of view becomes relative in the reality.

The right to personal freedom, in the sense where it denotes freedom from physical imprisonment, is a fundamental right. This right acts as a basis and thus violating it will result in other rights and freedoms being violated. Based on this point of view, supporting the right to personal freedom requires intricate criminal legislation. Taking this into account, the legislator has, in a somewhat disorganized way, issued laws to defend the personal freedom of citizens.The aim of this research is to study the pathology of the laws, which support the right to personal freedom in the field of crimes and punishments. The research data demonstrates that, the consequences of having flawed, incomplete and vague criminal legislation and unbalanced punishments have led to shortcomings in the Iranian legal system's efficiency in its criminal defense of the right to personal freedom. Therefore, the unitary and general criminalization of the violation of personal freedom and related crimes and a balanced application of reasonable punishments can help to solve these problems.

Evaluation of interactive question answering systems plays an important role to determine the effectiveness of these questions is of great importance. In the process evaluation of an interactive question answering system, several features can be considered. One of the most effective criteria in the assessment of these systems is reliability. Few attempts have been made to measure the reliability and accurate determination of reliability criteria in interactive question answering systems by applying different models, and most tasks have been used only or qualitative evaluation. In this paper, a new method for the reliability of reliability is presented using the set of criteria affecting this feature, including qualitative and quantitative criteria. In this method, first a list of qualitative and quantitative characteristics is collected and then according to the criteria set, 8 quantitative characteristics are selected and then based on the prepared questionnaire, the coefficients of impact of each question are determined and by combining these characteristics according to the proposed relationship of reliability was measured. The evaluation of the performance of the selected criteria on four interactive question answering indicates that by applying this set of criteria, the reliability of an interactive question answering system can be used to automate the calculation of this feature in the process evaluation process.

Nowadays, digital images are widely used in the diagnosis of disease, facial and fingerprint, security systems, and more. Therefore, providing an accurate algorithm in image recognition and retrieval is very important. This paper presents a combination of PCA and LDA methods for image retrieval. In this method, first, the color images in the RGB space are transferred to the HSV space, then the color, shape, and texture properties are extracted from the "V" component of the HSV color space. The proposed feature vector is then constructed using the LDP histogram, color histogram, Tamura histogram, and common event matrix. Then, by combining the two methods of PCA and LDA, the specificity is reduced and finally, the classification is done. Four scenarios were designed and evaluated to evaluate the proposed method. According to experimental result and evaluation criteria, The accuracy obtained was 97.6 which indicates the proper performance of the proposed method compared to similar tasks.

The spread of Coronavirus in Italy has created the conditions for the government to declare the State of emergency. It has given the opportunity to manage the crisis, but has also limited people's fundamental rights. In this research, through the deductive-descriptive method, we will try to answer this main question: the actions of the Italian government to counter Coronavirus until what point are compatible with the fundamental rights present in the Constitution? After describing the concept of State of emergency, the government's decisions and the challenges about restriction of fundamental rights, we conclude that the government's actions have had a very negative impact on fundamental rights and freedoms. Not only these emergency decisions have had a very negative impact on people's rights in a democratic system, but the lack of parliamentary oversight about the actions of the Executive makes it reasonable to take a critical look at the actions of the Italian government.

Legislative referendum is one of the ways people directly participate in public decision making in Iran and Italy.Among the types of legislative referendums in Italy, theabrogating referendum the laws is similar to the referendum on Article 59 of the Constitution of Iran. Unlike the legislative referendum in Iran that has not been used yet, in Italy it has been frequently used. This study, in a descriptive-analytical format and with comparing the rulse about holding a legislative referendum and supervision over it in Iran and Italy, try to discover the barriers to holding a legislative referendum and resolve theambiguities about the Guardian Council supervision over this type of referendum in Iran. Based on the findings, the lack of predicting referendum initiative for the public, depending the holding the referendum to two-thirds approval of the parliament representative and also the ambiguity of some legislative referendum procedures, such as "referendum decree by leadership", are preventing holding the legislative referendum in Iran, though these flaws and ambiguities are not visible in the Italian legal system. Also, in both legal systems, the prior supervision over the referendum has been accepted, and only the Italian legal system has clearer and more limits and, of course, more developed in this regard.

The religious freedom of every citizen finds a limit in the freedom and rights of others which one of them is freedom of religion and conscience. In other words, religious freedom of a person ends where others' freedom of religion and conscience begins. Finding a balance between these two principles for legal systems is not simple, but in multi-ethnic societies and with different religions such as Council of Europe Member States, it is a fundamental thing to guarantee peaceful coexistence between people. One of the issues that in recent years have attracted the attention of the jurists is the question of the presence of religious symbols in public spaces, which has a direct impact on freedom of religious and conscience of citizens. In this article, we will discuss one of the specific aspects of the topic i.e. the question of the presence of the crucifix in public spaces with particular attention to the jurisprudence of the Italian courts and the European Court of Human Rights in the “Lautsi v. Italy” case.

The problem of the position of comparative law in the judgments of the constitutional courts in the Common law and Civil law countries is a very interesting research topic since each of these bodies has a different view on the issue. In other words, the different opinions on the subject show well how constitutional judges consider the effects and characteristics of the citation of foreign norms in their decisions. In this article based on the descriptive and deductive method, we will try to answer the following question: what are the strengths and weaknesses of citing foreign norms in the judgments of the national Constitutional courts? After the presentation of the data, we will demonstrate that despite some weaknesses such as dangers for State sovereignty and the widening of the sources of law, thanks to the caution of the Constitutional judges and the citation of norms of legal systems which are close from a geographical and cultural point of view and to the use of comparison not exclusively for applying foreign law, the use of judicial and legal sources from other countries can help the development of domestic law and expand the protection of fundamental rights.

One of the aspects of the synthesis between religious freedom and freedom of teaching is the correct description of the legal system of religious education in schools. The aim of the research is the explanation of this system in the Council of Europe member States, especially in consideration of respect for the teachings of minorities, focusing on the situation of Turkish Alevis. These descriptions will help us to answer the following question i.e. what are the parameters of the European Court of Human Rights in outlining a legal system of religious education that requires States to respect the faith of minorities and whythe Turkish government does notrecognize Alevis as an independent minority. The result of our research is that from the point of view of European Court, a State can teach a particular religion in its education system, but these teachings must not affect the rights of Alevis. Ankara wants to strengthen its national and religious unity; hence it does not recognize Alevis as an autonomous community. All this is in contrast with the jurisprudence of the European Court and against Turkish secular system.

The authors of the Rasā'il Ikhwān Al-Ṣafā (The Epistles of the Brethren of Purity) never mentioned their names, so their identity is unknown. There has been much speculation concerning their association with some sects and religions, especially the ʾIsmāʿīlīyah. For a long time, the Ismailis believed that Rasā'il was written by Aḥmad ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl, one of the leaders of the group. Some recent orientalists also attribute the Rasā'il to ʾIsmāʿīlīyah. In this study, using a descriptive-analytic method, first, we give a brief introduction to the Rasā'il, and we discuss the arguments of those who attribute Rasā'il to ʾIsmāʿīlīyah. Then we evaluate the arguments of the opposite side, the scholars who don't see a relationship between Rasā'il and ʾIsmāʿīlīyah. The implicit evidence and reference to Arabic and Persian poems in Rasā'il challenge severely the idea of those who attribute the authorship of the work to Aḥmad ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl. On the other hand, Ikhwān Al-Ṣafā's attitude towards other religions and sects, which shows a high degree of tolerance is not in accordance with the Ismaili views. The historical evidence such as the report of Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī, al-Sijistānī, al-Qifṭī, and Ibn al-Nadīm, besides two centuries of ignoring Ikhwān Al-Ṣafā by Ismaili authors, raise some doubts on attributing the authorship of Rasā'il to ʾIsmāʿīlīyah.

Humanistic philosophic approaches and the ever-increasing dominance of humans on nature and the excessive use of it have all led to the emergence of an environmental crisis. This incident has necessitated the clarification of the causes, as well as understanding the spiritual and philosophical dimensions of the crisis for all. Researchers have found that this crisis is the result of philosophical approaches that have led to the exploitation of nature through the fundamental transformation of human's understanding of nature. This theory has had many consequences, due to a secular look and the elimination of spirituality from nature and the instrumental look. Seyyed Hussein Nasr, to restore spirituality to nature and revive his sacred reality, by looking at the man as part of nature to save the natural life of man, challenged this theory. The method of this study is library research based on the analysis. The purpose of this research has been to study and analyze the spiritual foundations of the environmental crisis and to improve the awareness of people to protect the environment. In this article, Seyyed Hossein Nasr's views, the oppositional views, and the cause of the emergence The results of the research show that although some scholars attribute the environmental crisis to religious teachings, arguing that the beliefs of religious leaders have led to the deterioration and degradation of environmental resources, as well as weakening their motivation to develop a safe environment, recognizing the spiritual dimensions of the crisis can play an important role in developing the appropriate attitudes and behaviors toward the environment; So the solution to the crisis is restoring spirituality to nature and reviving the sacred reality.

The present article, based on a descriptive-analytic method, by explaining the gnostic attitudes toward human beings and the world, compare the Hymn of the Pearl, which has been written in the Syriac language and dates back to the second century AD,  with the Story of the Prince and the Witch of Kabuliin Rumi's Masnavi. By deciphering both of these allegorical stories, the basic beliefs of the Gnostic worldview, such as the dualism of the celestial and the material world, the duality of spirit and body, the fall of the soul from the world of light into the darkness and its confinement in the material world and the body yoke, amnesia, the awakening and the return to the prime position, and the meeting of "self" or "heavenly witness", are discussed. Also, we refer to some of Attar's anecdotes that share common themes with the Hymn of the Pearl and Story of the Prince and the Witch of Kabul.