فهرست مطالب عیسی رضایی

Simulation-based training is a method of creating an educational experience without being present in a real environment. Recently, this method has become a priority in medical education, particularly in the context of patient safety. It is important to address the competencies of instructors in simulation-based education alongside the advantages and limitations of this method. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the components of competency for medical education instructors in simulation-based training.

This qualitative study was phenomenology. Semi-structured interviews with 8 Purposive sample of medical education instructors was conducted (from 23 October 2022 to 20 February 2023). Interviews were analyzed using the seven-step Colaizzi method. Then the identified concepts were coded using MAXQDA software.

115 primary codes, 18 sub-themes and 4 main themes were identified, including: personal competence (self-directed learning and teacher's attitude), professional knowledge competence (professional development and instructional design), professional skill competence (participation, collaborate and purposeful use of simulation) and assessment competence (Assessment and continuous improvement).

Medical education instructors need to be empowered for using simulation-based education. The indicators identified in this research can be used to improving the competences of them.

 Educational technologies in medical sciences incorporate analysis of instructional problems, development, implementation, evaluation and management of instructional as well as non-instructional resources and processes in order to improve or facilitate learning and performance in medical sciences. This study endeavored to identify and design the competencies of PhD graduates in educational technology in medical sciences to develop a competency-based curriculum.

 This qualitative study was conducted through a focus-group interview and based on the opinions of stakeholders including students, graduates, faculty members of the departments of educational technology, e-learning and medical education; the competencies of the graduates of educational technology in medical sciences in the specialized doctoral program were identified and approved by experts. This study used purposeful sampling, in which 12 participants were selected from the population, in two groups: students and graduates (6 participants) and medical specialists and faculty from the department of educational technology, e-learning, and medical education (6 participants). Participants in the focus group discussed a variety of competencies on the basis of the expected professional role of PhD graduates in educational technology in medical sciences.

 The findings were summarized based on the three criteria of necessity, transparency and relevance, and 14 competencies were finalized according to the expected tasks, and finally were classified based on the ADDIE model.

 According to the findings, it is imperative to pay close attention to these fourteen competencies and tasks when developing the curriculum for a doctorate course in educational technology. Core, non-core, and required courses are developed according to these competencies.

Special circumstances these days the outbreak of the Corona virus, the closure of schools and the emphasis on the use of e-learning, have transformed the capacity to use technology and e-learning. Thanks to this tremendous opportunity, a learning-driven approach to the research-based learning process has been realized everywhere. Any scientific approach, if properly designed and implemented, can have effective results. In this regard, it is necessary to first study the existing conditions from the perspective of the stakeholders of the educational system. For this purpose, the leading research has examined the satisfaction of the two studied groups, namely teachers and students in the virtual education of Saravan city in Mohammadi city during the closure of face-to-face education. Research data were collected in two quantitative ways through questionnaires and interviews. The experiences of each group about the technologies used, attitude, level of satisfaction, advantages and disadvantages, problems and issues as well as their suggestions have been studied. The results of this study showed that among the available technologies, WhatsApp software and then happy and in tools, smart phones have the most application and use among the research sample. Relatively good teacher satisfaction except in the happy program, students were relatively satisfied with the virtual education

Teaching young children and students is a bit more difficult than adults due to the difference in the amount and manner of focusing. Using multimedia in teaching the alphabet leads to an improvement in the educational quality of the alphabet due to the attractive environment it has for children. The purpose of the current research was the effect of following the principle of proximity in educational multimedia of alphabets on the cognitive load of first grade elementary school students. The statistical population of the research included all the first grade students of the boys' primary school in Bushehr province in the academic year of 1400-1401 with a total number of 1579 and the statistical population of our sample included two classes of 28 students. The data analysis was done using the co-variance test. The results of data analysis showed that the use of multimedia software in accordance with the principle of proximity in teaching alphabets has a significant effect on increasing the cognitive load of students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the information literacy of parents on the maturity of e-learning and the emergence of creativity of high school students. The research method used was descriptive correlation. In the present study, the statistical population is 600 high school students. The sample size is proportional to the number of people in the community is 234 people and the sampling method has been selected by simple random method. To collect data, standard questionnaires have been used. In this study, standard questionnaires were used to measure research variables. Pearson correlation and multivariate regression using SPSS 21 software were also used to analyze the data. The results of the main hypothesis showed that there is a significant relationship between parents' information literacy on e-learning maturity and the incidence of creativity of high school students. The results of sub-hypotheses showed that there is a significant relationship between parents 'information literacy and e-learning maturity and there is a significant relationship between parents' information literacy and creativity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the information literacy of parents on the maturity of e-learning and the emergence of creativity of high school students. The research method used was descriptive correlation. In the present study, the statistical population is 600 high school students. The sample size is proportional to the number of people in the community is 234 people and the sampling method has been selected by simple random method. To collect data, standard questionnaires have been used. In this study, standard questionnaires were used to measure research variables. Pearson correlation and multivariate regression using SPSS 21 software were also used to analyze the data. The results of the main hypothesis showed that there is a significant relationship between parents' information literacy on e-learning maturity and the incidence of creativity of high school students. The results of sub-hypotheses showed that there is a significant relationship between parents 'information literacy and e-learning maturity and there is a significant relationship between parents' information literacy and creativity.

The purpose of this study is to predict students' satisfaction with online teaching based on the virtual teaching competence of Chabahar International University professors, which is a descriptive-survey research. The statistical population of the present study consists of all students of Chabahar International University, 150 of whom were selected by simple random sampling. In order to collect research information, two questionnaires of satisfaction and quality in an online course Sebastianli et al. (2015) with a reliability of 0.70 and the qualifications of Darabi et al. (2006) with a reliability of 0.80 have been used. The results of the regression test in order to examine the research hypotheses show that the variable of virtual teaching competencies has the ability to predict the variable of students' satisfaction by 0.301. Also, the variables of virtual teaching competencies are the ability to predict the content and structure of the online teaching course, the difficulty of the online teaching course, teacher-student and student-student interactions in the online teaching course and facilitator support in the online teaching course by 0.278, respectively. , 0.254, 0.377 and 0.301. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the virtual teaching competencies of Chabahar International University professors can facilitate students' ability to predict online teaching in terms of content and structure, course difficulty, teacher-student and student-student interactions and support. In other words, professors 'virtual teaching competencies can affect students' satisfaction in online teaching.

The development of societies, especially developing countries, largely depends on the expansion of academic institutions. Also, one of the most important features of educational institutions is the intertwining of education and employment structures. Any education should have economic efficiency, the highest type of which is to create employment appropriate to the student. Based on this, the present study has dealt with the issue of the status of students and graduates of master's and doctoral degrees in the field of educational technology to the labor market and the factors affecting it from the perspective of experts.

In the present study, a survey method is used and consists of two stages. Initially, a semi-structured interview was conducted to identify the effective factors in guiding educational technology graduates to the labor market; In the second stage, a questionnaire was developed based on the identified factors and was used to survey students and graduates of master's and doctoral degrees in this field. The statistical sample in the first stage was 24 professors and specialists in the field of educational technology who were selected by a homogeneous purposeful method. They completed the availability of the questionnaire. The validity of the factors identified in the interview before distribution in the statistical community was sent to 3 professors of educational technology and their comments and suggestions were applied, then the final questionnaire was developed; The validity of the questionnaire was done by the method of a specialized judgment of experts in the field of educational technology. Reliability was calculated based on Cronbach's alpha equal to 0.74. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software version 22. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics of frequency, mean and standard deviation were used, and to determine the differences between each of the groups of factors affecting employment, a one-sample t-test and Friedman test were used.

In the first phase of the study, according to experts, 22 factors affecting graduates' employment were identified. These factors are in four areas: 1. Factors related to the field, 2. Factors related to students and graduates, 3. Factors related to professors, and 4. Factors related to society and country officials. According to the results of the second phase of the research, all the factors identified by experts in the field of educational technology are effective in attracting graduates to the labor market. However, the factors of knowledge of educational technology professors, the existence of experienced professors in educational technology and the compilation of university courses based on the needs of the labor market are the highest average and factors of high student expectations of field, the activity of scientific associations and sufficient knowledge of the social status and positions related to the field of study had the lowest average.

The development and acquisition of the first position of the economy is the growth and diversification of investment and property management, both of which are described, requiring the transfer of ownership from the state to the private sector. One of the major requirements of these assignments is the stock pricing through the stock exchange, and the accurate and transparent valuation of the stock in the hands of the divestiture, which is of great importance. Bank privatization is one of the biggest challenges that most governments face across the globe. Governments stood up against leaving banks and credit systems and reducing their involvement. On the other hand, the state-owned banking system is more dangerous in every country than the state-owned banks. However, if the government's goal is to create an efficient and market-oriented economy, reducing the government's impact on the allocation of credit is very important. Considering the challenges mentioned above, in this paper, we have tried to design and explain an optimal model for determining the value of bank's shares in public offerings. In this regard, while reviewing the conventional stock valuation models of banks, the effect of functional and balance variables on the stock market value of banks has been analyzed. Using nonlinear regression methods - soft transfer method (STR), the choice between different nonlinear assumptions Acquainted with Schwarz using the adjusted coefficient determination criteria. Also, Lagrange coefficient, coding tests, normalization of residues and consistency variance were also done for each statement. The relevant tests were performed on the information of 16 banks accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange and Overseas Iran in a three-year period (one year before and one year after the offer) and taking into account some features. The results of the research lead to the design and explanation of an optimal model for stock valuation of banks. In such a way, a non-linear relationship between the P/E valuation model, EPS, total expenses, total income, capital adequacy ratio, fixed assets and facility-to-deposit ratio corresponds to two high and low growth rates of EPS, the result It turned out.

The aim of this study was to develop a massive open online courses instructional design models based on connectivism theory in the higher education.
This is a qualitative content analysis study. In order to the SPELL OUT THIS ?? MOOCs books and articles were collected and the unit of analysis was determined. A total of 189 articles and book extracts from different databases were extracted. 62 units of study were selected based on purposeful sampling and compliance with the criteria of study. Criteria for selecting papers in this study were as follows; a) experimental studies and review articles that focus on massive open online courses, b) published in the period between 2006 and 2016 and c) related to the research subject. Then the semantic units’ coding continued to reach saturation point. Finally, the main categories of sub-categories were segregated and the conceptual instructional model for MOOCs was designed based on the research findings.
After the coding process, the code based on the similarity or affinity with each other were classified. Finally, eight main categories and 22 sub-categories of qualitative data were extracted. The main layers of this model includes; a) philosophical and pedagogical umbrella, b)orientation, c) analysis, d) content, e) networking, f) motivation, g) demonstration, h)evaluation and i) management which is supported by the principles of connective theory.
MOOCs instructional design model presented in this study, exist in micro and macro levels. This MOOCs design model is for higher education levels. It also has other application in different situations.

The present research was done on the purpose of examination of the impact of electronic portfolio on student's motivational beliefs. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with the control group. Statistics population of the research was comprised of all students of faculty of education and psychology of Allameh Tabatabaei University in the academic year of 2013-2014. Research sample was comprised of two masters’ classes which were chosen by available method. The number of each class was 18 students and all the samples were 36 students that were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. At the beginning of the term both groups were taken a pretest in a same circumstance. Then after the experimental group was assessed by electronic portfolio exposed for one term, at the end of the term in order to examine the changes a posttest was taken from both groups. In order to analysis the data the analysis covariance method were used. The results showed that motivational beliefs of the experimental group has increased significantly compared to the to the control group. So, it could be concluded that the electronic portfolio is one of the assessment and instruction tools that afford improving student's motivational beliefs.

Blended learning is a new paradigm of educational and learning system which has made an effective learning by integrating face to face learning with information and communication technologies. This study intended to investigate the effects of blended learning on students’ creativity. In this study, the quasi-experimental method with a control group was used. At the beginning of the term, creativity test was given to both groups (experimental and control) as a pre-test. Then, at the end of the term, creativity test was given again for both groups as a post-test. Finally, the data was analyzed by analysis of variance method (ANCOVA). The results showed that there is a significant difference between control group and experimental group. And, experimental group’s creativity was increased. According to the results, blended learning was considered as an effective component which could increase students’ creativity. Therefore, authorities and principals should take important measures to encourage using this model of learning.

The aim of this research was to qualitatively analyze the teaching and learning components of the connectivism theory and introduce a conceptual model for designing of the connectivist learning. The method of this study was the Mayring qualitative content analysis. Initially, several questions were raised about educational design patterns including a) what are the components of education in connectivism theory? B) What is the sequence of education elements in connectivism theory? C) What are the methods of education presentation and the evaluation in connectivism theory? Then, using the theoretical framework of the mentioned theory, categories and sub-categories of the questions were identified. Finally, the main components were coded and the conceptual model for designing the learning ecologies was developed based on research findings. The statistical population of this research was credible connectivism documents, articles, posts, and reviews written during 2004-2012 (540 sources). The content of these resources were selected and analyzed using the purposive sampling method. Results of the analysis led to the identification of the components of connectivism theory that introduced a learning ecology design model by combining the main components. The model consisted of eight components that include accreditation and analysis, network and ecology design, purposing- the creation of common interest, facilitating the flow of knowledge, network empowerment, remixing-recreation, feedback-evaluation, and repurposing. The ecology learning design model was considered in terms of micro and macro instructional design. It may be used in face-to-face, online and combined environments.

This e aim study was the investigates effect views of undergraduates on the of designed electronic textbooks in a research methodology on attitude of undergraduate students in courseclass of teaching methods and techniques. The method of research is usedAdopting a quasi-experimental approach, this study compared the attitude of two groups of undergraduate students on the use of e-textbooks in a Research Methodology course. One were exposed to e-textbooks and the other to printed books. The study population included all (32) and The statistics was include all undergraduate students studying in the at Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences at of Allameh Tabatabai University that were selected course of teaching methods and techniques in the second semester of the academic yearin the second semester of 1389-90 90-89. The Subjects was included a classroom teaching methods and techniques that was chosen to purposeful. This class had 32 students that were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The beginning was done pre-test of both groups in similar condition. Then the experimental group was exposed to the independent variable and during the third session, trained with the researcher made e-books software and Control group trained with the printed book. In order to examine the resulting changes at the end of the third session, the pre-test was taken from both groups and in resulting; data were analyzed with Ddescriptive and inferential statistics were then used to analyze the data. Finding Findings revealed that attitudes of students were exposed to e-textbooks in the experimental group significantly increased compared to the group who were not exposed to e-textbooks.with the control group the results of this study revealed excellence of attitudes of students that were trained by the electronic book. Originality/Value: The study implies that use of e-textbooks may have positive impact on the higher education in Iran.It thus can be offered use of electronic books in the education.

Along with the invention of computer and other electronic equipments, we step into the so-called Electronic Age. Electronic equipments and facilities have influenced all the levels of life and brought about extensive changes and developments in human life. Together with the development of virtual universities and electronic learning, and also by the computer and internet available for students, this industry is incrementally entering into the realm of textbooks so that electronic textbooks have found their place beside printed books. An electronic book is a digital data source that is developed in a coherent, systematic, and purposeful way to present a certain subject and can be introduced in a continuous or discontinuous way, by electronic tools such as computer, book-reader or portable specialized tools. Regarding the importance of electronic textbooks, this article presents the principles of developing and writing e-textbooks on the basis of a research that not only compared e-books versus printed books,but also measured the effects of e-books on student learning.

Interaction is one of the basic features of electronic textbooks, that is considered to be the main distinction between the print and traditional books as well. Various studies have shown that various people recall 60 percent of what they had interaction with. This confirms the essential role of «Interaction» in the design of learning environments and educational materials. Theoretical fundamentals and research literature show that in spite of significant differences between traditional and electronic books, especially in terms of design principles; however, when preparing electronic textbooks, design principles of interaction and participation has been less considered. So, extracting different comments and issues, the present article has introduced the possible interactions and suitable beds for interactive e-books design. This study was conducted aiming at investigating the role and place of interaction in the electronic textbook and providing practical guidance for proper design. Interaction is one of the major influential elements in electronic textbook which is confirmed by several studies that necessitates the precision and attention of designers and producers of electronic textbooks.

E-teaching and e-learning as modern methods has had an evolutionary trend during the recent decades. Since e-learning environments are free from time and space, assessment of student's learning is also a challenging problem in such settings. The objective of the present study was to examine the impact of e-portfolio on attitude, motivation and academic achievement of Khajeh Nasirddin Toosi University's E- Learning Center Students. The research methods was quasi-experimental and statistics population included all the Khajeh Nasirddin Toosi University's e- Learning Center students who were enrolled in computer engineering course in the second semester of 1389-90 academic year. The sample comprised Two classes of data structure courses that were chosen purposively. The two classes had 50 students that due to lack of cooperation of 10 students, the sample size was 40 individuals who were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. At first, of each group, a pre-test was done in same conditions and then experimental group was exposed to the independent variable. In this way that experimental group trained with e-portfolio and control group trained with conventional method during of 2 months of semester. In order to examine the obtained variations, a post-test of the each group was taken at the end of 2 months. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analysis the data. Tthe results showed significantly an increased attitude, motivation and academic achievement toward the examination in the experimental groups compared with the control group. Students, who were trained through e-portfolio, had a high motivation, positive attitude toward the examination and high academic achievement respectively. We can suggest the use of e-portfolio in e-learning as one of the modern methods in assessment.