فهرست مطالب مرتضی براتی

In the legal criminal policy of Iran, the police are considered the powerful arm of the criminal justice system, which has the most relationship with the victim. This relationship starts from the moment the police arrive at the scene of the crime and continues until the execution of the criminal's punishment and even after that. In this context, the police can reduce the harm caused by crime by supporting the victims. Therefore, due to the importance of such a role for the police, this research has been conducted with the aim of examining the aforementioned support.

This qualitative research has been conducted in terms of practical purpose and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and studying international documents, sources related to the subject, and the obtained information has been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manne.

The findings of the research show that the victims need the support of the activists of the criminal justice system in order to reduce the damages caused by the crime. and the protections he provides to the victims include: "attention to the victim and his rights, attention to the human dignity of the victim, attention to the concerns and pains of the victim, attention to the opinions and views of the victim, sympathy and sympathy with the victim, providing security and...".

In recent years, the idea of protecting victims has attracted the attention of criminologists, legislators, judicial authorities, and the police, and significant measures have been taken to protect victims, and since the police is the first institution that victims facing it, in order to reduce the damages caused by the crime, it can provide various protections to the victims.

All members of the society have a responsibility to be cautious towards each other and must observe personal and social hygiene during the outbreak of infectious diseases so as not to cause its transmission and spread to others and other members of the society. Examining the jurisprudential and legal verdict of non-observance of hygiene against emerging infectious diseases and the guarantee and criminal responsibility of its transmitter is of great importance. Non-observance of personal and social health against various diseases, including emerging diseases, based on the rule of sanctity of self-harm, the rule of avoiding possible harm, the obligation to save life, the rule of negating harm, the rule of maintaining order, and the principle of caution is prohibited. be Also, the carrier of emerging infectious diseases is the guarantor based on the rule of wastage, the rule of attribution, the rule of respect, the rule of negation of harm, the rule of commitment to safety and the rule of commitment to the safety of conventional care, and the retribution of the carrier of the disease in case of death is received. The doer has been excluded because in intentional murder, supervision and the predominance of lethality are conditional verbs, if these two are the problem here. Also, based on some of the above-mentioned rules and international protocols and health regulations, any act or omission, carelessness and negligence that causes injury as a result of the occurrence and spread of various diseases and damage to the environment, including water, soil, air and sea pollution, is prohibited and guaranteed.

Along the roaring waves of the development of contemporary modern technology, we witness the emergence of weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear weapons, biological weapons, etc., with a special index of destructive power and inseparability in the targets. And, among the secondary headings that will change the verdict is the rule of necessity, the prohibition of prohibitions, with its occurrence, the obligation is removed from the duty of the obligee, and the result of that is the permission to commit a forbidden act. Among other secondary headings is the rule of countering with like in legitimate defense. According to the results of the research, the use of weapons of mass destruction under secondary headings is also not allowed. However, in the sources of international law, such as the NPT, the United Nations Charter, and the consultation of the International Court of Justice in 1996, there was no clear reason to prohibit the use of weapons of mass destruction, and the use of this type of weapon for the legitimate defense of the country was allowed. Therefore, based on the arguments of Arbaah and the general provisions of international law treaties and for the purpose of legitimate defense and neutralization of modern weapons of war, with research and development and the acquisition of modern technology in order to create a suitable platform for the prevention of treatment, preservation and protection from the Islamic government, ensuring national security, human dignity, for example "Wa'adolham Mastatetam Potential" has taken action so that the Islamic homeland is mastered and equipped with modern weapons of war and relevant antidotes in special circumstances, especially in the form of legitimate and obligatory defense. Also, what can be inferred from Islamic ethics is that based on the teachings of Islam, from the Holy Book to the traditions, there are documents in the field of weapons of mass destruction, all of which emphasize the prohibition of the use of weapons of mass destruction and the use of such weapons in any The face is inhuman and immoral.

The purpose of this research is to determine the importance and role of religious teachings and Islamic criminal law in preventing crimes among teenage girls. This approach consists of 5 criteria and a number of sub-criteria which are categorized as the objectives of this organization. By referring to the opinions of experts, a list of religious components affecting the prevention of crimes was prepared. These components were paired and prioritized through the fuzzy hierarchical method. Finally, the generalizability of the results to delinquent teenage girls (light crimes) was evaluated. The results have shown that from the experts' point of view, the component "cultivation of conscience and self-reproach" with a weight of 0.69265 has the highest degree of importance and the component "emphasis on repentance and forgiveness of sins" with a weight of 0.21926 has the lowest priority. The criteria of "primary prevention" and "conditional prevention" with fuzzy weights of 0.06225 and 0.05756, respectively, are more compatible with religious teachings and have the possibility of easier realization. However, the weight of religious teachings for the realization of the goals listed in the criterion of "prevention of organized crimes" and "prevention of repetition of crimes" is less with the weights of 0.0325 and 0.0433, respectively. The important point is that from the point of view of delinquent teenage girls, the "Islamic Punishment" component was in the last place of importance (eighth), while from the experts' point of view, it was introduced as the sixth component.

Protection of the urban environment is one of the main concerns of city managers. The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize the effective factors in preventing the occurrence of environmental crimes in the cities of the country.

The current research is of applied type, which was conducted by survey method and using a panel of experts (63 people). A structured interview was used to list the factors and components. Also, the hierarchical method (AHP) was used to prioritize the factors. The software used in this research was SPSS, 19 and Expert Choice.

The effective factors were "legal/legal", "educational/cultural" and "management". Also, 12 components were identified as micro factors. The highest weight belongs to the component "transmitting environmental teachings from elementary ages" (0.918) and then to the component "proportioning punishment to environmental crimes in terms of severity and type" (0.886). Finally, the component "Segregation of organizational duties and strengthening of the educational body in related bodies" with a weight of (0.422) was the least important component. The final weight of the three factors showed that the "educational/cultural" factor with a weight of 0.411 has the most importance, followed by the "legal/legal" factor with a weight of 0.332 and then the "management" factor with a weight of 0.303 have been

The main priority in the solutions adopted to prevent the occurrence of environmental crimes is educational and cultural solutions, followed by legal and legal aspects.

In the process of fair trial, the district courts in Iran have legislative gaps in their structure and performance and this have provided a deviation from the principles and regulations of criminal justice. The purpose of this study is to recognize, evaluate and explain the obstacles and challenges of fair trial in the preliminary investigation stage in the district court and its solutions. The data analysis method is descriptive and analytical. The findings show that due to the fact that there is no prosecutor's office in the district courts and the prosecution and preliminary investigations and trial by a single judge are carried out in one stage, the judicial process and supervision are distorted and the guarantees of the fair trial pattern are difficult and the due process is distorted, especially during the preliminary investigation phase. In order to overcome these challenges, it is necessary to reform the structure of District Court based on guarantees of fair trial model Objectively, sensible and accessible to individuals, as well as establishing the characteristics of the mixed litigation system and the principle of separating prosecution officials from independent investigative authorities with judicial supervision.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an allohexaploid plant consisting of three genomes (A, B and D) that originated from three ancestral diploid species via multiple hybridizations. Despite the availability of the wheat genome sequence and the related studies conducted, more information about its genome and transcriptome can still be obtained. The aim of this study was to extract descriptive information about wheat genes and transcripts and investigate the similarities and differences of wheat genomes from different points of view such as number of genes and transcripts, gene density, number of introns, alternative splicing, CDS and UTR length, and GC content. Results showed that the gene density in wheat is about 7.5 and the D genome has a higher density than the other two genomes. In addition, despite the difference in the average of genes and introns lengths, high similarities were found in the average of exon, transcripts, and coding region lengths of A, B, and D genomes. Comparison of transcripts and genes represented approximately 80% of the genes contained introns. This comparison also revealed alternative splicing occurred in approximately 16% of the genes. Our study showed most of the splicing sites occurs in the CDS and a small part of the UTR region. By focusing on CDS regions, more abundance of splicing was observed between codons than within codons. It was also shown most of wheat transcripts contain UTR and almost 10% of UTRs contain uORF. Although the amount of GC content of genes, transcripts, introns and UTRs were between 30-80 percent, the relationship between GC content and the length of mentioned cases showed a different pattern. Finally, it could be concluded, despite differences in the origin of bread wheat genomes, many similarities in terms of chromosome length, gene density, alternative splicing and various parameters such as CDS length, UTR length and GC percentage would be seen.

MicroRNAs are small RNAs known for their essential roles in regulating both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Drought stress poses a significant challenge to wheat productivity in Iran. The present study evaluated the expression of miR9863a and its target genes in wheat, as well as three Aegilops species under drought stress. The results revealed differential expression of miR9863a in the shoots of the studied plants under drought stress conditions. Specifically its expression was increased in Ae. tauschii and Ae. crassa, while decreasing in Ae. cylindrica. The observed differential expression could be explained by the inherent nature of miRNA as a mediator molecule in various biological processes. Analyzing the expression pattern of miR9863a and its target genes in Ae. tauschii suggests that the effect of miR9863a in response to drought stress may be attributed to PLGG1, impacting glycerate/glycolate transfers and SAR1A,  influencing trafficking of transcription factors from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus. In addition to complementing previous studies on the role of miR9863 in countering plant diseases, the results presented here  illustrate how this miRNA assists the abiotic stress-response mechanism in plants, particularly in the context of drought stress.

In Islamic teachings and criminology, punishment is not the main goal. Rather, it is a deterrent to criminals and other people. Therefore, the most important purpose of applying secondary punishment in addition to the main and supplementary punishment is to prevent the risk of repeating crimes in the society for the perpetrators of important crimes who are afraid that they will turn to committing crimes in the future. In this way, the legislator foresees secondary punishments in the law, the most important of which is deprivation of social rights. In this way, it has played an effective role in preventing the repetition of crime and supporting the society. The purpose of this research is the necessity of using the opinions of jurists and jurists on the issue of crime and punishment, especially the consequential punishment, which is by explaining the various issues related to this issue and resolving the ambiguities in the conditions and effects of the consequential punishments in the legal criminal policy of Iran. .

The present research was carried out using a descriptive and analytical method.

The most important conditions for imposing secondary punishments can be mentioned depending on the main punishment, its legality and mandatoryness and time limit, and the effects of secondary punishments are: effectiveness of the execution of the original punishment, effectiveness of the passage of time, Effectiveness of forgiveness, effectiveness of pardon and parole, effective criminal conviction and restoration of dignity.

The idea of a fair trial based on the principles and norms of the international human rights system has emerged among various nations over the years, and most domestic laws have built their legal systems on this basis. Considering that the prosecutor has an important role in the process of fair trial in the general sense, including the stage of preliminary investigation, the stage of trial in court and the execution of criminal sentences. Also, the protection of civil rights and legitimate freedoms, in addition to maintaining security and public order, which is one of the most important demands of citizens, has been entrusted to the prosecutor in accordance with the law. Any disruption in the performance of these duties can affect the fair trial process and have irreparable consequences. Because the duties of the prosecutor in the ward are the responsibility of the head of the district jurisdiction and in his absence the trial is alternate. On the other hand, the legislator has made the branches of the district court both the rank and the dignity of the second criminal court. Due to legal obstacles, the head of the judicial district is not able to perform his full duties as the prosecutor in the district court. Therefore, this legal shortcoming, especially in the preliminary investigation stage, especially the monitoring of detention and pre-trial freedoms, while endangering the rights and legitimate freedoms of citizens, can also put security and social order in a vulnerable position.

Hermeneutics as the science of the process of understanding the text has different branches. The most prominent among them is classic hermeneutics, philosophical hermeneutics, and modern hermeneutics. The philosophical hermeneutics, offered by well-known philosophers such as Friedrich, Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and Paul Ricoeor, focuses on the nature of understanding instead of systematizing the method of understanding. Through this inquiry, it is clarified that the philosophical hermeneutics is formed on the basis of coalition of the horizons of author and interpreter, the effect of prejudgments on understating, the historicity of understanding, the hermeneutic cycle and infinity of the process of understanding. And these components are inconsistent with the components of understanding method in the principles of jurisprudence. On the other hand, the possibility of pure understanding of the text, plurality of understanding and desirability of subjective interpretation are among the necessities of philosophical hermeneutics, which are inconsistent with the components of understanding method in principles of jurisprudence.

The issue of the authority of reason from the point of view of Islam is fixed in its place and Islamic scholars have not doubted it from the beginning until now and have considered it as one of the four sources of jurisprudence. The authority of the intellect is also proved by the intellect. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the authority of reason from the perspective of religious sources. Leading research has been done by library method and study of books and articles in the fields of jurisprudence, principles and theology. Studies have shown that one of the things that can express the authority of reason is intellectual knowledge; Which is a conceptual knowledge of fixed facts that also cover the changing and moving affairs of the natural world. The Almighty God in the Qur'an often calls man to walk on earth and reflect on the life situation of some people and their fate due to sins. Another reason that indicates the originality of reason is that it expresses issues in their causal relationship. In line with the authority of reason, it is necessary to remember that God created man with the power of thought and intellect to worship God by thinking about creatures; If he does not use this God-given power well and in the right direction, he has sinned against God. The commission of sins is incompatible with the purpose of His creation, so God has sent the heavenly laws to guide mankind.

According to the Islamic Penal Code and the jurists' point of view, the penalties are divided into three categories:1. The main punishment is the punishment provided by law for any offense and must be stated in a court order.2. Supplementary punishment, which is mainly optional. In such a way that in the case of inadequacy, it will punish the offender with additional punishment.3. Subordinate punishment. These penalties are applied in accordance with the main punishment for the offender and are not stated in the lawsuit and the judge is not involved in the application of the subordinate punishment. This is the legislator who in some cases and convictions applies the subordinate punishment. From the point of view of the Islamic Penal Code for the application of the subordinate punishment, in addition to the definite criminal conviction, it is also a condition for its execution. In other words, the punishment is subordinate to the punishment after the main punishment has been committed in deliberate crime.Subsidiary punishment is derived from customary law and is not provided for in the penal jurisprudence of Islam and its criminal law as subsidiary punishment. However, in some penal jurisprudence books, in addition to the main punishment, it has also dealt with subordinate punishment, including deprivation of inheritance and deprivation of apostasy, including the importance of specific instances of subordinate punishment. Islamic jurisprudence and the penal system of Iran.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important crops in the world which has strategic importance in providing human food. Bread wheat is an allohexaploid (AABBDD) produced during two hybridizations with its wild ancestors that Aegilops tauschii is considered to be the donor of wheat D genome. In this study, the evolutionary relationship between bread wheat and Ae. tauschii has been discussed using the study of their common miRNAs and target genes. An examination of bread wheat chromosomes and Ae. tauschii shows that the corresponding chromosomes are largely the same in terms of length and number of genes. In this study, five miRNAs transcript from D genome of wheat and common with Ae. tauschii and three new miRNAs identified by bioinformatics approach of RNA Seq were analyzed. Alignment analysis of the desired miRNA sequences in monocotyledon showed that these miRNAs are most similar in wheat and Ae. tauschii and it seems that during the evolution, these genes have been conserved from Ae. tauschii to wheat. The study of the target genes of common miRNAs between wheat and Aegilops tauschii showed that they were very similar in terms of gene anthology as well as the proteins produced from them. Therefore, it seems that these miRNAs have a similar role and functions in these related plants. The findings of this study can be used to better understand the mechanism and function of miRNAs of wheat and Ae. tauschii and their use in wheat breeding projects through their wild relatives.

Establishing national security is a major task for every government system, so that the country's success in protecting the security is a good indication of integrity, authority and resident welfare of countries. In the field of national security, Comprehensive and impeccable laws are the most important tools for punishment and crime prevention against the security and tranquility. Reflecting upon Iran's Penal Code texts show that some cases are often hidden from view by ‎lawmakers.‎ using comparative study, this paper explores and examines the various aspects of the Islamic ‎Penal code Art. about some of the most important crimes against security, uncertainties in ‎Legislative elicitation‏ ‏and its level of criminalization comprehensiveness, and offers legal ‎strategies in this area‏.‏ Nowadays, the technical and economic strength is pulling power in every country, and criminalization practices of some crimes against the public interest in the laws of Iran generally differ from major Tends of Criminal Law in recent decades. As Economic, cultural and social security are among the new aspects of security, care should be exercised in formulation of regulations against security crimes such as espionage by law makers.

Bread wheat is one of the most important cereals widely cultivated in the world. miRNAs are a type of small regulatory RNAs that have about 18-22 nucleotides long and can use as a novel breeding tool for plant genetic improvement. Because miRNAs are evolutionarily conserved between plant and animal kingdoms, the use of comparative genomics and computational methods to identify miRNAs is interesting. In this study, the goal was to identify potential new miRNAs in bread wheat by EST-based similarity search method. For this purpose, known plant miRNAs were used as reference against wheat ESTs and BLASTn was performed. Then, protein coding sequences were identified and deleted by BLASTx. The secondary structure was examined and then the candidate miRNAs were analyzed in the Rfam database. Finally, three new miRNAs were identified from this method, which were sequentially similar to the miRNAs known in Ae. tauschii. In order to confirm their presence in wheat and Agileops species containing D genome including tauschii, cylindrica and crossa, Real time PCR reaction was performed and finally confirmed the presence of myseq2 sequence in the shoots of studied plants. Identification of target genes of the confirmed miRNA revealed that most of them such as RGA, PIK and NB-ARC had an impact on resistance to various diseases and some of them played a role in resistance to abiotic stresses, such as drought and salt stress. The results showed that computational methods can be a suitable tool for predicting candidate miRNAs, which saves time and cost in identifying miRNAs.

God has created great blessings and blessings for human beings in the nature of nature and has called on them to give thanks for these blessings and protect them. Therefore, human beings must do their best to maintain and exploit it properly. Plants, forests and pastures are some of the most beneficial and beautiful effects and members of the magnificent body of nature that meet many human needs. They are among the most important soil protection agents. In this way, human beings must recognize the value of forests and pastures, and strive to preserve and grow them, and to avoid any incorrect and immature productivity. Undoubtedly, the preservation of Anfal and public wealth, as well as the management of exploitation in the public interest, have been emphasized in hadiths and narrations. Inquire about this. The existing laws in the constitution, the Islamic Penal Code, and the laws on the protection and protection of natural resources confirm this, as well as the need to preserve forests and pastures in domestic and international documents.

In the penal system, the legislature has provided for circumstances under which certain offenses may be committed by the offender multiple times, or multiple offenses may have been committed during the formation of a process of criminal activity. In this case, according to the text of the law, it is necessary to provide the possibility of investigating each of the crimes and the penalties provided in case of interference should not prevent infiltration. The present article deals with the conditions of interference of punishments in case of multiple crimes in Iranian criminal law with a descriptive-analytical approach. According to the results of this study, the concept of multiple offenses should be recognized based on the fact that the accused has committed more than one crime, while the condition for the correctness and reality of such a concept is that the defendant has not been tried before in any court. None of these crimes have been prosecuted. Therefore, it seems that crimes committed by a single individual over a long period of time can not be considered as a valid example of multiple crimes and talk about the interference of punishments. Although the multiplicity of crimes has a direct effect on the issue of repetition of punishments, but the mere multiplicity of crimes can not be considered as effective in increasing or increasing the punishment; However, according to the legislator, the number of crimes can be directly related to the number of punishments and specifically affect it.

God has created great blessings and blessings for human beings in the nature of nature and has called on them to give thanks for these blessings and protect them. Therefore, human beings must do their best to maintain and exploit it properly. Plants, forests and pastures are some of the most beneficial and beautiful effects and members of the magnificent body of nature that meet many human needs. They are among the most important soil protection agents. In this way, human beings must recognize the value of forests and pastures, and strive to preserve and grow them, and to avoid any incorrect and immature productivity. Undoubtedly, the preservation of Anfal and public wealth, as well as the management of exploitation in the public interest, have been emphasized in hadiths and narrations. Inquire about this. The existing laws in the constitution, the Islamic Penal Code, and the laws on the protection and protection of natural resources confirm this, as well as the need to preserve forests and pastures in domestic and international documents.

Feminism is a movement against the maximum domination of men in society. Women's rights activists (feminists) believe that gender in human life should not be a determining factor for their social, political and economic status, because they believe that men and women should have equal rights in various fields and believe in gender equality. This study seeks to find the extent to which the Holy Qur'an and Islamic beliefs believe in the beliefs of feminism. In Islamic teachings, we see that the religion of Islam has infinitely valued the status of women, but this does not mean the absolute acceptance of equality and the ideas of feminism. The author in this article after bringing Islamic principles related to women's rights and its critique and study concludes that Islam seeks "deserving justice" instead of the "equality" that forms the basis of feminist thought, in order to teach her the fundamental duties of a woman and believes that; Achieving this justice leads to the happiness of the family and ultimately society.

Although cynicism is generally considered anti-religious, in fact, it is inseparable from the true faith of religion. There are two types of cynicism: the first one is being faithful and the second one is being atheistic. An epistemological and psychological study of faith have viewed the essential element of faith. True religious faith is the wisdom of restlessness. Cynicism is what energizes the faith. In this article with library method it is shown that faith expands with faith. Cynicism is neither offensive nor erroneous nor a guilt; rather it is a component of religious faith.

Metaphor in the West countries is an issue that has been examined from a variety of perspectives. In the Islamic rhetorical tradition, metaphor has a more limited realm for its definition and application. All the metaphor theorists, both in the West and in Islamic rhetoric, believe that metaphor, in addition to the literal meaning, has a secondary and figurative meaning, but there are two opposite views. Donald Davidson and Mohammad Reza Isfahani do not accept this basis. In their views, metaphor, in addition to the literal meaning, has no other meaning, and the issue of metaphors relates to their application and is related to the effect that makes this application in a particular context. Many articles and treatises have been written about Davidson's theory, while the theory of Sheikh Isfahani remains unknown even among the Iranian rhetoricians. This article deals with the similarities of Davidson's theory and Isfahani's view.

In the legal and penal systems, significant predictions have been made in case of multiplicity of crimes, and according to the principle of proportionality of crime and punishment, it is proper that every crime should be punished according to the prediction of the legislator. But sometimes, due to the important differences that exist in the longitudinal and transverse series of crimes and considering that the number of repetitions, the issue of their time and the assignment of punishment to different levels of the crime are calculated in the law, research in this regard becomes necessary. With a descriptive-analytical approach, he discussed the guarantees of maintaining the proportionality of the punishment in the case of multiple crimes and the interference of the punishment in Iranian law. As it can be analyzed and understood from the legal documents, the first step towards understanding this issue is to look for guarantees to maintain proportionality in the multiplicity of bodies. The approach to maintain proportionality invites us to redefine the relevant concepts. Based on this, multiplicity of crimes is the state of committing more than one crime without the defendant or perpetrator being tried in any court. In Iran, this multiplicity plays a fundamental role in determining the amount of punishment and is related to its frequency and time, but all these issues are subject to maintaining the proportionality of punishment and crime. However, based on the results of this research, sometimes,