فهرست مطالب مصطفی حیدری

Seed aging reduces the quality and quantity of agricultural production by reducing quality, viability, and irreversible seed vigor over time. Researchers are increasingly interested in seed aging, which is a serious problem in agriculture. To reduce damages caused during aging, various pretreatment techniques have been studied, including chemical compounds, growth regulators, and antioxidants. Sowing seeds in low osmotic potential osmotic solution is one method of slowing seed aging by osmopriming them. To reduce the negative effects of seed aging, biostimulants such as seaweed extract are used. In order to investigate the effect of seaweed extract on the quantitative and qualitative yield of soybean, an experiment was conducted in the two years of 2018 and 2019 in the research farm of Shahrood University of Technology.

The experimental treatments involved the acceleration of aging in two groups: normal seeds and aged seeds. Additionally, seaweed extract was applied at four different levels: control, seed pre-treatment with a seaweed extract concentration of 0.3%, foliar spraying with a seaweed extract concentration of 0.3%, and a combination of seed pre-treatment and foliar spraying with a seaweed extract concentration of 0.3%. This was conducted as a factorial experiment, employing a randomized complete block design with three replications. A sample of DPX was collected from the Mazandaran Agricultural Research Center. A controlled storage room was used to maintain the seeds at a temperature of 14-17°C and relative humidity of 30-40%. The seeds were harvested the same year as the experiment. In order to apply accelerated aging, the seeds were kept for 72 hours at a temperature of 41°C and relative humidity of 95%. Foliar spraying was done at the beginning of flowering (R1).

 The results showed that accelerated aging decreased the mean daily emergence and germination index by 61.39 and 42.08% compared to the control. The pretreatment of soybean seeds made them more responsive to external stimuli and counteracted stress conditions before they emerged as seedlings. When the seeds were pretreated with seaweed extract, the mean daily emergence and seed germination index increased. The weight of one hundred seeds and the number of pods per plant decreased by 11.64 and 11.38% compared to the control. The combined application of seed pretreatment and foliar spraying in normal and aging conditions had the highest hundred seed weight and the number of pods per plant. In protein-rich crops, seaweed biostimulants can increase protein production. Pretreatment of normal and aged seeds with seaweed extract increased by 1.48 and 1.61 percent of seed protein. In order to improve soybean germination percentage, protein, and seed yield, ellagic acid and seaweed extract should be used individually or combined. Accelerated aging caused a 32.69% decrease in seed yield compared to normal conditions. The combined application of pre-treatment and foliar spraying of seaweed extract had the highest seed yield, which increased by 87.85% compared to the control. Seed aging likely caused a reduction of seed yield by reducing the mean daily emergence, leaf area index, and 100-seed weight. There are three main characteristics (mean daily seedling field emergence, the number of pods per plant, and 100-seed weight) that can explain 85.96% of seed yield variability based on the coefficient of explanation. An analysis of causal connections between seed yield and 100-seed weight showed that seed protein content directly affects seed yield. By increasing the number of pods per plant and the weight of 100 seed, soybean seeds yield may be enhanced by using seaweed extract.

With its powerful antioxidant properties and anti-aging properties, seaweed extract minimizes the effects of aging on aged seeds. Finally, within the scope of the research, it is possible to suggest the use of pre-treatment and foliar spraying with seaweed extract to increase seed yield and protein percentage in normal and aged soybean seeds.

The earthquake cloud is an ancient and visual precursor of an earthquake that sometimes is formed several days before the event, above the earthquake fault and often close to the epicenter. The most important characteristic of an earthquake cloud is that it emanates from the ground and remains in the sky for hours. This study aimed to find the major 2017 Azgeleh earthquake cloud by visual interpretation of Meteosat-8 satellite images. The characteristics of the cloud in question were then investigated using the same satellite products. By searching the infrared images, the Azgeleh earthquake cloud was found. The cloud was shown to have had a geological origin, and the formation of such a cloud was unusual in that region. The Azgeleh earthquake occurred near the High Zagros Fault (HZF), whereas its cloud had been formed 12 days earlier and about 700 km away from its epicenter, on other parts of the same fault, along a 160-km-long line. The study revealed that this high cloud consists of two parts: a high-pressure source and a tail diluted by the wind. Moreover, the moderate 2021 Sisakht earthquake cloud was found, which had been formed 6 days earlier and near the epicenter. Visually searching for earthquake clouds from the ground or space is a public scientific hobby, particularly among amateur meteorologists using satellite imagery. The formation of an earthquake cloud above a fault can be a warning of a possible impending earthquake on that fault, which, of course, requires further investigation.

Background and objectivesSoybean is considered one of the most important oil and protein plants in Iran and the world. Considering the importance of soybean yield and identifying traits effective in increasing it, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between seed yield and agronomic and physiological traits of soybean and determining the traits that have a greater effect on seed yield under normal and accelerated aging conditions.Materials and methodsThe present experiment was conducted in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Shahrood University of Technology during 2017-2018 and 2019-2020, in a factorial experiment in the form of randomized complete blocks in three replications on Katol variety. The treatments included accelerated aging in two levels (normal seeds and aged seeds) and seaweed extract in three levels (control, pre-treatment and foliar spraying). The seeds used were obtained from the research center for agriculture and natural resources of Mazandaran and the seeds were harvested in the same year and until the time of testing, they were kept in a controlled warehouse with a cooling system at a temperature range of 14 to 17°C and a relative humidity of 30 to 40%. In order to apply aging, the seeds were placed for 72 hours at a temperature of 41°C and a relative humidity of 95%.ResultsThe results showed that in plants obtained from normal seeds, 84.81% of the changes in seed yield are justified by the number of pod per plant, the number of seed per pod and the 100 seed weight. In these plants, the 100 seed weight and then the number of pods per plant had the most direct and positive effect. The most direct and positive effect was attributed to the 100 seed weight, followed by the number of pods per plant. The trait of the number of seed per pod affected the seed yield both directly and indirectly through the effect on the 100 seed weight. Causality analysis in the plants obtained from aged seeds showed that the characteristics of final emergence percentage, membrane stability index, leaf area index, anthocyanin, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight were entered into the model as main variables and 91.33% of the changes are explained by these eight traits. Seed pre-treatment with seaweed extract increased seed yield by increasing the percentage of final emergence of the field, the 100 seed weight and the amount of glutathione in the leaves of the plant. Foliar spraying of seaweed extract caused a significant increase in seed yield through increasing the weight of 100 seed weight and membrane stability index.Conclusion The characteristics of 100 seed weight and number of pods per plant in plants obtained from normal and aged soybean seeds can be considered as selection criteria for improving and improving yield due to their direct and increasing effect on seed yield.

In order to investigate the effect of ellagic acid on the growth indices and leaf aging process in soybean, an experiment was conducted during the two years of 2018 and 2019 in the research farm of Shahrood University of Technology's Faculty of Agriculture. The experiment was carried out factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The experimental treatments include the initial seed quality at two levels (normal seeds and aged seeds) and the application of ellagic acid at four levels (control, priming, foliar spraying and combined application of priming and foliar spraying with a concentration of 50 mg/L). The results showed that accelerated aging decreased the amount of chlorophyll, carotenoid, plant height, leaf and stem dry weight, oil percentage and seed yield compared to the control. The use of ellagic acid in the form of priming, foliar spraying and their combination in this study increased the percentage of oil by 0.23, 0.24 and 0.29%, respectively, compared to the control. Priming, foliar spraying and the combined application of priming and foliar spraying with ellagic acid improved the grain yield by 23.59, 23.23 and 55.48%, respectively. The use of ellagic acid as seed priming and foliar spraying better than other levels. Finally, it is recommended to use this material as a priming to increase the percentage of oil and yield of soybean.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of seaweed fertilizer on the improvement of physiological traits of soybeans in the research field of Shahrood University of Technology Faculty of Agriculture during two crop years, 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. The experiment was carried out factorially in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The experimental factors included accelerated aging in two levels (control seeds and aged seeds) and seaweed fertilizer in three levels (control: no treatment, seed pretreatment and foliar spraying with a concentration of 0.3% seaweed fertilizer). Results showed that accelerated aging in the first and second years of the experiment caused a decrease of 15.11 and 13.33% in the amount of chlorophyll a in leaves of plants obtained from these seeds. In both years, the foliar application of seaweed fertilizer in normal and aging conditions caused a significant increase in the amount of chlorophyll a to a significant level. Accelerated aging in seeds caused an increase of 35.13, 12.46 and 22.22 percent of carotenoid, flavonoid and anthocyanin in the leaves of plants obtained from these seeds, respectively. Accelerated aging decreased by 0.86%, 0.90% and 33.18% of seed oil, protein and yield. The maximum levels of oil and protein were 19.74% and 38.31%, respectively, which belonged to foliar spraying and seed pretreatment treatments. Using seaweed fertilizer as seed pretreatment and foliar spraying increased yield by 36.49% and 21.67%, respectively, compared to the control. Finally, pre-treatment of seeds with seaweed fertilizer can be suggested to improve the effects of seed aging and increase yield in the soybeans.

Substance abuse is one of the most common and costly health problems in the world today. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy in reducing depressive symptoms in people with drug abuse.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all the people who were suffering from substance abuse and went to government addiction treatment centers in the 5th district of Tehran for the treatment of their addiction within three months (December 2021 to March 2021). 45 subjects were selected and randomly replaced in three equal groups of 15 people. 12 sessions of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy (Frey, 2005) and 15 sessions of schema therapy (Yang, 2003) were performed. Beck's depression questionnaire (1987) was used to collect information.

The results of the research showed that the cognitive-behavioral therapy compared to the control group has created a significant difference in the post-test and follow-up stage in the depression variable (p ≥ 0.01), but the schema therapy intervention in the post-test and follow-up stage in The general variable of depression did not make a significant difference compared to the control group (p≥0.01).

Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that cognitive-behavioral therapy was more effective than schema therapy. Therefore, cognitive-behavioral therapy can be a treatment of choice to reduce depression in people with drug abuse.

Ellagic acid is a natural polyphenol compound, and different concentrations and ways of using it cause different reactions in plants. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of ellagic acid and seed quality on the phenological stages and yield of soybeans.

The factorial experiment was designed and implemented in a randomized complete block design in three replications in the agricultural years of 2019 and 2020 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology. In this experiment, the initial quality of the seed was considered in two levels (normal seed and aged seed) and ellagic acid in four levels (zero, priming, foliar spraying and combined application of priming and foliar spraying with a concentration of 50 mg/liter). Accelerated aging test was used to apply aging and for this purpose, the seeds were kept for 72 hours at a temperature of 41°C and a relative humidity of 95%. Seed priming was done with a concentration of 50 mg/liter of ellagic acid, following the principles of seed aeration for six hours. The spraying treatment was done early in the morning and at the beginning of flowering (R1) and in favorable environmental conditions.

The results showed that accelerated aging in the first and second year of the experiment, respectively, caused a decrease in the final emergence percentage of seedling in the field by 30.93 and 29.93% compared to the control. In the first and second year, the normal seed priming test with ellagic acid increased the final emergence percentage of field by 16.33 and 12.67 percent, respectively. The final emergence percentage of the field in the first and second year of the experiment in aged seeds that were primed with ellagic acid was improved by 14.33 and 8.33%, respectively, compared to the control. Accelerated aging caused a significant decrease in germination rate by 37.66% compared to the control. The final emergemce percentage of seeds that were primed with ellagic acid increased by 18.75% compared to the non-application of this substance. In this experiment, accelerated aging caused a delay in the occurrence of phenological traits in soybean plants. The use of ellagic acid as priming and the combined use of priming and spraying could increase the rate of occurrence of phenological traits to a significant level. Applying accelerated aging in the first and second year of the experiment caused a decrease of 25.85 and 28.78 percent of seed yield, respectively. The use of ellagic acid in the form of priming, foliar spraying and the combined use of priming and foliar spraying increased the seed yield by 23.59, 23.23 and 55.48%, respectively, compared to the control.

The use of ellagic acid as priming and the combination of priming and spraying can be suggested to accelerate the occurrence of phenological traits in soybeans. In this study, the application of ellagic acid as priming worked better than foliar spraying. It is recommended to use priming and ellagic acid solution to improve soybean yield under normal and aging conditions.

Nutrition is one of the important factors in improving the quantity and quality of crops. Meanwhile, silicon is a useful element for rice and has positive effects on its quantitative and qualitative properties. Silicon (Si) is the 2nd and 8th extensive element on earth surface or soils and in nature, respectively. In soils, Si is mostly insoluble and not available for plants. In plants, Si-accumulation ranges from 0.1 to 10% dry weight. Plants take up Si either actively or passively in form of monosilicic acid (H4SiO4), which typically occurs in a range of 0.1–0.6 mM in soil solution. Salicylic acid, which is known as a regulator of plant growth, plays an important role in plant growth and yield, especially in conditions of environmental stress. Salicylic acid (SA) is eminent as signal molecule and phytohormone which can effectively participate in the induction of plant defense mechanisms against abiotic stress. It has the potential to regulate a number of physio-biochemical processes such as photosynthetic traits, nutrients balance, osmotic adjustments, antioxidant defense systems and improves plant protection or tolerance against drought. The external application of SA is believed to improve the adaptation to drought and osmotic stress by the generation of antioxidant enzymes activies. In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of silicon and salicylic acid on the quantitative yield and some quality characteristics of rice (Shiroodi cultivar), an experiment was conducted in the country's rice research farm (Amol). The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experimental treatments included foliar application of silicon from potassium silicate source at three levels of 0, 3 and 6 cc / l as the first factor and salicylic acid at four levels of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM / l as the second factor. Sampling was done in two stages of flowering and physiological maturation. The results showed that silicon had no significant effect on grain yield and its use was only significant on grain yield components such as number of tillers and number of grains per panicle and increased them. This increase was up to the level of 3 cc silicon per liter. Meanwhile, the use of salicylic acid up to 0.5 mM caused a significant increased grain yield 17.14%. The interaction between silicon and salicylic acid had on nitrogen percentage and the content of phosphorus in seed and the highest amount of them were obtained in the treatment of 6 cc silicon, 0.5 mM salicylic acid. Leaf chlorophyll content was not affected by silicon and salicylic acid treatment but the content of leaf silicon was increased only to the level of 3 cc silicon per liter. From the results obtained in this experiment, it can be stated that the use of silicon up to the level of 6 cc of silicon per liter did not have a significant effect on the grain yield of Shiroudi variety and only on some components of grain yield such as the number of tillers per plant and the number of seeds. It had a significant effect on panicle and caused their increase. Chlorophyll, as an effective pigment in leaf photosynthesis, was not affected by silicon and salicylic acid treatment, but the amount of silicon in rice leaves was increased up to the level of 3 cc of silicon per liter. Then from the results obtained in this experiment can be stated that the use of 3 cc of silicon and 0.5 mM salicylic acid had good performance in improving grain yield and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rice in Shiroodi cultivar.

Ellagic acid is a natural polyphenol compound that has strong antioxidant properties and reduces the effects of various stresses in plants. In order to investigate the effect of ellagic acid on protein percentage and soybean yield, an experiment was conducted in the two crop years of 2018 and 2019 in the research farm of Shahrood University of Technology. Treatments include accelerated aging on two levels of normal seed and aged seed and the application of ellagic acid on four levels (control, seed pre-treatment, foliar spraying and the combination of seed pre-treatment and foliar spraying with ellagic acid with a concentration of 50 mg/L) in the form of a factorial experiment with a basic design of randomized complete blocks in three replications. The number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod and the 100 seed weight per plant obtained from aged seeds decreased by 11.64, 4.16, and 13.13%, respectively, compared to the control. The combined use of seed pretreatment and foliar spraying of ellagic acid in normal and aging conditions caused a significant increase of 10.00 and 11.30% in the number of seeds in the pod compared to the non-application of this substance in these conditions. The combined use of seed pretreatment and foliar spraying of ellagic acid caused an increase of 20.89 and 51.93% in the weight of 100 seed and seed yield, respectively, compared to the control. The application of ellagic acid in normal conditions did not show any effect on the protein percentage, while the use of this substance in aging conditions by the form of seed pretreatment, foliar spraying and the combined use of seed pretreatment and foliar spraying, led to an increase of 0.88, 0.40, and 0.86 percent of protein, respectively. It is possible to suggest the combined use of pretreatment and foliar spraying with ellagic acid to increase seed yield and protein percentage in plants obtained from normal and aged soybean seeds.

Seed aging is a phenomenon that occurs during the life of any seed. Changes that occur during aging affect seed quality. Through the process of aging, seed vigor is the first trait of the seed quality that decreases, followed by a decrease in germination capacity, seedling growth and establishment. Hence, one way to stimulate germination and increase the establishment of seedlings from aging seeds is seed pre-treatment using different materials such as brown seaweed extract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seaweed extract pretreatment on germination traits and heterotrophic growth of un-aged and aged soybean seeds.

The experiment was designed and implemented at a laboratory in the faculty of agriculture of Shahrood University of Technology in 2019. Treatments included seed aging at two levels (un-aged seeds and aged seeds) and pretreatment with seaweed extract at seven levels (zero, distilled water, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 %). The experiment was carried out as a factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in the germinator environment. The seeds were aged by being placed at 41°C and 95% relative humidity for 72 hours. Seed pretreatment seaweed extract was done for 6 hours in accordance with the principles of seed aeration.

Aging reduced germination percentage and germination rate, allometric growth ratio, seedling length vigor index, seed reserves use efficiency and seed vigor index. Malondialdehyde content and electrical conductivity of aged seeds were 37.68% and 38.32% higher than un-aged seeds respectively. Seed pretreatment with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% of seaweed extract significantly increased germination rate, germination index and seed reserves use efficiency. Slicing interactions of aging and seaweed extract showed that seed pretreatment with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% of seaweed extract significantly increased germination rate and germination index in un-age seeds. Pretreatment of aged seeds with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% seaweed extract increased germination percentage by 8.73%, 8% and 15% compared to the control (aged seeds without pretreatment), respectively. The use of distilled water and all levels of seaweed extract in this study increased the seed vigor index and decreased the electrical conductivity. The amount of malondialdehyde in aged seeds was reduced by using all levels of seaweed extract. The use of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% of the extract increased the amount of seed reserves use rate and fraction of seed reserves mobilization in aged seeds.

Finally, in the scope of this research between the concentrations used, the concentration of 0.3% seaweed extract was better than the others. It can also be suggested that the use of seaweed extract as a seed pretreatment improves the effects of seed aging on soybeans.

1-The effect of pretreatment with seaweed extract with concentrations of 0.1 to 0.5% on un-aged and aged soybean seeds was investigated for the first time.
2-Using a concentration of 0.3% seaweed extract for the pretreatment of soybean seeds was introduced as the best concentration.
3- Seaweed extract was introduced as an important antioxidant to improve physiological traits in soybean seeds.

Soybean seeds are sensitive to storage due to their high oil content and they aged quickly. Aging of seeds leads to a decrease in the percentage and speed of germination and ultimately to a decrease in seed yield. Although the aging rate can be reduced with proper storage methods, the application of some treatments on the aged seeds or spraying some substances on the plants obtained from these seeds can be effective in improving the seed yield. The use of anti-aging substances such as seaweed extract in plants can act as antioxidants and reduce the effects of aging.
 
In order to evaluate the phenological stages and yield of soybean, an experiment was carried out in the research farm of Shahrood University of Technology during 2019 and 2020 in three replications. The treatments include the initial seed quality in two levels (normal seeds and aged seeds) and seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) in four levels (control, priming, foliar spraying and combined application of priming and foliar spraying with a concentration of 0.3%). The experiment was carried out as a factorial in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks.
In this research, applying accelerated aging caused a significant increase in phenological traits in soybean plants. The use of seaweed extract as a priming and the combined use of priming and foliar spraying could increase the rate of occurrence of phenological traits to a significant level. The seed yield in plants obtained from aged seeds was 32.69% less than that of control plants. The use of seaweed extract as priming, foliar spraying and the combined use of priming and foliar spraying increase the seed yield by 43.54, 15.69 and 87.85 percent, respectively. Aging caused a significant decrease of 23.50 and 25.33 percent of final emergence percentage. Pretreatment of normal and aged seeds with seaweed extract in the first year increased this trait by 16.33 and 7.33% compared to the absence of seaweed extract. In the second year of the experiment, the application of seaweed extract resulted in a 12.67% increase in seedling growth under normal conditions, and an 8.33% increase was recorded with the application of seaweed extract under aging conditions.
 
In this study, the application of seaweed extract as seed priming better than foliar spraying. It is possible to recommend priming and the combination of priming and foliar spraying with seaweed extract to accelerate the occurrence of phenological traits in soybeans. The combined use of priming and foliar spraying of seaweed extract is recommended to improve the performance of soybeans in normal and aged conditions.

Iranian cities are considered to be among the densest cities in the world. Population density and public transportation with poor performance, and the lack of pressures such as the cheapness of gasoline and regular taxis have caused many intersections in Iranian cities to operate under saturated and supersaturated conditions during peak traffic hours. The optimal cycle length can significantly reduce or even prevent traffic congestion. This study estimates the optimal cycle length with the objective of minimizing the intersection delay. For this purpose, different scenarios were simulated by changing the saturation rate (DS), cycle length (CL) and line capacity variables in VISSIM software, and the delay value was obtained for different cycle lengths.

Urban laws define power relations to change and reproduce urban spaces. The present article aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of "the law of the endorsement of revitalization, improvement and regeneration of decayed and inefficient urban neighborhoods on the process of urban regeneration in the decayed districts of Hamidia city, Yazd province, Iran, by using statistical methods including the Chi-square test, one-sample T-test and path analysis. The results showed all indicators related to urban regeneration are lower than the expected situation because regenerating drivers, including public-private participation, the socio-economic empowerment of residents, the provision of financial resources, tax incentives, building incentives, the allocation of urban infrastructure, urban land supply, the reduction of organizational bureaucracy and the improvement of inter-organizational coordination, do not work efficiently in the study area. The results of the one-sample T-test indicated that the above drivers have a significant distance from the expected conditions. According to the path analysis, the variables of socio-economic empowerment of residents, the allocation of urban infrastructure and the provision of financial resources have the most positive and overall effect on the urban regeneration of the decayed districts, respectively. Variables of the organizational bureaucracy, inter-organizational coordination and urban land supply have the most negative and overall effects, respectively. The ineffectiveness of urban regeneration law in Hamida city may result from its holistic and comprehensive approach. In urban environments like Hamida city with low diversity and low desirability of socio-economic-physical potentials, this approach can reduce the capacity of urban planners and managers to mobilize socio-economic and spatial resources to revitalize decayed districts.

In order to investigate the effect of ellagic acid on the growth of seedling and the qualities of soybean in accelerated aging conditions, a pilot was designed in 2019 in the research laboratory of the Shahrood University of Technology. The treatments included aging seed in two levels (unaged seeds and aged seeds) and priming at seven levels (control, distilled water, 25, 75, 50, 100, 125 mg/L with ellagic acid). A pilot study as a factorial experiment with a completely random-base design (CRD) in three replications was carried out under a germinator environment in accordance with standards. To prepare aged seeds in the laboratory, the seeds were incubated at 41°C and 95% relative humidity for 72 hours. Seed priming was soaking with ellagic acid for 6 hours in accordance with the principles of seed aeration. The aging reduced Vigor Index, Allometric Growth Ratio and Seed Reserves Use Rate. The increasing of the malondialdehyde had a negative effect on germination percentage through the influence of Vigor Index and α-amylase activity enzyme. The application of ellagic acid increased the germination percentage in unaged seeds and aged seeds through increasing the activity of α-amylase activity enzyme. The priming of seeds with ellagic acid reduced the malondialdehyde and electrical conductivity. Based on the results of research, the application of 50 mg/L of ellagic acid can be introduced as the best concentration of this material. It can also be suggested that the use of ellagic acid as a seed priming improves the effects of seed aging on soybeans.

Bed shear stress is one of the most important hydraulic parameters to determine the amount of bed and suspended load and the bed and bank scouring in rivers. Bed shear stress depends on bedforms (ripples, dunes, and anti-dunes) in alluvial rivers. In this study, the effect of artificial ripple bedforms on bed shear stress has been investigated. Two types of uniform granulation with average sizes (d50) of 0.51 and 2.18 mm were used to roughen the surface of the artificial ripples. The bedform length and height were 20 and 4 cm, respectively. The angles of its upstream and downstream to the horizon were selected equal to 16.4 and 32 degrees, respectively. Different flow rates (Q= 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 l/s) and different bed slopes (S= 0, 0.0001, 0.0005, 0.001, and 0.0015) were examined. The results showed that by increasing the particle size on the bed surface, total shear stress (tb ), grain-related bed-shear stress (t¢b ), and form-related bed-shear stress ( t²b )  increase. The value of tb , t¢b , and t²b in bed form roughened by sediment size of 2.18 mm were, on average, 22.38, 30.86, and 22.3% more than the bed form roughened by sediment size of 0.51 mm, respectively.

Aging seed can be defined as loss of seed quality, viability and vigor. This process is irreversible over time and its intensity increases with increasing temperature and humidity. Aging seed is one of the major factors reducing quality and quantity in the agricultural sector, especially oilseeds. The use of antioxidants can reduce the damaging effects of aging. Ellagic acid is a natural plant antioxidant that can play a role in reducing the effects of stress on plants. This substance is a phenolic compound and among different antioxidants, due to its polyphenolic properties, it is one of the best scavengers for oxygen free radicals.

To investigate the effect of ellagic acid on improving the quality of plants obtained from normal and aged soybean seeds, an experiment was conducted in the research farm of Shahroud University of Technology during the two cropping years 2019 and 2020. In this study two sets of seeds including control seeds (un-aged) and aged seed were used and ellagic acid (50 mg. l-1) was applied for control, seed pretreatment, foliar spray and seed pretreatment+foliar spray. Farm research was conducted a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. Soybean seeds var. DPX were collected from Mazandaran agricultural research center. The water content of seeds was 12%. The seeds were those that harvested in the same year and kept in a controlled storage room at the temperature between 14 to 17 °C and relative humidity of 30 to 40% at the Agricultural Research and Training Center and Natural Resources of Mazandaran Province. To prepare aged seeds in the laboratory, the seeds were incubated at 41°C and 95% relative humidity for 72 hours. Seed pretreatment with a concentration of 50 mg.L-1 ellagic acid was performed under ventilation condition for 6 hours. The seeds were then dried in the shade and used to continue testing and measuring traits compared to normal seeds. Foliar application was done early in the morning at the beginning of flowering (R1) and in favorable environmental conditions.

The results showed that aging reduced the mean daily seedling field emergence by 61.39% compared to normal seeds. The ratio of chlorophyll a to b, total chlorophyll, stomatal conductance and membrane stability index in the leaves of plants from aged seeds decreased by 9.9, 6.3, 7.0 and 28.9%, respectively, compared to the control. The amount of free amino acids and soluble sugars in the leaves of plants from aged seeds increased compared to normal seeds. Pretreatment of normal and aged seeds with ellagic acid increased the mean daily seedling field emergence by 23.1% and 19. 7%, respectively. The content of insoluble sugars were increased with application of both pretreatment and foliar spray of ellagic acid 32.0% respectively. The highest oil yield in both conditions was observed with application of both pretreatment and foliar spray of ellagic aicd. The yield seed increased with ellagic acid compared to the control 23.6%. Grain yield was higher than 23.2% in the plants that had received ellagic acid in a form foliar spray. In the end, the pretreatment+foliar spray of ellagic acid had the highest grain yield, which increased to control 55.5%.

However, in this study, the application of ellagic acid as a seed pretreatment and foliar spray had a positive effect under normal and aging conditions, but in the scope of the research, the combined application of ellagic acid as seed pretreatment and foliar spraying can be recommended to increase seed yield and seed oil yield in soybean. In general, ellagic acid can be introduced as a powerful antioxidant in aging conditions to reduce some of the destructive effects of the reactions involved in aging.

Seed aging is a phenomenon that causes a lot of economic losses every year and it is necessary to use new and efficient methods to deal with it. B vitamins have a defensive and antioxidant role and they are effective in growth and development, so it is possible that they can heal the effects of seed aging. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted at Shahrood University of Technology in March 2017 to investigate the effect of seed pretreatment with B group vitamins on the growth and yield of canola in seed deterioration conditions. The experiment was factorial based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experimental treatments were 3 levels of seed deterioration (0, 50 and 100 hours) and 7 levels of seed pretreatment with B vitamins (No pretreatment, Distilled water, thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid and Pyridoxine) with a concentration of 100 mg/l. Seed deterioration was done at 40⁰C and seed pretreatment for 8 hours. The  results showed that all the measured traits were decrease affected by seed deterioration and only the amount of anthocyanins increased. In severe deterioration, seed pretreatment with distilled water and pyridoxine increased protein and oil yield respectively. Pantothenic acid pretreatment increased the amount of anthocyanins, total chlorophyll and grain yield at severe deterioration levels. This treatment increased grain yield by 143 percent compared with plants grown from seeds without pretreatment. In general, among the treatment investigated in this study, the pretreatment of seeds with pantothenic acid and thiamine improved and increased many traits such as seed yield, oil and protein content. The advantage of these treatments was quite obvious in normal seeds but in aged seeds there was no significant difference with distilled water. Therefore, the results showed that in aged seeds, a similar result can be achieved by using distilled water with less cost.

Changes that occur during aging affect seed quality. Vigor is the first component of seed quality that decreases with aging seed, and followed by a decrease in germination capacity, seedling growth and establishment. The seeds of soybeans are classified in the orthodox seeds. These seeds contain high amount of lipid and protein. Seed viability can only be maintained until few months of storage under normal conditions. One of the important steps in soybean seed industry is maintaining seed quality during storage condition for the planting during next growth season or sales. Lack of a proper storage condition would affect the biochemical and physiological nature of soybean seeds and intensify their aging. Changes that occur during deterioration condition affect seed quality. Through the process of deterioration, seed vigor is the first traits of the seed quality that decreases, followed by a decrease in germination capacity, seedling growth and establishment. Wide range of deteriorative conditions (especially moisture content and temperature) may affect seed quality during storage which may lead to seed aging. Hence, to stimulate germination and increase the establishment of seedlings from ageing seeds, treatment can be done using different materials such as brown seaweed extract. To continue the experiment, normal seeds and aged seeds were sown in June 2018 and 2019 at a depth of 2 cm. Each plot consisted of 4 lines 6 m long with a distance of 50 cm between the lines and 10 cm width on the lines.

A factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of Shahroud University of Technology. In this study two sets of seeds including control seeds (un-aged) and aged seed were used and brown seaweed A. nodosum (0.3%) was applied for control, seed pretreatment, foliar spray and seed pretreatment+foliar spray. The brown seaweed extract was "Acadian™ Seaweed Powder" (produced in Canada) containing brown seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum), and all the reagent and chemicals for experiments were purchased from Merck (Germany). Soybean seed Var. DPX. was collected from the Mazandaran agricultural research center. The water content of seeds was 12%. The seeds were those that harvested in the same year and kept in a controlled storage room at the temperature between 14 to 17 °C and relative humidity of 30 to 40% at the Agricultural Research and Training Center and Natural Resources of Mazandaran Province. For surface sterilization, soybean seeds were disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 60 seconds and then washed with distilled water. To prepare aged seeds in the laboratory, the seeds were incubated at 41°C and 95% relative humidity for 72 hours according to the method described previously. For each treatment, 100 g of the soybean seeds were soaked in 20 ml seaweed extract (0.3%) under ventilation condition for 6 hours, following by drying the seeds in the shade.

In this study, the results showed that the seed aging reduced the mean daily seedling field emergence, content of soluble sugar, leaf area index, stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield and also, increased the electrical conductivity and free amino acids content in the field condition. Whereas, the seed pretreatment with the seaweed extract in normal and aging conditions increased mean daily seedling field emergence 15.31% and 55.03% respectively. The values of leaf area index, stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield were increased with application of both pretreatment and foliar spray of seaweed extract, 34.51%, 23.72%, 91.68% and 87.85% respectively. Seed pre-treatment and foliar spraying with Ascophyllum nodosum brown seaweed extract at a concentration of 0.3% improved the deteriorated effects and significantly increased seed yield.

This study concludes that the seaweed extract is effective to minimize negative effects of aging on seeds performance and has a great positive effect on the physiological and agronomic traits of soybean plant. Among the four methods used in this study, the seeds pretreatment+foliar spray was more effective.

Accurate estimation of flow resistance, such as Chezy coefficient, is important for calculating the hydraulic flow conditions and sediment transport in open channels. Chezy coefficient is affected by various factors: bed particles size, vegetation, irregularity of waterway cross-section, irregularity of waterway path, scour and sedimentation, presence of obstructions, suspended and bed load, and bed form (Bahrami Yarahmadi & Shafai Bejestan, 2010, 2011). Previous researches, Talebbeydokhti et al. (2006), Omid et al. (2010), Nasiri Dehsorkhi et al. (2011), Chegini & Pender (2012), Kabiri et al. (2014), and Kwoll et al. (2016), have shown that the bed forms can affect the hydraulic or sediment transport characteristics. However, there is a lack of study to investigate the effect of bed forms with different sediment sizes on the Chezy coefficient. Therefore, the present study aims to conduct experiments on a straight channel whose bed is covered with the artificial bed forms made from P.V.C sheet, and on its surface is glued sediment of different sizes in the range of 0.51 and 2.18 mm.

The experiments were performed in a straight flume of 12 m in length and 0.30 m wide (Figure 1). In this study, different flow discharge of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 l/s and different bed slopes of 0, 0.0001, 0.0005, 0.001, and 0.0015 were tested. Two series of experiments were carried out: plane bed or bed without form and bed covered with form. Each form was made in a triangular shape with a P.V.C sheet. The form's length and height were equal to 20 and 4 cm, respectively, and the angles of its upstream and downstream to the horizon were selected as 16.4 and 32 degrees, respectively. After each form was built, the desired sediment size was glued to their surface. This study used two types of uniform granulation with average sizes (d50) of 0.51 and 2.18 mm. The total number of experiments in the present study was 100. Since in alluvial rivers with bed form, the resistance Chezy coefficient includes the grain Chezy coefficient and the form Chezy coefficient. A formless bed, covered with the same sediment size, was tested to determine the grain Chezy coefficient ((C_b ) ́). The bed with the form was used to determine the total Chezy coefficient (C_b) and the form Chezy coefficient (C_b^''). Ripple and dune form is formed in a lower flow regime, in which the Froude number of the flow is less than 1 (Shafai Bajestan, 2008). In this study, the Froude number values in all tests with bed form were 0.435 to 0.6, indicating a lower flow regime.

Figure 3 shows the changes in the total Chezy coefficient (C_b) against Froude number for sediment-covered substrates of 0.51 and 2.18 mm. It can be seen that as the Froude number increased, the total Chezy coefficient (C_b) increased. In addition, increasing the longitudinal slope of the bed decreased C_b.Figures 4, 5 and 6 illustrate the effect of sediment particles size on (C_b ) ́, C_b^'', and C_b. These figures show that (C_b ) ́, C_b^'', and C_b decreased with increasing particles size. In addition, Figures 5 and 6 show that with increasing R/∆, the total Chezy coefficient (C_b) and the form Chezy coefficient (C_b^'') increased. Calculations showed that the value of C_b^'' in beds with a sediment size of 0.51 mm for slopes of 0, 0.0001, 0.0005, 0.001, and 0.0015 was, on average, 14, 12, 12, 15, and 16.4% more than 2.18 mm sedimentary beds, respectively. In addition, the value of C_b in beds with a sediment size of 0.51 mm for slopes of 0, 0.0001, 0.0005, 0.001, and 0.0015 was, on average, 15, 13, 13, 16, and 16.5% more than 2.18 mm sedimentary beds, respectively.The results of Table 1 shows that the grain Chezy coefficient ((C_b ) ́) for particles with sizes of 0.51 and 2.18 mm was, on average, 98 and 93% more than the total Chezy coefficient (C_b), respectively. In addition, The form Chezy coefficient (C_b^'') for particles with sizes of 0.51 and 2.18 mm was, on average, 16 and 17% more than the total Chezy coefficient (C_b), respectively.

The results of this study shows that generally with increasing the bed slope and the bed particle size of movable bed sediment channel, the flow resistance increases or the total Chezy coefficient , the form Chezy coefficient and the grain Chezy coefficient decreases. Increasing the bed particle size from 0.51 to 2.18 mm reduced the coefficients of Cb ́, Cb'', and Cb by 15.14, 12, and 12.9%, respectively. Moreover, the value of Cb ́, Cb'', and Cb in sedimentary beds with particles of 0.51 mm were, on average, 18, 14 and 15% more than sedimentary beds with particles of 2.18 mm, respectively.

Among the most important parameters in hydraulic engineering is the flow resistance coefficient, e.g. Darcy-Wiesbach, in alluvial rivers; in which is divided into two categories: grain resistance and form resistance. The grain resistance is a function of the bed sediment size; whilst the form resistance is a function of the bed form geometry. Ripple and dune are among the most common forms formed in alluvial rivers that are triangular in shape (Shafai Bajestan, 2008; Julien, 2010). The effect of bed form on flow resistance have been studied by few researchers such as: Talebbeydokhti et al. (2006), Omid et al. (2010), Nasiri Dehsorkhi et al. (2011), Chegini and Pender (2012), Kabiri et al. (2014), and Kwoll et al. (2016). However, the effect of roughened bed form, bed form covered with artificial roughness of different sizes, on the Darcy-Wiesbach friction coefficienthas received little attraction. Therefore, it is the main goal of the present study to experimentally investigate this effect. This different flow rates and different bed slopes. In this study, sediments with sizes of 0.51 and 2.18 mm were used to rough the surface of the bed forms.

The experiments were performed in a sloping straight flume (manufactured by Armfield, UK). The length and width of the flume were 12 and 0.3 m, respectively (Figure 1). In this study, flow rates of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 l/s and bed slopes of 0, 0.0001, 0.0005, 0.001, and 0.0015 were examined.The present study experiments were divided into two categories: bed without form and bed with form. Each form was made by P.V.C sheet in a triangular shape. The bed form length and height were equal to 20 and 4 cm, respectively, and the angles of its upstream and downstream to the horizon were selected as 16.4 and 32 degrees, respectively. After making each form, the desired sediments were glued on their surface. In this study, two types of uniform granulation with average sizes (d50) of 0.51 and 2.18 mm were used. The total number of experiments in the present study was 100.

Ripple and dune form are usually being developed in lower flow regime, in which the Froude number is less than 1 (Shafai Bajestan, 2008; Julien, 2010). In this study, the Froude number values in all tests with bed form were from 0.435 to 0.6, indicating a lower flow regime. Figure 5 shows the changes in the total Darcy-Weisbach's coefficient (f_b) against Froude number for sediment-covered with sand sizes of 0.51 and 2.18 mm. It can be seen that as the Froude number increased, the total Darcy-Wiesbach's coefficient (f_b) decreased. In addition, increasing the longitudinal slope of the bed, causes the f_b to increase. In addition, increasing the longitudinal slope of the bed, causes the f_b to increase.Figure 6 shows the trend of changes in the total Darcy-Weisbach's coefficient (f_b) versus relative submergence (y/∆) for the slope of 0.0001. This figure shows that with increasing relative submergence rate, the total Darcy-Wiesbach's coefficient decreased due to the relative roughness reduction. In addition, Figure 6 shows that f_b increased with increasing particle size. Calculations showed that the value of f_b in beds with a sediment size of 2.18 mm for slopes of 0, 0.0001, 0.0005, 0.001, and 0.0015 on average 32.8, 28.8, 28.46, 33.8, and 35.9% are more than the bed covered with 0.5 mm sediment size, respectively.The results of Table 2 shows that the grain Darcy-Weisbach's coefficient ((f_b ) ́) for particles with sizes of 0.51 and 2.18 mm are on average 25.45 and 26.8% of the total friction coefficient (f_b), respectively. In addition, from Darcy-Weisbach's coefficient (f_b^'') for particles with sizes of 0.51 and 2.18 mm is on average 74.55 and 73.2% of the total friction coefficient (f_b), respectively. According to the results, it can be seen that the value of f_b^'' for particles with a size of 0.51 and 2.18 mm on average is 193.6 and 173.4% more than (f_b ) ́, respectively.

The results showed that with increasing the particle size of the bed, the total Darcy-Wiesbach's coefficient (f_b) and the grain Darcy-Wiesbach's coefficient ((f_b ) ́) increased. The value of f_b in sedimentary beds with a size of 2.18 mm is on average 32% higher than sedimentary beds with a size of 0.5 mm. Meanwhile, the value of the form Darcy-Wiesbach's coefficient (f_b^'') for particles with a size of 0.51 and 2.18 mm on average is 193.6 and 173.4% more than (f_b ) ́, respectively.Keywords: Bed form, Ripple, Dune, Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic, progressive and autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system with unknown cause, which affects the quality of life in various areas such as health and employment, economic, social, mental, family It works. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness on the quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis.

The present study is a quasi-experimental type with pre-testpost-test and is of applied type. The statistical population of this study was all patients with multiple sclerosis who referred to the association. There were 30 patients in Iran who had the condition to enter the study (age range between 25-55 years, lack of psychiatric illness and acute disorder, no serious medical illness and other physical disorders, in the last 6 months did not lack a significant person in their lives ) Were selected and assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 individuals). The research instrument is the SF-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire and the mindfulness treatment protocol was used in the experimental group and the results were analyzed in SPSS software.

The results showed that mindfulness therapy had a significant effect on the quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis (P <0.005).

This study showed that mindfulness affects the quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis. Therefore, to increase the quality of life of patients, it is recommended to use this treatment in welfare mental health centers, counseling and psychotherapy clinics, as well as hospitals.

To investigate the effects of water deficit stress and bio and non-bio fertilizers on Thymus Vulgaris, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 in Asgarya agricultural field in Yazd. The treatments included water tension: W1=7 (Control), W2=12 and W3=17 days irrigation intervals as the main factor and bio and non - bio fertilizers at five levels including B1= control (without fertilizer), B2= endo mycorrhiza (Glomus), B3= Azospirillum bacteria, B4= Pseudomonas bacteria and B5= chemical fertilizer (NPK) a sub – factors. Results showed that the highest flowering branches yield, a, b, and total chlorophylls and nitrogen and phosphorus elements were observed in 17 days of irrigation (W3). 12 days of irrigation treatment (W2) showed the highest potassium element rate. The highest a, b and chlorophylls and nitrogen were observed in Azospirillum treatment (B3). The highest total chlorophyll, phosphorus element, carotenoids and flavonoids were observed in Pseudomonas treatment (B4); the highest potassium element rate were obtained in mycorrhiza treatment (B2); the highest flowering branches yield were observed in NPK treatment (B5) and control (B1) treatment resulted in the highest anthocyanin.

In order to study the effects of foliar application of nano iron oxide particles and biofertilizers on root growth, antioxidant enzymes activity in two parts of root and leaf, as well as some other physiological characteristics of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) a pot experiment with factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in 2017 growing season at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahrood. The first factor was foliar applications of nano iron oxide at three levels (F0= control, F1= 1.5 and F2= 3 g /1 l water) and the second factor was biofertilizers at five levels (B0= Control, B1= Glomus Intraradices, B2= Glomus mosseae, B3= Azospirillum and B4= Azotobacter solution). The results showed that activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, polyphenol oxidase in two parts of root and leaf was influenced by two factors of biological fertilizers and foliar application of nanoiron oxide particles, so that the use of biofertilizers reduced and with increasing iron oxide concentration, activity they increased. The highest activity of ascorbate peroxidase in leaf was obtained from F2B0 treatment. The interaction effect of foliar application of nanoiron oxide particles and biofertilizers had a significant effect on photosynthetic pigments and aerial dry weight, so that the highest amount of chlorophyll a was obtained from F2B1 treatment, chlorophyll b, aerial dry weight and iron of aerial from F2B2 treatment. According to the results of the experiment, the symbiosis with G. intrarardits fungus caused a significant increase in the absorption of nitrogen and iron elements in the plant.

Abstract To study the effects of biofertilizers and foliar application of iron oxide nanoparticles on grain yield and some physiological characteristics of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), an experiment was carried out as factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications at the growing season of 2017, in Agricultural College of Shahrood University of Technology. Treatments consisted of foliar application of iron oxide nanoparticles at three levels (control, 1.5 and 3 g/L water) as the first factor and biofertilizers at five levels (mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae and two types of growth promoting rhizobacteria including Azospirillum and Azotobacter solution with control) as the second factor. Results showed that the highest grain yield was obtained from inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices .The interaction of foliar application of iron oxide nanoparticles and biofertilizers had a significant effect on antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase, ascorbat peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase as well as total, “a” and “b” chlorophylls. The highest activity of catalase, ascorbat peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes were in 3 g/L water Iron oxide nanoparticles treatment of and non-use of biofertilizers. The highest amount of chlorophyll “a” was obtained from 3 g/L water treatment, with Glomus intraradices and chlorophyll “b” from the combination of two concentrations of iron nano oxide with two mycorrhizal fungi. It seems that among the treatments studied, Glomus intraradices had the highest effect on grain yield of the black cumin and application of 3 g iron nano oxide /L of water was highly effective in the photosynthetic pigmentation increasing and antioxidant enzymes activity.

Aromatic Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L; Lamiaceae) is a valuable and common medicinal plant in traditional medicine. Due to its main composition, thymol, is used in the food, pharmaceutical, health and cosmetic industries. Among the different species of Thyme, Thymus vulgaris is cultivated and produced in many parts of the world, including Iran(Omidbaigi, 2000). Water stress can decrease leaf height, number and leaf area, dry weight,stomata closure, chlorophyll content reduction and root growth in medicinal plants. Therefore, it is important to deal with the damaging effects of drought in different ways such as the use of biofertilizers.

To investigate the effects of irrigation interval at three levels including W1=7(Control), W2=12 and W3=17 days irrigation interval as a main plot and bio and non – bio fertilizers at five levels including B1= control (without fertilizer), B2= Endo mycorrhizal (Glomus), B3= Azospirillum bacteria , B4= Pseudomonas bacteria and B5= chemical fertilizer(NPK) were considered as a sub plot on flowering branches yield , percentage of essential oil and some biochemical compounds in Thymus vulgaris, An experiment was conducted in a split plot design with randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 in Asgarya agricultural field in Yazd. Finally, the data were analyzed through SAS statistical software and Excel software was used to draw charts. Means comparison was performed through LSD test at 5% probability level.                                                                                                             

 The results showed that the highest of flowering branches yield and total phenol were observed in control of irrigation (W1) and NPK treatment (B5), the highest of biological yield and number of lateral branches were observed in control of irrigation (W1) and mycorrhiza treatment (B2) , the highest of protein was observed in control of irrigation (W1) and Azospirillum treatment (B3), the highest of soluble carbohydrates was observed in W2 and pseudomonas treatment (B4), the highest of height was observed in control of irrigation (W1) , The highest of proline and the percentage of essential oil were observed in W3.In terms of fertilizer treatment, the highest of height, proline and the percentage of essential oi were observed in pseudomonas treatment (B4), NPK (B5) and mycorrhiza (B2). In general, the results in this experiment can be expressed, in terms of water deficit stress, use of biological fertilizers, especially mycorrhizal, can partly reduce the adverse effects on this plant.

In general, it can be concluded that the use of bio fertilizers, especially mycorrhiza, can reduce the side effects of this plant in water deficit conditions. According to the results of this study, it is concluded that accumulation of proline and carbohydrates in Thyme aerial parts in the face of water deficit stress, is one of the mechanisms of drought resistance in this plant. Rapid accumulation of osmotic pressure-regulating substances such as proline and carbohydrate decrease the osmotic potential of plant cells and thus water absorption of the plant. Also, similarity of yield increase and yield components of flowering shoots in Thyme with biofertilizers especially Mycorrhiza under stress conditions has positive effects of this fertilizer by improving physiological traits in the plant. Therefore, it seems that if the water deficit stress does not lead to a significant decrease in the economic performance of this plant, biofertilizers can be reduced on this plant.