مقالات رزومه دکتر محمد اسماعیل ریاحی

The change in lifestyle is affected by modernity and increased awareness which has caused the increased tendency of women to be present in public and urban spaces. Using a qualitative method and a phenomenological strategy, this study sought to investigate women's socio-cultural problems and limitations in urban spaces of Tehran. The sample consists of 35 women between 20 and 67 years old living in Tehran in 2021 who were interviewed by visiting several crowded points in the north, south, east and west of Tehran. Purposive sampling with maximum dispersion has been applied. According to the results, the social-cultural problems and limitations of women in connection with urban spaces in Tehran are the feeling of insecurity in urban spaces, the appearance of poverty and lack of vitality in urban spaces, the non-recognition and acceptance of women in the public spaces of the city, people-oriented spaces , the objectification of women in terms of sex, the presence of unpleasant male behaviors, family restrictions on the presence of women in urban spaces, gender norms, structural restrictions on the presence of women in some public spaces and the use of certain vehicles and values ​​and norms of noble woman, affected by economic and cultural capital and district of residence, as well as work and transportation. In addition, women react differently to the obstacles and limitations. By resisting the facing challenges in urban spaces, women seek to achieve creative and effective civic activism. In order to realize this objective, institutions such as families and education shall act to change attitudes and gender relations and develop the culture of acceptance of women in public spaces.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the type of attitude and behavior of married women who have extramarital relationships from the perspective of rational choice theory.

The research method was a survey and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the research tool was confirmed through content validity, and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha. The research population consisted of 87 married women from Behshahr, Babol and Babolsar cities in 1400 who had extramarital relationships. The theoretical framework of the research, the rational choice theory and the independent variables of the research, were derived from this theory. The non-random sampling method was snowballing type. The type of attitude towards extramarital relationships was investigated in three cognitive, emotional and behavioral dimensions.

The results of the research showed that 35.6 percent of the respondents have an average attitude, 33.3 percent have a positive attitude, and 31 percent have a negative attitude towards extramarital relationships. Also, among the variables of the theory of rational choice, the variables of pleasure-excitement and utilitarian need had a significant relationship.  The independent variables of the research were able to explain 72.6% of the changes in the dependent variable of extramarital behavior and 50.3% of the changes in the dependent variable of attitude towards extramarital relationships.

The meaningfulness of the pleasure-excitement variable means that by increasing the motivation of pleasure and excitement, curiosity, freedom and adventure in new relationships, the positive attitude of married women towards extramarital relationships increases and the commission of extramarital behavior increases. Also, the significance of the utilitarian need variable means that if the costs of extramarital relations are less than its benefits and the costs are long-term and ineffective, the probability of committing it increases. Examining and explaining the attitude towards extramarital relationships and extramarital behavior based on the choice theory is one of the innovations of this research.

In many societies, extra-marital relationships are strongly stigmatized and have become one of the most important issues among couples. This article aimed to investigate attitudes married women toward extramarital relationships, which tries to explain this issue by social learning theory. This study was conducted using the survey method among 80 married women of Babol city which examined their attitudes toward extra-marital relationships through a self-administered questionnaire. They were selected by non-random sampling method (snowball). The findings indicate that there is a significant relationship among three variables (differential association, differential reinforcement, and imitation) from social learning theory with the attitude towards extramarital relationships and all its dimensions.The results of multiple regression analysis show that the independent variable of the reward has the most predictability on the dependent variable. In general, the results confirm the propositions related to the social learning theory and show that the attitude to extramarital relationship increases under the influence of rewards, punishments and imitation from the media is strengthened and its repeatability increases. According to social learning theory, both overt behavior and cognitive definitions related to extramarital relationship are created with two dimensions of differential reinforcement and imitation, both of which function discriminative stimuli for the behavior.

In this study, it was sought to achieve a typology related to women's activism in urban spaces of Tehran using a qualitative approach with the phenomenological strategy. Data was collected using in-depth, semi-structured interviews and field observations. Purposive sampling with maximum dispersion was utilized. The sample consisted of 30 women living in Tehran who were interviewed by visiting several crowded points in the north, south, east and west side of Tehran. Data was analyzed using Thematic Analysis. According to the results, women's activism in the spaces of Tehran were classified into economic, social, cultural, sports and leisure activism and dramatic and abnormal activism. Women's activism in each of these areas varied according to their social, economic, and cultural status and capital. Results suggested that the existing structure in urban spaces of Tehran has caused women to be creative and active in some areas, such as leisure activities as well as in relation to the type of clothing and behavior in urban spaces despite the pressures and restrictions. Also women's activism is passive and more in line with the existing structure of some areas like economic domains. However, increasing women's presence in various domains of urban spaces can be the basis for many changes and transformations, which demands structural and cultural changes and changing attitudes towards the status of women, recognition of their capabilities and giving attention to their needs and desires in urban spaces of Tehran, also creating conditions for healthy employment and women's active and creative activism in various spaces of Tehran.

Today, we are facing the widespread and increasing influence of social media in various aspects of people's lives, as well as the occurrence of crime and deviant behaviors in the context of these media. Considering the network structure of social media and the possibility of accessing a huge amount of social data in the last decade, we have seen the increasing interest of researchers in various fields, including social sciences, to use big data and network analysis. Despite the acceptance of this approach by sociology of deviance and criminology abroad, we are facing a lack of such studies in the country. The purpose of this article is to introduce Marvin Krohn's network theory, the application of the network analysis approach, and the use of big data in explaining social deviance in the context of social media.

This paper is a review article and the research method is documentary.

After reviewing concepts such as big data and social media, referring to deviance and crime in social media, the application of big data and network analysis in criminology and sociology of deviance is discussed. Considering the theoretical weakness in the current empirical literature, Marvin Krohn's network theory in the field of sociology of deviance is described as a framework that has the ability to overcome this deficiency. Some suitable tools for collecting, analyzing, and visualizing social media big data are introduced.

The integration of the three fields of sociology of deviance by providing theoretical support, network analysis, and big data can be of great help in describing, explaining, and controlling deviant and criminal behaviors in social media. Therefore, it is suggested to establish interdisciplinary cooperation in domestic universities among researchers of social sciences, computer engineering, computer sciences, and data sciences.

“Collective action” is the capacity and communicative quality of those social actors that fulfill individual determinations through collective determinations building on the understanding and commitments related to the role. As such, they trigger the institutional change resulting in development through incentivizing the political will to accept the “public good.”Centered around the concept of “collective action,” the present study rejects the general arguments in the analysis of the lack of development of the press in Iran that aim at presenting top-down solutions. It contends that the absence of institutional agency via press syndicates, which can be made possible with the participation of all media practitioners, is the missing link of the underdevelopment of the press in Iran.This study covers the time period after June 1997 up to June 2022. The data required were gathered through the conduction of in-depth narrative interviews with journalists as well as building on textual sources and data available in written forms. For data analysis, the narrative analysis method has been used through a thematic model for thematization. Drawing on the mixed purposive sampling method, an effort has been made to ensure compatibility sampling to achieve representativeness.The results signify that in press syndicates, “antagonizing” connections with other power centers are replaced by relationships with the “co-workers” that often eliminate the possibility of a consensus for taking essential steps and furthering impactful collective action, or significantly minimize such possibilities.Also, the unsustainable development processes of the press, especially in associations and syndicates, lack the “effective connection of the constituents” that hamper the institution-building of the collective action. Identity-oriented and professional resources are not attached to material resources, and as such cannot result in “hegemonic actions” and the emergence of institutional agency required for solidifying the development discourses.

This study aimed to investigate social and cultural factors affecting students’ attitudes toward violence against women. This study was conducted using a survey method among 400 male students of public universities in Mazandaran province who were selected based on stratified probabilistic sampling method and using theories of Liberal Feminism and Social Learning. The results revealed that the majority of participants (72/5%) had a negative, more than 26% of them had a medium, and more than 1% of them had a positive attitude toward violence against women. Also, the results of multiple regression analysis show that the independent variables of perceived norm qualities of significant others, traditional attitudes towards women, perceived reaction qualities of significant others, perceived rewards, and traditional marital role expectations, respectively have the greatest impact on the dependent variable. In general, the results confirm the propositions of the theories of liberal feminism and social learning and they show that the issue of violence against women and the attitudes toward it, is not inevitable, rather it is created under the influence of the structure and ideology that governs society and the social ties of the individual with those around him and the rewards and punishments he receives during his actions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sociological effects of women's social status on mental health in Zahedan, as well as identifying the relationship between ethnicity, socio-economic base, social support, deprivation and stress levels. The method of research, survey and data gathering tool was questionnaire. Using a multi-stage cluster sampling method in Zahedan, a population of over 30 years old, including Baluchi, Fars and Sistani ethnicities, was selected as a sample of 400 individuals. In order to measure mental health, social support, stress levels, GHQ-28, Zimm and Whiton tests, and for other variables, were used as researcher-made constructors. According to the results, there was a direct and significant relationship between mental health and social support and socio-economic variables, and there was an inverse and significant relationship between mental health, stress and feelings of relative deprivation. In addition, the results showed that Baluch women had a lower socioeconomic status and lower socio-political background than Fars and Sistani women, and that the mental health of women of Baluch ethnicity was lower than that of Fars and Sistani women. The results of multivariate regression showed that socio-economic base and social support increase mental health and feel the relative deprivation and stress levels decrease mental health in women. It is imperative that policy makers focus on ways to promote social protection, reduce stress and feel the relative deprivation and fair distribution of benefits among different ethnic groups, and pay special attention to mental health, important steps to reduce poverty and deprivation in Sistan and Balochestan.

Adolescence is the starting point for identification. In addition to the rapid changes in this period and the acquisition of identity, adolescence is one of the most important periods of life in which a person could have more problems with the mental image of his body. During this period, attempts to gain identity and identity formation may be affected by hormonal, biological, and physical changes. Physical changes may occur if placed in a ‘body-centered’ text and social context during adolescence increasing the gap between what exists and what will be, and could create a sense of self-loathing, dissatisfaction, and a negative image of one’s body in adolescence.   Materials and Methods The present study was a qualitative study of the body identity of adolescent girls under the influence of their body image, experiences, and physical events in Boroujerd County, Lorestan Province, Iran. Data from this study were collected through semi-structured interviews and the grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. Using theoretical and purposeful sampling methods, 30 high school girls were interviewed and finally, the collected data were coded and analyzed in the form of nine axial categories and one core category.   Discussion of Results and Conclusions Constructing the body identity of adolescent girls through the formation of their mental image of their bodies as a core category has been subject to certain conditions. These conditions are classified into three categories: causal, contextual, and interventionist. Causal conditions include gender stereotypes and comparing one's body with others. At the same time, maturity acts as a background condition, the Internet as the medium and the ideal body (slimming) acts as an interfering condition. Also, an adolescent girl’s body contrasts between the real body and the ideal body. She makes certain interactions and adopts certain strategies. These interactions and strategies can be categorized in the form of body monitoring and handling of irregular eating patterns (such as strict diets, vegetarianism, the use of diet pills and powders, etc.). Adolescent girls, under their specific physical conditions during puberty, gender stereotypes, and the presentation of physical ideal standards through the Internet and beauty norms, feel a great gap between what they see in their bodies now and what they imagine. They need to engage in strategies such as strict diets, regular check-ups, and regular check-ups under the conditions, factors, and backgrounds that adolescent girls are sensitive to during their adulthood. They experience rapid changes and feelings. Feelings can be categorized into several categories including feelings of physical anxiety, embarrassment, and gender alienation. Thus, during adolescence, efforts to gain identity and identity formation may be influenced by hormonal, biological, and physical changes. And these physical changes, if located in a social body-centered context and the adolescent's confrontation with gender stereotypes, can create a beautiful, attractive woman for her feminine body to be selected and prepared for the role of a mother and a wife. Also, the adolescent is confused by the paradoxical conditions of childhood and adulthood, and the expectations of the society. In order to get rid of this situation, she seeks the ideal and acceptable body of the society with the help of virtual network channels (the Internet). By going back and immersing herself in these channels, she learns that she has to lose weight, do anything to become more attractive, etc. During adolescence, dissatisfaction with the physical appearance increases because physical changes such as the weight gain during puberty contrasts with social prescriptions and idealism in relation to physical attractiveness. But adolescent girls, in spite of their relentless efforts to become more beautiful, find themselves in a great gap and become dissatisfied with their bodies and feel ashamed and worried.

Many sociological studies in the area of stress have been due to the classic article of Pearlin (1981).The conceptual model presented in this paper has affected the sociological research of the last three decades and is a kind of reference model applied to research on mental health disparities.

The research was conducted the survey method. By using the stratified sampling, cluster sampling and systematic sampling, the number of 742 people was chosen as the sample size. The population of the study is all students of secondary school of Mazandaran province (2018-19).The date for this survey are collected by questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS and LISREL.

The results indicate that the highest levels of stress (primary and secondary) that students have experienced is associated with the component of deprivation & underreward and structural constraints. Also, the highest amount of chronic stress is related to the element of threats and Deprivation & underreward. From other research results, moderating variables have an effective role in moderating the relationship between stress and outcome (depression and anxiety) that have been significant. In explaining depression and anxiety: students in public and Magnet schools are more likely to be subject to stress sources that threaten their depression and anxiety.

The aim of sociological studies is to explain the relationship between social status and mental disorder; and the focus of these studies is the classical literature of Pearlin (1981) that describes the main elements of the stress process model. Each of the aforementioned model elements has been highly studied in recent years and has different sub - sections; this paper explores the detailed descriptions of its elements in response to the question that due to the stress process model (Sources, Moderator, Manifestation, and Social Context), the mental health differences can be identified. Generally, the most important positive aspect of the social stress process approach is its preventative property as the stress process model is a vehicle for explaining mental health differences and in other words, these models explain the differences in a meaningful way.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of exposure to gender stereotypes on women’s unequal position in family. The theoretical framework of this research is a combination of theories, such as Rigeway and Michell’s gender stereotypes, Fiske’s two_dimensional sexism, Oakley, Gelenn and England’s inequality gender and Burgess and Borgida’s gender streotypes. A survey method has been used in this research and data have been collectedusing a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population included 364 female students of University of Mazandaran, selected through stratified sampling method appropriate to the volume. The results of the study showed that about two thirds of the respondents (%63) were exposed to moderate and high (high and very high) unequal position in their parents' families. A comparable percentage of married respondents (%63.5) had also experienced moderate and higher levels of unequal status in their married life. Furthermore, regression analysis of the data showed that the variables of marital status (with beta coefficient of 0.68), exposure to gender stereotypes (0.28), and behaviors based on gender stereotypes (0.15), respectively, were the strongest predictors of the unequal position of women in the family.

The purpose of this study is to describe the students' lived experience of the hidden curriculum in high school. The key research questions are: What is the meaning of hidden curriculum for students?, How do they experience it?, and How do they evaluate its impacts on themselves? Methodologically, this study uses the method of qualitative research with specific reference to the technique of interviews with the students. The student’s responses to these questions have been analyzed using the method of thematic analysis, which resulted in the extraction of these themes: teaching social skills, individual skills, knowing and understanding others, recognizing and fulfilling oneself, competing with others, obeying and the sense of being powerless. These provide the opportunity to gain a better understanding of the experiences of high school students with the schools’ hidden curriculum. Finally, this study used the dichotomies that were created in the minds of students through these hidden instructions. In conclusion, these research findings showed that these teachings have such negative effects as continuous anxiety and the emergence of dual identities.

Medical malpractice is a dysfunction of modern medicine and a social problem in medical sociology that threatens patients’ health and has negative consequences for society and physicians. The aim of this study was to sociological analyze of medical malpractice in Iran.This exploratory study was conducted by mixed method design, with qualitative method dominance: QUAL+ quan. For data collection in Qualitative part a set of variety tools were used, included: non-participant observation in Dispute Resolution Council Sessions, Semi-structured interview with 15 patients and 15 doctors who engaged in medical malpractice complaint. Quantitative part is a descriptive study essentially that determines the characteristics of the complaints file and describes the patients’ demographic characteristics who engaged in medical malpractice complaint in Dispute Resolution Council. Sampling method was Convenience and 370 medical malpractice complaint files were surveyed. Data analysis was conducted by Parallel analysis of mixed data that included 2 separated process of data analysis: qualitative analysis of data by thematic analysis of data and analysis of quantitative data by descriptive statistics. Finally, inferences of qualitative and quantitative analysis were integrated in Discussion and conclusion of study. The findings of this study showed that the most important axes of conflict between patients and doctors were financial interests, specialized knowledge, and organizational power. Patients and physician had different viewpoint and interpretation about medical intervention outputs, as physicians usually consider outcomes acceptable and don’t accept medical malpractice occurrence while patients suppose the medical intervention outcome is bad and non-acceptable and consider the adverse effects as medical malpractice. Study of medical malpractice files reveled around two third of patients’ primary chief complaint were been Cosmetic Medical and Surgical Procedures. More than half of patients believed that payment for medical services was unfair or completely unfair. Around half of patients had pursued medical malpractice complaint to earn compensation payment.It is concluded that medical malpractice as a social problem in the field of health is the result of a double conflict between patient and physician with two axes included financial benefits and power.

the present research, have been aimed to study amount of the experience of sexual harassment of employed women in the workplace and the social analysis of the causes of sexual harassment. Independent variables of the analytical model, which following to explain the main dependent variable of the research (the amount experience of women sexual harassment in the workplace), are amount of diagnosis as a suitable target, the amount of the presence of the motivating subject and the absence of protection. In this research, the theory of Routine activities has been used as a theoretical framework and has been surveyed by a questionnaire tool among 400 women working in hospitals in Karaj. The descriptive results of this study show that 67% of respondents experienced at least one occurrence of sexual harassment (verbal and non-verbal) at work. It was also found that the proportion of non-verbal disturbances (such as Hayes's look, etc.) was slightly higher compared to the verbal disturbance (reverberation, etc.).The results of regression analysis show that, in general, the combination of three variables: the motivational subject (male colleague of the hospital), the appropriate target (female hospital staff) and the lack of protection (poor monitoring in the hospital) of 0.573 with the variable of experience Sexual intercourse has been correlated with women and has been able to explain and predict 33% of its fluctuations. However, in terms of beta, the strongest predictor variables for the degree of sexual harassment at the workplace were, respectively, the presence of motivating agents (beta 0.536), the rate of detection as the appropriate target (0.436), and lack of protection (0.104). Thus, according to the results of this study, the amount of experience of sexual harassment of employed women in the workplace was greater among those women who, on the one hand, had some demographic and personal characteristics that made them more suitable for the victim of harassment Sexual orientation, secondly, at work, there were men who had more motivated men to engage in sexual harassment, and, thirdly, at work there was not enough organizational and personal protection to prevent sexual harassment. This result suggests that the theory of routine activities is predictive of sexual harassment in the workplace.

Sociologists attempt to discover social patterns on the generation and distribution of mental health and disorders as they believe social structures of societies such as inheritance and biological features definitely restrict individuals’ behaviors. The stressful experiences leading to mental disorders could be associated with the social structures surrounding individuals as well as the position that they occupy in social structures. Accordingly, social structures can be classified into two general groups: the social stratification system (class, race, gender, ethnicity, and age) and social institutions (social statuses and roles) (Pearlin, 1989).In this regard, examining the social status and role of students who study at universities, seminaries and religious schools with the purpose of identifying their impacts on students’ mental health and disorders, can be considered an important subject in sociology. It appears that given the different social statuses and roles of university and seminary students, their diverse educational backgrounds in seminaries (religious sciences) and universities (nonreligious sciences) as well as being exposed to various stressors, examining the effects of the received stress by these two groups and understanding the moderating variables in this relation (social support and religiosity) could offer a valuable opportunity to observe the direct and indirect impacts of religiosity as a social variable on regulating stressors and, ultimately, the condition of their mental health and disorders. The theoretical model used in the present inquiry is Leonard Pearlin’s stress process model. Within the framework of sociological studies on mental health, this theoretical model is an attempt to describe and explain the causes behind the occurrence and prevalence of mental disorders resulting from stress, which itself is influenced by social environment. Pearlin et al. (1981) believe that social stress process could be considered a combination of three major conceptual realms including: 1) Stress sources (such as life accidents and life’s chronic pressures); 2) Stress mediators and moderators (such as social support, coping strategies); and 3) manifestations of stress (within a range of microbiological layers of stress to emotional manifestations and extrinsic behaviors). Subsequently, Pearlin (1989 & 1999) completed his social stress theory so as to incorporate in his model the “social context” in which the stress process takes place (Riahi & Rahbari, 2014). In line with the application of this theory, it could be stated that as university and seminary students occupy their particular different statuses in the former and the latter, playing their particular roles, they could be exposed to various stressors and tolerate different levels of stress (stress sources); this, in turn, could result in the students and seminaries’ suffering from a variety of mental disorders which could reduce their level of mental health (stress consequences). Nevertheless, the stressors related to the status and role of being a university/seminary student can be moderated through mediating factors (sources of coping with stress). In this study, religiosity and social support were examined and tested as the mediating and moderating factors, respectively, for the effects caused by the stresses of being a university/seminary student on the students’ mental health. The present inquiry is a quantitative study conducted as a cross-sectional research using the survey method. The total population of the study included the entire students (undergraduate or above) of various majors in Humanities studying at public, Azad, and Payam Nour universities in addition to seminary students (level two or higher) in Qom, Iran. Out of the total population of 56237, four hundred individuals were selected as the sample population using stratified sampling with disproportionate allocation.Standard scales were used in order to measure the independent and dependent variables of the study. Subsequently, Goldberg’s general health questionnaire containing 28 questions (GHQ-28), multidimensional scale of perceived social support (Zimet et al. 1988), life stress questionnaire (Thomas et al. 1993) , and religiosity evaluation model (Seraj Zadeh, 1998) based on Glock and Stark, (1965) (made compatible to Islamic religiosity) were employed to evaluate and operationalize variables of mental health, social support, stress, and religiosity. According to the descriptive findings, 60.9% of respondents were identified as seemingly suffering from mental disorders (69.9% and 52.6% for university and seminary students, respectively), while 59.9% involved high levels of religiosity (36.7% and 81.8% for university and seminary students, respectively). The results obtained from path analysis using regression coefficients denote the highest general impacts of variables namely; stress (beta coefficient of 0.643), social roles of university/seminary students (-0.261), social support (-0.146), and religiosity (-0.077) on mental health, respectively. As a result, it can be predicted that the highest extent of mental health were observed in respondents who were less stressed, seminary students, received more social support, and more religious. 5. ConclusionAccording to the main hypothesis of the study based on Pearlin’s stress process theory, the occupation of social statuses by university/seminary students and playing the roles related to such statuses could, directly or indirectly (through mediator and moderator variables), result in differences regarding their levels of mental health. The results obtained in the present study which represent the difference between the respondents’ level of mental health and demonstrate a better mental health in seminary students compared to university students confirm the stress process theory; accordingly, when playing the social roles related to their social statuses, individuals (seminary students compared to university students) are primarily exposed to a lesser extent of stressors while having access to different extents of sources to cope with mental pressures (social support, esp. religiosity). In this case, i.e. receiving less stress on one hand and having access to more sources of coping with stress on the other have led to a reduction in seminary students’ vulnerability against mental pressures compared to university students, ultimately enhancing the former group’s extent of mental health.

The use of performance-enhancing drugs (PED) is common among Iranian professional athletes. As this phenomenon is a social problem, the main purpose of this research is to explain why athletes engage in “doping” activity by using social learning theory. For this purpose, a sample of 784 professional athletes from Rasht and Bandar Anzali (Iran), was used to test hypotheses related to social learning theory. the findings of this study indicated that the components of social learning theory - differential association, differential reinforcement, imitation, and definitions - can accurately predict 0.43, 0.29, and 0.44 percent of the variance of athletes’ PED in totall, male and female athletes, respectively

The issue of justice has long been one of the main concerns of human thought and its nature and mode of realization are essential and fundamental questions of history. Like many philosophical, political, and social questions, the discussion of justice can be tracked in ancient Greece (Plato and Aristotle). Aristotle's view of justice is influenced by his general theory of the hierarchical nature of the world. In his view, since creatures differ in terms of ability and merit, therefore, justice means to treat each person as they deserve it (Tinder, 1995: 54).
Justice in social life has two special effects: the implementation of justice and the sense of justice. The implementation of justice is the same as what is sometimes given in the definition of justice at the legislative level, that is, the construction, structure and system of judicial system. In this case, it is not only about the law of justice or the issuance of a just sentence, but rather the general perception and belief that the executive and the judiciary in the courts have adhered to.
The present study, considering the importance of the sense of justice in different areas of social life, as well as the important role of mass media in shaping beliefs, ideas and patterns of thinking and collective action in contemporary societies, investigates the relationship between media consumption with the feeling of justice among students of Mazandaran University. Students are considered to be the most important human capital of any country. The historic record of nations had made it clear that any country with interest in human capital achieves high levels of welfare with speed and quality. On the contrary, countries that have suffered stagnation due to their structural weakness or any other reason in developing their thoughts have not performed well in this area (Kalantari, 1993: 55). Accordingly, the questions that this article attempts to answer is: how media consumption can influence audience's feeling of justice? Is the relationship between the amount of media consumption and the feeling of justice differs with different types of media (newspaper, satellite / Internet TV)?
Material & A survey method has been used to investigate the relationship between media consumption and feeling of justice among students of Mazandaran University. For this purpose, using the available literature, an appropriate questionnaire was first developed and then data was collected. After questionnaires were filled out, the data were analyzed using SPSS. The population of this study consists of undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students of Mazandaran University in the first semester of the academic year 1391-92. The number of students enrolled in the campus of Mazandaran University was 9819 at that time. To determine the sample size, Cochran formula was used with 95% confidence level and 5% confidence interval. Based on this, using the Cochran formula, a sample of 370 was nominated, but more than 450 questionnaires were distributed in order to be sure that we could at least have 400 acceptable questionnaires to work on. Sampling was random and proportional in terms of the study major and gender. We divided the students into 10 classes according to their major .
Discussion of Results & Out of a total of 400 individuals, 66.3% (265) were female and 33.7% (135) were male. The highest number of respondents (48%) was in the age group of 17-17 years and the lowest number of respondents (1%) were in the age group of 29 years and more. In terms of marital status, single respondents were much more, with 91.7% of them never married, while 7.7% were married and 0.6% had divorced or their spouse had died. Also, the number of undergraduate students was 85.5%, while 13% and 1.5% of the students were in postgraduate studies. Finally, regarding the socio-economic status of the family, more than half of the students (52.5%) belonged to lower class families, while the number of students belonging to families with middle and high socio-economic status were 40.3% and 7.2% respectively.The result show that there is a significant relationship between watching national TV and feeling of justice (P = 0/176, Sig = 0/001) and also the feeling of justice distribution (P = .137, Sig = 0/008). This is a positive relationship which means watching national TV increases the feeling of justice and justice distribution. In contrast, there is a meaningful but negative relationship between watching international TV (satellite) and feeling of justice (P = -0.143, Sig = 0/006) and distributive justice (P = .151 / 0, Sig = 0/004). Also, the relationship between Internet use and feeling of justice is not significant (P = 0.127, Sig = 0.127). Also, the relationship between reading newspaper and feeling of justice is not significant (P = 0.122, P = 0.824).
The results of this study show that the overall feeling of justice in 48.2% of students is low. Meanwhile, the average overall feeling of justice (35.40 out of 100) was also relatively low. These findings are consistent with the results of Ghasemi and others (2010), Hazard Jirobi and Austin Fashan (2009) and Seddiq Sarvestani and Dhaghkele (2008). These results reflect the critical condition of the country in terms of the feeling of justice that is one of the essential components of social stability. The great feeling of injustice may also challenge the legitimacy of the system and increase social misery and unrest, social deviations and reduce the sense of social security (Ahmadi et al., 1393; Delna and Ghanbari, 2006; Rafi Pour, 1998). ). So in addition to the effect of media consumption on the feeling of justice directly, this variable can also affect the feeling of justice through feeling of security; the media consumption variable in a structural model has a direct and significant effect on the sense of justice (Khwaja Nouri And Kaveh, 1392). The results of this study also show that there is an inverse relation between the age of respondents and their sense of justice. These findings are consistent with previous research such as Sediq Sarvestani and Dhaghkele (2008).

The main objective of the study was to investigate the simultaneous effects of social structures and learning processes on the attitude towards honor killings. This study is cross-sectional and conducted using survey method. The population of the study consists of all men and women over 18 years of Marivan in Kurdistan province that 384 of them have been selected by applying Cochran's sampling formula as the final sample. Using cluster sampling method, researcher made questionnaire, distributed among the respondents and required data were collected. The theoretical framework of the study is the Social Structure - Social Learning (SS-SL) of Ronald Akers. The results of the study indicated that 19.4 percent of respondents have a positive attitude towards honor killings (27.6 percent of men and 5.3 percent of women), while the attitude of 38.2 percent (28.1 percent of men versus 55.6 percent of women) were negative. In addition, the analytical results showed that the social learning variables are the most powerful and important predictors of attitude toward honor killings. Among the structural factors, variables such as feeling of gender inequality, the acceptance of patriarchal beliefs, and religiosity, are the most important predictor variables of attitude toward honor killings. The findings support the theory of Social Structure- Social Learning (SS-SL), indicating that the impact of structural variables on attitude toward honor killings, are mediated by social learning variables.

Medical malpractice lawsuit can persuade physicians to be more careful in practice but each file may have many adverse consequences for doctors and patient and society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of medical malpractice lawsuit on doctors and their practice.
This qualitative study conducted by Problem-centered interview and convenience sampling. Participants were 15 physicians who were summoned to Dispute Resolution Council. After declaring the informed consent, a Semi-structured interview was conducted with each doctor. Data was analyzed by encoding and categorization.
Psychological consequences include anxiety and depression; professional effects include time loss and absence from work, social consequence like loss of reputation, family members’ concern were the deleterious effects of complaints against physicians. Also changing the practice to defensive medicine is an important consequence of complaints.
Patient’s complaint can lead to Psychological and social consequences for physicians. Also it can result in defensive medicine that doctors avoid of admitting high risk patients and impose medically unnecessary costs to patients. Investigation of patient's complaints in preliminary expert commissions and before calling doctors to judicial authorities can help reduce these problems.

Today Psychological disorders such as depression are considered to be one of the outcomes of urban life. Depressive disorders were the second leading cause of years lived with disability(YLDs) in 2010. Major depressive disorder (MDD) accounted for 8.2% (5.9%–10.8%) of global YLDs and dysthymia for 1.4% (0.9%–2.0%). Depressive disorders were a leading cause of disability adjusted life years(DALYs) even though no mortality was attributed to them as the underlying cause. MDD accounted for 2.5% (1.9%–3.2%) of global DALYs and dysthymia for 0.5% (0.3%–0.6%)(Ferrari,2010). The World Health Organization estimates that depressive and anxiety disorders lead the list of mental illnesses across the globe and these disorders are responsible for approximately 25% of all visits to health care centers around the world. According to one study, it is estimated that 121 million people are suffering from depression )Lembert, 2006:498). Psychological disorders such as depression have been studied in different disciplines as various as psychiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis, epidemiology, and sociology. The sociological perspective, through emphasis on external factors, studies the effects of social structures and pattern of relationships on social disorders. For example, by concentrating on external factors, sociological approaches study the effects of social structures like gender on mental disorders. The self-silencing model suggests that cognitive schemas about how to create and maintain safe, intimate relationships lead women to silence certain feelings, thoughts, and actions. It contributes to a fall in self-esteem and feelings of “loss of self' ' as a woman experiences, over time, the self-negation required to bring herself into line with schemas directing feminine social behavior (jack,1992: 98). Four rationally derived subscales measure the relational schemas central to self silencing, and each is understood as an interrelated component of the overall construct. The subscales are considered to reflect both phenomenological and behavioral aspects of self silencing: 1) Externalized self-perception, which assesses schemas regarding standards for self-judgment and includes the extent to which a person judges the self through external standards.2) Care as self-sacrifice, which measures the extent to which relationships are secured by putting the needs of others ahead of the needs of the self.3) Silencing the self, which assesses the tendency to inhibit self-expression and action in order to secure relationships and to avoid retaliation, possible loss, and conflict.4) Divided self, which measures the extent to which a person feels a division between an outer “false” self and an inner “true” self, resulting from hiding certain feelings and thoughts in an important relationship (Jack, 2010:6) For women, gender roles provide a social context encouraging self-silencing. These roles indicate that relationship maintenance is paramount to one’s own needs and that women are to be deferential to others. Women’s self-silencing becomes internally directed when they use an external standard to determine whether they should speak and when they believe that speaking one’s voice threatens relationships they believe they are responsible for maintaining (Swim,2010:494). The present article examines sociological approaches towards gender differences and self-silencing in formation and intensification of depression in the family. In fact, the main question is how and through what mechanisms, “gender roles”, which are affected by the socio-cultural structures defined as appropriate behavior for men and women in every society, will trigger and intensify different levels of depression between the two genders?

documentary method has been applied. By considering sociological approaches related to depression, the present study aims to explain gender differences regarding depression.

Based on the documentary findings, men and women have different psychological and emotional reactions toward social stress; that is to say women internalize psychological stresses and therefore experience higher levels of depression, whereas men are forced to externalize stress and hence are more subject to drug abuse and mental disorders. According to the theoretical model, which includes role, power, gender, and self-silencing, the emergence of learned self-silencing, with gender-role-stereotypes based on socialization, brings about or intensifies psychological, gender specific disorders. As a result, “redefinition of gender role stereotypes and modification of self-silencing mechanisms could be considered as a macro sociocultural strategy in reduction of psychological disorders.”