a. alizadeh

Profit management occurs when managers use their personal judgments in financial reporting and manipulate the structure of transactions to change financial reporting. This goal is either to mislead some of the shareholders regarding the economic performance of the company, or to influence the results of contracts whose conclusion depends on achieving a certain profit. Therefore, the current research has paid special attention to these ethical deviations in financial reporting and investigated the role of implicit knowledge of managers in efficient and opportunistic profit management.

The current study was applied and was among descriptive-correlational studies. The statistical population of this research was high-level, middle-level managers and operational managers of the investigated companies, from which 76 people were selected using a targeted and accessible method. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data. Finally, structural equation modeling method and smart-pls statistical software version 3.2.7 were used for data analysis.

The results of the research showed that implicit management knowledge has a significant effect on effective profit management. Also, implicit knowledge of managers in the field of accounting, finance, management and auditing had a significant effect on the behavior of opportunistic profit management.

The increase in implicit knowledge of managers in the field of accounting and finance, management and auditing cause an increase in profit management by managers. In other words, when this knowledge increases, the conflict of interest between managers and auditors decreases, and as a result, profit management increases

Hybrid composites are a kind of composite produced with two or more different reinforce. One of the production technologies is using metal-fiber layers in a hybrid composite. In the present study, for the production of Hybrid composite, samples were prepared from glass fiber (S glass), aluminum alloy sheet (2024), and epoxy resin (F grade) using Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process. Thus, three samples were considered, not strengthened matrix samples, samples with two layers of glass and samples with two layers of glass and two layers of aluminum. Then amounts of rigidity, strength and density of the samples were calculated considering fibers volume fraction. The results indicate that the presence of aluminum layer leads to an increase in toughness and plasticity of the composite, and thus causes more resistance to damage. Besides ultimate strength and strain, Natural frequency of the samples also increases by addition of the aluminum layer.

One of the main challenges in advanced industries in the field of future technologies is the existence of materials that can maintain their integrity at temperatures above 2000 degrees Celsius. Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are among the attractive options for meeting this industrial need. Resistance to oxidation and linear and mass erosion is one of the most important and influential properties of these high-temperature ceramics. Hf and Zr diborides are the most important materials among high-temperature ceramics for these components, showing the best resistance to oxidation up to a temperature of 1500 degrees Celsius. Especially ZrB2 has received more attention due to its low density and low cost. However, two important factors hinder its application: firstly, it contains a high amount of boron. Boron oxides quickly vaporize at temperatures above 1200 degrees Celsius, resulting in severe material loss due to hot gases. Secondly, due to its brittleness and low thermal shock resistance, it is prone to sudden fracture. In order to reduce the evaporation of boron oxides and improve the erosion resistance of ZrB2, significant attention has been given to adding silicides (such as SiC, MoSi2, etc.) and carbides (such as ZrC) to ZrB2 to form multiphase ceramics. On the other hand, relatively little attention has been paid to the development of single-phase ceramics with multiple elements. Although ZrC is less prone to evaporation at high temperatures due to the absence of boron, it has lower oxidation resistance compared to diborides (such as ZrB2) and is weaker. This makes it less suitable for anti-erosion applications. The mentioned factors indicate that high-temperature ceramics are limited in their application in environments with very high temperatures, and new single-phase ceramic materials with lower evaporation rates and better oxidation resistance need to be developed. This research focuses on recent studies on increasing the oxidation resistance of ZrB2 composites in detail.

In this study, twenty-one isolates of the genus Colletotrichum with straight conidia were isolated from leaf spots on wild Poaceae plants in three provinces of Iran, including East Azarbaijan, Golestan, and Guilan. Based on morphology, the isolates belonged to three morphotypes. Representative isolates were studied by a polyphasic approach, which included morphology, and phylogeny inferred from multi-locus sequences including the nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), partial sequences of the β-tubulin (TUB2), and actin (ACT) genomic regions. Three distinct species were identified namely C. chrysophilum, C. destructivum and C. orientalis.  Colletotrichum chrysophilum and C. orientalis are new records for the Funga of Iran. This study provides new insights into the host range and geographical distribution of these identified species.

In order to contribute to the knowledge of endophytic fungi of Phragmites australis (Poaceae) in Iran, seventeen isolates were recovered from the leaves, stems and roots of healthy common reed plants collected from five different sites around Lake Urmia in the East and West Azarbaijan provinces, Iran. Five different species viz Achroiostachys betulicola, Ac. humicola, Cephalotrichum tenuissimum, Myrmecridium schulzeri, and Priconia igniaria were identified based on morphological characteristics and phylogeny inferred from nuclear internal ribosomal transcribed spacer sequence (ITS-rDNA). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Ac. betulicola and Ac. humicola for the Funga of Iran. In addition, this study provided new insights into the distribution and host range of the identified species.

The study analyzed the effect of Gontscharovia popovii supplement on growth performance, whole body composition, and hematological parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei. The shrimp were fed with 0.5%, 1%, and 2% G. popovii powder for 45 days. The essential oil of G. popovii was analyzed and found to contain a total of 49 compounds. The main compounds identified in the oil were carvacrol, γ-terpinene, and (E)-caryophyllene. The highest activities of phenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase were observed in the control group (5.64±0.14 µg/mL) and 2% concentration (56.24±0.5 µg/mL), respectively. The hematological parameters indicated that the highest values of triglyceride (108±0.88 mg/dl), cholesterol (103.3±2 mg/dl), IgM (268.5±4 mg/dl), and hyaline (5.5±0.22 106 cell/mL) were observed in the 2% concentration. The highest amounts of hemocyte (1.22±0.01 107 cell/mL) and large-granular cells (2.3±0.05 106 cell/mL) were observed in the 1% concentration, while the highest amount of semi-granular cells (4.9±0.15 106 cell/mL) was observed in the 0.5% concentration. The results of digestive enzyme activities showed that the highest activities of amylase (1265.2±22.1 n/kg), lipase (57.1±2.7 n/kg), and protease (245.2±6.12 n/kg) were observed in the 2% concentration, respectively. The results of growth performance indices showed that the highest amounts of weight gain percentage (417.58±3.55 %), weight gain rate (12.5±0.03 g), and specific growth ratio (1.73±0.01 %/days) were observed in the 2% concentration, while the highest amount of food conversion ratio (1.46±0.02) was observed in the control group. Furthermore, the results of whole body composition showed that the highest level of crude protein (18.05±0.1 %), crude lipid (1.08±0.04 %), and moisture (4.7±0.15 %) were observed in the 2% concentration, while the highest level of ash (76.8±0.4 %) was observed in the control group. In general, the findings indicate a beneficial impact of dietary supplementation with G. popovii at 2% to improve blood biochemical and immune indices, digestive enzyme activities, and growth performance in L. vannamei.

In the wildlife management, maintaining water quality and quantity, especially in areas that are faced with relative constraints of water resouces, are considered as one of the planning pillars. Natural springs and artificial troughs in the KooheHava and TangeKhoor Free Area are the only sources of water suppliers for wildlife of the area. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial indices of water resources used by wildlife in this areas and to compare them with the Iranian national standard limit. In this study, 12 water sources including ten springs and two troughs were selected and sampling was carried out in two seasons of summer and autumn of 2020 and three samples from each water resources and a total of 72 samples were collected throughout the study period and the parameters of total coliform, fecal coliform, temperature, turbidity and pH were measured. The data were analyzed by One sample t-test, Paired sample t-test, Independent sample t-test, analysis of variance and Spearman correlation matrix. The results showed that the means of total coliform were higher than the standard limit in all samples with the exception of no. 4 and 12 springs and the means of fecal coliform were higher than the standard limit in all samples with the exception of no. 2, 4, 8, 10, 11 and 12 water resources both during summer and autumn. In summer, with increasing evaporation, the amount of pollution load of water resources was higher than autumn. However in autumn, the number of polluted water resources was higher which was due to the transmission of microbial contaminations caused by human and animal feces via rain. The results of correlation showed a decrease or an increase in turbidity, temperature or pH did not affect the amount of coliforms because despite the strong correlation between total coliform and fecal coliform, no correlation was found between them and physicochemical factors of water. Therefore, considering the temporal and spatial variability of fecal coliforms and their effect on disease, death and reduction of wildlife populations, optimizing and disinfection of water resources with chlorine and dredging them are recommended.

This research, which is based on the combination of important components of the critical analysis of the 'Fairclough' and 'Laclau and Mouffe' discourse, is formed. we plan to showcase broadcast discourses with important discourse components, the political discourse of the historical part of Shahnameh affiliated to which central slab, slab or dashes of the fluid and float, and more importantly, this discourse order considers its identity deeper and more naturally consolidated using the discourse components?

The present study is a theoretical study and has been done by library research. The study area is the historical section of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, in two volumes that are published by inheritance by Jalal khaleghi Motlagh.

In this research, we showed that this discourse order was able to make Discourse oriented factors more prominent, more natural and close to reality by applying the appropriate components of discourse analysis. Ferdowsi's thoughts and beliefs and discourse components used by the series have an important impact on the direction of the religious discourse of Shahnameh.

The order of religious discourse is the historic section of Shahnameh affiliated to the central slab of religion and floating dashes and fluid mobs and elders .This discursive order by using the two components of the 'separation and non-religion' and 'naturalization' while hiding the weaknesses and revealing its strengths and vice versa revealing the weaknesses and hiding the strengths of religious discourse in conflict and conflict with this discourse, The consolidation of its identity represents more effective and more effective.

Cold plasma is used as an innovative solution in production and distribution of healthy and high-quality foods. Objectives of this study were to use cold plasma technology as a method for the structural modification of corn starch and its functional assessment in food models.

Starch granules were treated with plasma with two various gases in the form of Treatment 1 (argon gas of 90% and oxygen gas of 10%) and Treatment 2 (argon gas of 95% and hydrogen gas of 5%) for 10 min.

Results of scanning electron microscopy and starch swelling power showed more changes in Treatment 1 than Treatment 2 and control. In treated samples, more cracks or cavities on the surfaces were seen, compared to the control sample. The pH of the treated samples was lower than the pH of the control sample and humidity of the treated samples was higher than that of the control sample. Viscosity of the treated samples and the cooking time decreased with increasing humidity.

Results showed that dielectric barrier plasma could be used to produce low modified viscosity starch. Further studies with plasma technology are necessary to produce natural products free of chemical additives.

Metonymy is one of the literary devices produced by people and therefore has good compatibility with Colloquial language in folk poetry. A review of the characteristics of metonymy in the Colloquial poetry of the past century that historically covers the constitutional revolution, the Pahlavi period, and the era of the Islamic Revolution shows a comprehensive utilization of this device.

Essential data for this research has been obtained through study in library resources. Then, these data are examined by descriptiveanalytical method.

The colloquial poems of the Pahlavi period are twice as visual as those of the pre-and later eras and the most ironic language of colloquial poetry also belongs to this period. In contemporary Persian colloquial poems, the most widely used form of imagination is "metonymy". Considering the variety of types of metonymy based on its functionality for the public and the clarity or the secrecy of them, linguistic and lexical types are more suitable for colloquial poetry. Poets' inventive metonymies can also be used in such poems provided that the relationship between the present and absent sides of the speech is not complicated and so does not disturbs the basic philosophy of colloquial poetry, which is the simplicity and easy communication of the audience with the subject. The cooperation between proverbs and ironies in contemporary colloquial poems indicates a kind of harmony between these two elements, since both have their roots in ordinary people's understanding.

Colloquial poems people-friendly poems utilize the literary capacity of metonymy to make softer contact and a deeper connection with the reader. If a folk poet uses both metonymies and proverbs in his literary text, the effect of his words will be more, and it is a common technic that Colloquial poets of the previous century (2021-1920) have utilized very commonly.

Military personnel are likely to encounter mental health problems due to high-risk occupations associated with significant levels of psychological distress. The present study aimed to determine the factors that caused psychological distress in Iranian military staff members.
Participants &

This qualitative research was done in two steps on psychological distress among military personnel. The first stage was a brief review. We studied texts related to psychological distress in the military, then we extracted the factors affecting psychological distress. The second stage was the interview with 15 experts. Purposeful sampling was used to select participants and continued until data saturation was reached. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed through direct content analysis. The results were presented as codes, subcategories, and categories using an inductive approach.

In the first stage, 25 studies were found, and in the second stage, 395 primary codes and two main categories, including demands and resources, were developed based on the opinion of experts.

Different factors affect the military members’ psychological distress, which are divided into two categories and six subcategories: Demands (military related demands, occupational-organizational demands, individual-occupational demands, and personal demands) and Resources (personal resources and job resources).

This study was carried out to examine the impact of resilience training on students' academic burnout and mental health. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all male senior high school students in Ilam in 2018-19 school year from among whom 40 students were selected via multi-stage random sampling method and were assigned to experimental (N=20) and control groups (N=20). This quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest control group design.  The research instruments included Academic Burnout Questionnaire (Bresó, Salanova & Schaufeli, 1997) and Mental Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979). All groups were pretested. The experimental groups went through a ten-session course wherein the said training was utilized. All groups were post-tested. The collected data were analyzed by MANCOVA. Data analyses revealed that those who participated in resilience training had less academic burnout and more mental health compared to those who did not receive any intervention. Accordingly, it is suggested that policymakers and authorities, especially school counselors, hold workshops on resilience and its impacts on students' academic burnout and mental health for teachers, students, and their parents.

In recent years, studies have been carried on the use of oleogels based on candelilla, bee and rice bran waxes as alternatives to shortenings for the cake production. The objective of the present study was to use extracted wax from propolis for structuring soybean oil and the oleogel use as a shortening substitute in cakes.

Soy oleogels were prepared based on propolis with concentrations of 2 and 4%. The optimal concentration was assessed based on assessments (oil binding capacity, color and peroxide value). The optimized oleogels at 20, 40 and 50% levels replaced shortening in cake formulations. The texture profile, peroxide value, sensory parameters and color parameters in cake samples were investigated.

Results of the analysis of oleogel samples showed that the oleogels with 4% of propolis wax included a higher oil binding capacity than that the oleogels with 2% of wax did and their peroxide value increased lesser over time. Therefore, oleogels with 4% of wax were selected as the optimal samples and used in the cake formulation. Results showed that the use of oleogels in cake formulation included significant effects on the oxidative stability, color, texture and symmetry index of the cake samples. The highest acceptance rates belonged to the samples containing 40 and 20% of oleogels, respectively.

Use of propolis wax-based oleogels did not include significant negative effects on the qualitative and sensory characteristics of the cakes. Therefore, use of propolis wax-based oleogels in cake formulations is recommended due to the availability of propolis and ease of wax extraction.

In March 2019, a number of synnematous fungal specimens were isolated from the dead tissues of Pistachio vera (pistachio) seedlings in a greenhouse at the Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University of Tabriz, Iran. Preliminary identification based on morphological characteristics showed that the fungal isolates belong to the genus Cephalotrichum. Two species namely C. asperulum and C. gorgonifer were identified by combining morphology and phylogeny inferred from ITS-rDNA sequence. To our knowledge, C. gorgonifer is a new record for the Iranian Funga. Moreoverpistachio is matrix nova for C. aspeerulum and C. gorgonifer.

Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is a common age-related vascular retinal disorder and is a condition in which the main vein of the retina is blocked partially or completely. This leads to macular edema (ME) and can cause blurred vision and loss of visual function. The aim of this study is evaluating the prognostic factors of visual acuity (VA) and macular thickness (MT) changes in response to intravitreal bevacizumab therapy.

In this historical cohort study, 107 patients with CRVO were examined and their hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus status were recorded. All of the patients were treated with an intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg/0.05 ml bevacizumab. Visual acuity and macular thickness were examined at baseline and at all follow-up visits. Follow-up examinations were performed for three months and then VA and MT changes were analyzed.

After the intervention with bevacizumab, there was significant improvement in MT (0.104±0.13 versus 0.296±0.22) and VA (425.41±64 versus 325.94±51.82) (p<0.001, for both). The improvement of MT in response to bevacizumab therapy in hyperlipidemic patients was significantly less than patients with normal lipid profile (p=0.035). No significant relationship was found between MT reduction and hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Also, no significant relationship was observed between VA improvement and hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age and gender.

Bevacizumab therapy was effective to successfully improve VA and MT. Hyperlipidemia has prognostic value in bevacizumab therapy in CRVO patients.

To know and analyze a poet's poems accurately, the most important method is to critique and evaluate the stylistics of his works. The subject of this article is the study of the style of Abhari nargesi Divan from in three linguistic, literary and intellectual levels. In this article, while specifying the poet's eloquence style, his influence on Saadi and especially Hafez is shown by mentioning numerous poetic evidences and also the position and importance of this poet's poetry in the field of poetry of the late ninth and middle tenth centuries is shown.

The present study is a theoretical study that has been done by library research method. The study area is Nargesi Abhari Divan edited by Hamidreza Ghelichkhani, published by Rozaneh Publishing.

Nargesi's poem is simple, fluent and free of cacosyntheten and metalepsis hyperbations. His style is voguie and the expression of secholar love and mentioning the exact details of this love is evident in his poem. His poetry is an imaginative rather than a rhetorically and a tangible simile is the main image of his divan. The sorrow of exile and moral concepts are other themes of his poetry that have a small presence in comparison with the main theme (secholar love). The stylistic signs of ninth and tenth century poetry are visible in his poetry.

The tendency to the vogue and necessity of accurate expression of the details of love is the reason for the poet to turn to language and simple and fluent expression in which tangible similes are one of the most important means of imagery. His passion from hafez has been following the poetic tradition of the time. The sorrow of exile in his poetry is due to his migration from his original homeland and moral concepts arising from his delicate poetic and human spirits. There is no novelty or initiative in his poetry and the poet himself does not claim it. Being tomb far away from home and contemporary of prominent poets is one of the reasons for his few fame.

Military personnel has high-risk occupations. Virtues and strengths as the values that govern the actions and behavior are suitable predictors for these jobs. We intend to examine the role of virtues and character strengths on psychological distress in military personnel comprehensively.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on military men in Tehran from June 3, 2020, to October 31, 2020. The military personnel of Tehran were selected by available sampling. 410 Iranian military personnel completed the demographic questionnaire and the Virtues Inventory in Action (VIA-120) and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, T-test, and ANOVA.

According to the results, the virtues of Justice and humanity had a higher average than other virtues. Among the character strengths, integrity, kindness, gratitude, persistence, open-mindedness, social intelligence, respectively, were six of the most important strengths with which military personnel described themselves. The virtue of temperance and transcendence were related to work experience. Only wisdom differed significantly at the academic level (p<0.05). No significant differences were found between the virtues in military ranks (p>0.05). All dimensions of virtues and character strengths were significantly associated with psychological distress (p<0.05). Nevertheless, only the dimension of transcendence had the power to predict psychological distress.

Strengthening the dimension of transcendence can reduce psychological distress in military personnel. Recognizing the most important Virtues and character strengths in Military Personnel and discovering implications additional ways to promote the virtues, military personnel can improve their performance.

Khajeh Hossein Marvi (born: Marv, apparently 934-died: Kabul 979 AH) is a descendant of Alaa al-Dawla Semnani, one of the good Iranian poets, writers and artists in the second half of the tenth century, one of the poets of the Safavid period The first (984-930 AH) traveled to India, in the court of Nasser al-Din Homayoun Shah and his son Jalaluddin Akbarshah had a special honor and status. The subject of this article is the study of the style of this poet's divan in three linguistic, literary and intellectual levels based on the book of generalities of Sirus Shamisa's style.

The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive.

His poetic subjects are: praise, praise, love, boasting, sacrilege, mourning, absurdity of time and squandering of time, destiny and moral issues. The influence of Saadi and Hafez's poetry can be seen in his poems, and his influence on Faizi - the greatest Parsigo poet of India in the tenth century, who had a special devotion and discipleship to Marvi - is noticeable. His style is eventful and virtual love is evident in his poetry with a special passion.

The poetic traditions of poets of previous centuries can be seen in his poetry. His poetry contains themes of love, praise, mourning, lamentation and moral themes. His poetry, while unassuming and devoid of verbal and spiritual beliefs, is fiery and influential. The context of numbers and the matter of history are two of his favorite novel industries, and in terms of poetic imagery he is a tangible analogy of the dominant image of the court. With the complete correction of Divan and his other work, one can clarify the vague corners of the literary history of Iran in the tenth century and better show the real face of this honorable Iranian poet and artist and use it in studying the historical course of "Persian lyric".

Beef is considered the main source of dietary protein despite being perishable. In this regard, utilization of biodegradable films containing plant essential oils, as antimicrobial compounds, is one of the concepts to prolong the beef shelf life. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effect of the biodegradable film based on orange waste powder (OWP) containing nettle essential oil (NEO) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) to increase the shelf life of the refrigerated beef samples stored for 12 days. As well, beef samples were divided into three groups of uncovered (control), wrapped with the OWP-based film without essential oil and nanofiber and wrapped with OWP-base film containing 3% NEO and 6% CNF and the microbial (aerobic mesophilic count, psychrophilic count, and coliform count) and chemical (pH, thiobarbituric acid and volatile nitrogen bases) properties were evaluated at regular intervals (0, 4, 8 and 12days). According to the results, the beef sample wrapped with OWP-base film containing 3% NEO and 6% CNF showed the lowest growth rate of the mentioned bacteria after 12 days of storage; Moreover, the samples covered by the film containing NEO and CNF had lower levels of pH, thiobarbituric acid and volatile nitrogen bases values compared to the other two samples at 12th day of storage. The results of this study indicate that wrapping beef samples with an OWP-based nanobiocomposite film containing 3% NEO and 6% CNF could remarkably prolong its shelf life in refrigerated conditions.

Ocular dryness can be assessed by Schirmer's test, tear break time (TBUT), tear mucin measurement, goblet cell count as well as osmolarity, lysozyme and lactoferrin tears. Because of the simple and availability of the Schirmer's test and TBUT measurement, these two methods are more commonly used as ophthalmic examinations in ophthalmology studies. Currently, in the topical ophthalmic anesthesia routine, tetracaine is the most widely used drug that can eliminate reflex tears. The purpose of this research is to measure basal tear production in Caspian horses. In this regard, 20 apparently healthy Caspian horses, both male and female, were selected; aged between 5 to 14 years old and the mean body weight was 203 ± 38 kg. Two groups of 10 Caspian horses were randomly assigned. After physical examination and reviewing the Caspian horse's health history and consequently assurance of their health schirmer tear test (STT) performed for both eyes of all animals. In treatment group (tetracaine 0.5%) and control group (0.9% normal saline), STT repeated at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 minutes after instillation. Comparative study of test (T) and control (C) showed us statistically significant decrease in T group and the comparative study of STT between T0 and others result of T group shows a statistically significant decrease until 40 minutes after instillation. The data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA method. Based on the results of this study, the variants of age and gender have no significant effects on the STT1 and STT2 results in the Caspian horses. Considering the importance of rapid diagnosis of dry eye syndrome and disorders associated with basal and reflex tear production and preventing its subsequent disorders such as Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca; this survey aims to evaluate effects of topical ophthalmic use of tetracain hydrochloride 0.5% on STT results in clinically normal Caspian horses.

Iran with a long-term mean annual precipitation of 254 mm (210 mm in short-term of drought period), mean annual potential evaporation of more than 2000 mm, and dominance of arid and semi-arid climates over 85% of its area is located in one of the driest regions of the world. These factors have led to the dependence of most agricultural productions in Iran on the surface water and groundwater. In this article, based on the statistics and documents collected from the reliable sources, the current situation of agricultural water resources and uses in the country has been studied and analyzed. In addition, the adequacy of agricultural water resources under the current and future conditions, the position of the country in terms of water resources and uses in the world, pathology and solutions to get out of the current situation have been studied and analyzed. Examination of available documents shows that despite the increase in irrigation water efficiency and productivity in the field in recent years, lack of attention to climatic and water resources potentials and unplanned development of agricultural lands to meet the food needs of the country's growing population have led to overexploiting the surface water and groundwater resources, and hence, the destruction of aquifers. Reducing water use in agriculture along with increasing agricultural water productivity and implementing groundwater balance plans have been proposed as the key solutions to the existing challenges.

In this study, the effect of functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) on the mechanical properties of vinyl ester/glass fiber composites was investigated. In order to properly distribute the graphene in the matrix and create a stronger bond between surface modified GNPs, vinyl ester and glass fibers, surface treatment of GNPs was performed using (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane. The nanocomposites with different weight percentages of treated GNPs (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6) were fabricated by hand lay-up method. The nanocomposite with 0.4 wt.% of modified GNPs showed the best mechanical properties. The results of bending test of 0.4 wt.% showed 63 and 28 percent increase in flexural strength and modulus, respetivily compared to composite without GNPs. Also nanocomposite containing 0.4 wt.% surface modified GNPs exhibited 26% and 11% improvement in tensile strength and modulus of elstisty compared to the FMLs containing 0.0 wt.% GNPs, respectively. According to the SEM images, the increase in mechanical properties could be related to the improvement in the adhesion between glass fibers and vinyl ester resin, and also the toughening mechanism of treated GNPs.

Red meat is one of the most vital ingredients of human diet because of being an important source of protein, Further studies have proven that methods of cooking and processing of meat are effective not only on the fat, but also in increasing its oxidation index, as well. Freezing is a common practice in the meat industry because it preserves meat quality for an extended time and offers several advantages such as insignificant alterations in product dimension, and minimum deteriorations in product color, flavor, and texture. The limit of storage or shelf life of meat has been prevented from being reached by microbiological and physicochemical spoilage under conditions such as refrigeration and freezing. Today, due to the lack of time and employment of women, one of the concerns of home cooking is how to store meat. Usually the meat is kept frozen at home, and whether the meat is cooked in the frozen state or raw is one of the questions facing most women. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of freezing on the quality characteristics of raw and cooked meat to determine the quality characteristics of frozen and then cooked meat. In this research, effects of freezing treatment on beef was investigated in 6 replicates with two different treatments, precooked and then frozen (T1), pre-frozen first and then cooked (T2). The samples physicochemical features have been studied during 5 months of storage. A control sample was prepared without any treatment.

pH measurement, moisture content, fat, protein content and peroxide value of meat samples were all analyzed according to national Iranian standards.TBA index was measured according to the method described by AOAC (1990).Iron content was measured with a flame atomic absorption spectrometer according to national Iranian standard. Color measurement as ΔE was analyzed by image processing with Photoshop 8. Texture analyzing test was performed using a texture analyzer (Brookfield LFRA 4500, USA). In this method, the specimen was placed 2 cm in diameter on a porcupine and under a hemisphere. The test was accelerated to 1 mm / s, and the infiltration of the specimen was performed; the infiltration of the specimen and its perforation were reported at high power (Honika, 1997). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed in a completely randomized design using linear plot (G.L.M) with Minitab 16 software. Comparisons of means were performed using Tukey's test at 95% confidence level. Treatments were performed in six replications.

The treatment effect was significant on all the analyzed parameters: pH, moisture, fat, protein, peroxide, TBA and cooking loss (p < 0.05). Results of the mean comparison showed that fat, pH and iron had significantly decreased (p < 0.05), while protein content, peroxide and TBA had remarkably increased (p < 0.05) during storage. The decrease in moisture after slaughter is inevitable due to the decrease in pH (close to the isoelectric pH of proteins), the completion of ATP, and the effects of myofibrillar contractions. These factors all lead to the release of water, which subsequently releases water into the extracellular and sarcoplasmic reticulum of proteins. Water retention was less for frozen samples. Although frozen foods are microbial-resistant, they are subject to chemical changes and their enzymatic activities continue at low intensity. The reason for the decrease in fat was due to the lipid oxidation Fresh meat fat was higher than frozen meat and cooked meat. Certainly, fat removal during baking causes this decrease. Fat content of treatment 2 was higher than treatment 1 and oxidation in treatment 1 was higher. In fact, initial cooking resulted in more fat removal in treatment 1 than in post-freezing cooking (treatment 2), which also differed during the storage period, resulting in lower fat content in the fifth month. Freezing damage the structure of muscle cells by releasing lysosomal and mitochondrial enzymes, iron and other peroxidants, which increase the intensity and speed of protein oxidation. In treatment 1 due to the thermal process initially and inactivation of some enzymes, the proteolysis process is slower. However, in treatment 2, the process of proteolysis has improved. The non-frozen water portion is important in determining oxidation, since some chemical reactions can also occur during freezing storage, primary oxidation during baking, for example, can lead to secondary lipid oxidation during melting (Own & Laurier 1975). As treatment 1 was first cooked and then frozen, oxidation began at the initial heating stage and continued at a lower rate during freezing. For this reason, it had a higher peroxide index than treatment 2 overall. In the overall study, the lowest thiobarbituric acid was in control and the highest in treatment 2 (frozen and cooked) after 5 months of storage. Both treatments (1 and 2) had oxidative corruption within 5 months of storage, although the severity of treatment 2 was higher than that of treatment 1. In fact, the initial curing by enzymatically deactivating was able to reduce the intensity of oxidation during frozen storage. The results of this study showed that the amount of iron decreased significantly over time. Freezing time in particular affects the retention of vitamins and minerals. Iron is in the structure of myoglobin, denaturation leads to increased sensitivity of myoglobin to auto-oxidation and co-oxidizes with iron myoglobin oxidation (Otter et al. 2012). In texture analysis, the results showed the meat become more stiff during storage. The raw state showed more stiffness due to the effect of annealing on protein deterioration. Finally, raw meat (treatment 2) showed higher firmness after 5 months and the nearest firmness to control raw meat. Increased stiffness of meat due to lower moisture content is one of the most common problems that occur due to freezing and storing of frozen fresh meat in the meat texture (Akhtar et al., 2013). Regarding the color, treatment 2 showed less difference with the raw meat which can be concluded that the raw meat in the freezer retains its color better.

This research showed that both samples had an oxidative spoilage within 5 months, which offers not to store frozen meat more than 3 months. Considering nutritional features expected from meat, it could be concluded that sample T1 which was the meat that was first cooked and then frozen was preferred to sample T2 because of preserving more iron, protein and having lower TBA index. In sum, cooking meat before freezing is recommended.

In recent years, use of oleogels as replacers of structured oils has received much attentions due to the health concerns. The objective of the present study was preparation of reinforced ethyl cellulose-based oleogels with adipic acid as replacers of shortening in cakes.

First, oleogel samples were prepared using ethyl cellulose (at two various concentrations of 6 and 2% w/w) and adipic acid (at two various concentrations of 0 and 4% w/w). Then, prepared oleogels were used as replacers for 50% of shortening in the cake formulation.

Replacement of 50% shortening with ethyl cellulose/adipic acid oleogels improved texture profile of the cakes, especially its hardness. Values of moisture, specific volume and porosity in cake samples significantly decreased by replacement of 50% shortening with oleogels (p < 0.05). Additionally, formulated cakes by ethyl cellulose/adipic acid oleogel showed lowest peroxide values (0.96 meqO2/kg ±0.05) at the end of a 90-day storage. The nearest sensory scores for odor, taste, texture, and color and overall acceptance to scores of control sample were associated to the formulated cakes with ethyl cellulose/adipic acid oleogels.

In conclusion, ethyl cellulose/adipic acid oleogels include high potentials as replacers of shortening in cakes and other bakery products to develop healthier and higher quality food products.

Food industry produces a large amount of onion skin wastes. Due to the high amount of bioactive compounds found in such by-product, developing a method for the recovery of these biological lesions is important to benefit from them as a source of biologically active compounds.  The aims of this research were to compare the two methods, ultrasound and microwave, for extraction the phenolic compounds of red onion skin wastes and also to investigate the drying pre-treatment with conventional or infrared oven. The investigation the total phenolic compounds and anthocyanin content of extracts showed that use of ultrasonic method caused significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced extraction efficacy of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. Additionally, drying by infrared oven caused significantly (p < 0.05) increase in total phenolic compounds and anthocyanins extraction. The antioxidant activity analysis of extracts showed that antioxidant capacity of samples extracted by ultrasonic method were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that extracted by microwave method. As a result, the ultrasonic extraction by pretreatment applying infrared oven may be recomended as a suitable technique to extract phenolic compounds found in red onion skins to benefit from the nutritional potential of these biological wastes.