abolfazl ghanbari

The importance of sustainability development for developing countries and their tourism is a major issue. This study presents a new approach and framework for spatial modelling of tourism products potentials (TPP) in their sustainability evaluation. The approach was developed based on the GIS multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and its performance was evaluated for spatial TPP mapping in Tabriz city, Iran. To achieve this purpose, we recognized the main Components of Tourism Development indicators (CTDI) such as attractions, accommodation, services and infrastructures facilities to improving sustainable tourism, and determined their significance using the Geographic information systems (GIS). Furthermore, the uncertainty analyze was applied to diminish the inherent error in criteria weights. A GIS-based aggregation function was applied to discern the TPP map. Finally, the emphasis in this paper investigates the practical usage of GIS for the benefit of sustainable tourism development. In particular, it inquired the possible opportunities and challenges facing the adoption of GIS to assist sustainable tourism development. The purpose of this article is to map and explore existing and potential attractions, tourism services and facilities in Tabriz and to ensure that potential opportunities are available for all tourists to enjoy enjoyable experiences in order to reveal their diverse economic, social, political and cultural benefits. Build on the positive and negative aspects of their construction and present them with appropriate solutions for tourism development that lead to sustainable tourism development and infrastructure improvement.

Environmental planning and resource management necessitate an analysis of changes in land use and land cover (LULC). In recent years, climate change and human activities, notably the erection of the Ilisu dam, have adversely impacted the Tigris River Basin (TRB), one of the most vital natural resources in Western Asia, resulting in significant alterations in its LULC. Based on this, the present study developed multi-temporal (2003-2023) LULC maps for TRB through classifying Landsat images using the random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms, and simulating future LULC states (2028) employing the cellular automata (CA)-Markov model. RF exhibited better performance than SVM in the classification of Landsat images, and its results were chosen for further investigation. The CA-Markov model simulated the landscape map of 2028 by considering LULC dynamics between 2018 and 2023. The model's performance was validated, confirming acceptable results with an accuracy rate of 0.798 and F1 score of 0.789. Notably, LULC changes in TRB were critical, including a reduction in water resources, wetlands and croplands. This could lead to several environmental challenges, highlighting the significance of quick LULC changes. The construction of the Ilisu Dam on the Tigris River in Turkey has worsened the situation by exacerbating water shortages, expanding bare ground, harming wetlands, reducing water quality, soil salinization, and damaging the aquatic ecosystems. The drying wetlands and expanding bare grounds will become potential dust sources in the future and affect surrounding countries. Accordingly, intergovernmental actions and special policies are needed to manage this environmental crisis.

This research discusses future development of Kordestan province by using of strategic management approaches and future studying and it's main aim is identification of regional development's key components of Kordestan province with the point of foresight. The theoretical framework of this research is normative paradigm, it is functional in the case of goal and in terms of nature it is based on new methods of descriptive-analytical future studies. The data and information collection method is documentary and field study and their processing models are SWOT, Factor Analysis, Delphi and Cross-impact analysis which data processing has been done by MICMAC software. In this research, development criteria were classified in six categories such as social, economic, infrastructural, bio environmental, settlement structural and links by using of regional development studies. At first stage, between 240 effective factors on province development, 40 factors were identified by specialist experts by the use of SWOT method. Then by using of Delphi method the effects of these factors on each other were measured by experts and direct and indirect influences of these factors on each other were measured which result in identification of 13 key factors between 40 factors, that Gross domestic product outweigh and capital social if a low grade is effective factors on Kordestan province development.

The urban space is the most important human-made spatial structure on the planet earth. The history of urban development shows the path of human development, political system evolution and technological, technical and industrial developments. The physical development of urban areas is one of the main drivers of global changes that have important direct and indirect effects on environmental conditions and biodiversity. In the process of physical development of the city, due to the transformation of natural and semi-natural ecosystems into impermeable surfaces, it often causes irreversible environmental changes. One of the new approaches in urban planning is the use of remote sensing techniques and geographic information system. The emergence of remote sensing and machine learning techniques offers a new and promising opportunity for accurate and efficient monitoring and analysis of urban issues in order to achieve sustainable development. The process of processing satellite images can generally be divided into two approaches: pixel-based image analysis and object-based image analysis. The pixel-based analysis technique is performed at the level of each pixel of the image and uses only the spectral information available in each pixel. On the other hand, the object-based analysis approach is performed on a homogeneous group of pixels, taking into account the spatial characteristics of the pixels. One of the basic problems in urban remote sensing is the heterogeneity of the urban physical environment. The urban environment usually includes built structures such as buildings and urban transportation networks, several different types of vegetation such as agricultural areas, gardens, as well as barren areas and water bodies. Therefore, in the pixel-based processing approach, the existence of heterogeneity in the urban biophysical environment causes spectral mixing and also spectral similarities in the classification operation of satellite images in such a way that in a place where a pixel is If the surrounding environment is different, it causes Salt and Pepper Noise. Therefore, according to the problems in the pixel-based processing approach, the aim of this research is to compare the accuracy of machine learning algorithms based on object-based processing of satellite images in extracting the physical development area of Hamedan city using Sentinel 2 satellite image.

  The remote sensing data used in this research is a multi-spectral satellite image with a spatial resolution of 10 meters from the Sentinel 2 satellite, including bands 2 (blue), 3 (green), 4 (red) and 8 (near infrared) related to the date is the 23 of August 2023 in the city of Hamadan. The image of the Sentinel 2 satellite was downloaded from the website of the European Space Agency. In ENVI software, the pre-processing operation was performed on the satellite image. Then, in the eCognition software, the segmentation process was performed based on the appropriate scale, shape factor, and compression factor with the aim of producing image objects. After segmenting and converting the image into image objects, using machine learning classifiers based on object-oriented processing of satellite images including Bayes classification algorithms, k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine, decision tree and random trees, the classification process was carried out and maps of urban physical development area were produced. After the segmentation operation and the production of visual objects, three classes of built-up urban land, vegetation and barren land were defined, and some of the built objects in the segmentation stage were selected as training points and some were selected as ground Truth points.Results & DiscussionAfter downloading the satellite image from the website of the European Space Organization, in order to apply the radiometric correction of the image and also with the aim of matching the value of the gray levels of the image with the value of the real pixels of the terrestrial reflection, the gray levels are converted to radiance and then, using atmospheric correction, to coefficients. They became terrestrial reflections. In order to apply radiometric correction, Radiometric Calibration tool was used, and to apply atmospheric correction, FLAASH model was used in ENVI software. In order to classify the satellite image based on machine learning algorithms based on object-based processing, eCognition software was used. The satellite image of the study area, which was pre-processed and saved in TIFF format, was called in the environment of this software and saved as a project. In order to produce visual objects, segmentation operations were performed in different scales, shape factor and compression ratio to reach the most appropriate segmentation mode. In this step, the multiple resolution segmentation method was used to segment the image. The most appropriate segmentation included the scale of 100 and the shape factor of 0.6 and the compression factor of 0.4. Because in scales higher than 100, the construction of the visual object was not done correctly, so that several distinct complications were placed in one piece, and in scales less than 100, in some cases, one complication was placed in several pieces. In order to classify the generated image objects, machine learning algorithms were defined separately and after training each algorithm, the classification operation was performed. In this step, the classification was done based on the nearest neighbor method and by selecting the average and standard deviation parameters for each image band. After producing a map of the city physical development range through machine learning classifiers based on object-based processing of satellite images, the classification accuracy of each of the used algorithms was calculated. In order to calculate the accuracy of the above algorithms in eCognition software, using selected ground Truth control points, the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient were calculated for each of the algorithms.

Based on the results of the research, it is possible to produce a map of Hamedan's urban physical development using machine learning algorithms based on object-based processing of satellite images with acceptable accuracy. Also, among all the algorithms used in this research, k-nearest neighbor with overall accuracy of 97% and kappa coefficient of 0.96 provided more accuracy.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the state of the Tabriz metropolis with an emphasis on the indicators of an elderly-friendly city in formal and informal settlements.

The research method is descriptive-survey, and the data were collected based on questionnaires and field studies. Cronbach's alpha method was used to evaluate the reliability of the research tool, and to determine the validity of the research, the factor analysis technique was used, using the KMO index and Bartlett's test. The statistical population with a sample size of 384 people contains residents of areas 2, 8, and 10 of the Tabriz metropolis, as well as 27 managers and experts in urban affairs. Data analysis was done in an SPSS software environment.The geographical scope of the research: The area under study is districts 2, 8, and 10 of Tabriz city.

The findings of the research showed that among the eight indicators analyzed, from the point of view of the elderly, the indicators of "public and religious buildings and places" (13/53) and " "Cultural-Recreational" (9/85) have the highest and lowest points, and from the point of view of city managers, "public and religious buildings and places" (16/52) and " "Intra-city transportation" (14/56) were ranked first and last. There is a significant difference in the indicators of the elderly-friendly city among the studied areas. Also, other research findings indicate no significant difference between the satisfaction of the elderly with life in the metropolis of Tabriz and their education.

In general, Tabriz metropolis is lower than the average index of an elderly-friendly city and is not in a favorable situation.

Because the presence of tourists can generate income for the people of a city or country, tourism development policy at the urban and national levels is of interest to policymakers. Tourist service offices usually have played an important role in this regard and this study was conducted to investigate the role of these offices on the development of tourism in Tabriz metropolis. Therefore, the present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method with a quantitative approach and documentary and field studies were used to collect data and information. The research area is the metropolis of Tabriz. The statistical population also includes; 1464 insured employees of travel agencies are licensed by the Municipality of Tabriz and worked in 122 travel agencies. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used and 304 people were selected as a research sample by simple random sampling. Spearman correlation test and structural equations in pls software were used to analyze the data and information. The results showed that among the indicators of the number of travel agencies in Tabriz metropolis, the performance of travel service staff, knowledge and skills of travel service staff, empowerment of travel service staff, use of travel service IT and attracting tourists at the level Alpha 0/01 There is a positive and significant relationship and these factors have a positive and undeniable effect on tourist attraction by travel agencies in the study area. Also, in terms of influencing tourist attraction in the studied geographical area, the performance of office workers with a beta of 0/269, knowledge and skills of office workers with a beta of 0/121, the use of information and communication technology with a beta of 0/701 have positive and significant effects. In attracting tourists in the metropolis of Tabriz.

Unprecedented urbanization has occurred globally in the last few decades. Urbanization is usually associated with land use change and urban expansion. Urban expansion, as an important social phenomenon, has a clear effect on the landscape pattern. Therefore, urbanization is always associated with the spatial expansion of urban land, which leads to changes in the landscape pattern. Previous studies have analyzed urbanization patterns in areas with rapid urban expansion, while urban areas with low to medium expansion, especially in developing countries such as Iran, have been less studied. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to identify the patterns of urban expansion in the middle cities; It is in the city of Urmia. The current research is a descriptive-analytical research and applied research. In the present study, the first set of data will be satellite images, so the satellite images of 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 of Urmia city were received from Landsat satellite and processed using related software. Therefore, it is a library data collection method. The results of the present research show that when we take a look at the urban expansion in Urmia, two periods can be identified. In the first period of 1990-2000, the rapid development in the periphery of the city has led to an increase in the size of the core city area, which is indicated by a decrease in the AI index. In addition, new expansion is observed in areas separated from other areas by vacant land. This shows the sprawling expansion of the city. In the period of 2000-2010, the intensity of urban expansion has decreased. During this period, the city experienced a cumulative decrease in GYRATION_MN, and the accumulation of spots has been greatly reduced. This may indicate that the continued growth in Urmia has focused on the development of urban patches and this development has been accompanied by a significant increase in ENN_MN and a cumulative decrease in Gyration. Finally, the investigation of urban expansion patterns in Urmia city led to the identification of four cumulative, jump, linear and nodal patterns.

Iran is one of the flood-prone countries in the world, and due to climate changes in recent years, we will see more destructive floods in the future. The more prevention and measures are considered, the less human losses and economic costs will be involved. Identifying flood-prone areas is one of the primary measures to deal with them. The Kermanshah township was not separated from this and this research was conducted with the aim of preparing a flood potential map of Kermanshah township. Considering that there are many parameters that are effective in flooding, so in this research, seven parameters of height, slope and direction of slope, vegetation, land use, density of watercourse or drainage network, precipitation and distance from the watercourse are selected and the corresponding map for each one was prepared. In the next step, the maps prepared using the fuzzy AHP hierarchical analysis model were weighted and finally the layers were overlapped using the gamma fuzzy operator in ArcMap software, and the maps related to flood risk zoning in the Kermanshah township. Was obtained. The area and areas of flood risk in Kermanshah township with very high, high, medium, low and very low degrees was calculated as percentage 6.3, 9.1, 10.4, 16.7 and 28.6 respectively and the area of the regions with flood risk in Kermanshah city with very high, high, medium, low and very low degrees equal to 19.3, 26.4, 2.5, 17.3 and 34.5 respectively.

In this study, using images of Landsat-8, Landsat-7 and Sentinel-2 satellites in the coding environment of Google Earth Engine, their uses and changes during the two periods before and after urbanization (from 2000 to 2008 and from 2008 to 2019) will be categorized and then the next five-year development forecast of Sahand city (until 2025) will be made. Perceptron multilayer artificial neural network (MLP) method has been used as a method for predicting spatial multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). The independent variables used in the present study in predicting the physical development of the city are land price, type of use, slope, slope direction, altitude, distance from urban areas, distance from waterway network, distance from fault, distance from network Passages (main and secondary). The results of classification of satellite images showed that the physical development of Sahand new city has been done in order to turn barren lands into urban land. In addition, physical development was built to turn cheaper land into areas. The built lands have been greatly developed and from 64,155 square meters in 2000 to 682,192 square meters in 2019. Among the image classification methods for land use extraction, the SVM method was the best method and also the Sentinel-2 satellite images had the highest accuracy. The multilayer perceptron artificial neural network was used to predict the future physical development of the new city of Sahand, which according to studies, the development is predicted in directions that are based on the cheapness of the land and the limitations. Geomorphological is like slope and altitude.

pollutants and determining the effective factors in the concentration of elements of suspended particles, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, in the city of Tabriz in the long-term average time period (4 years) for changes in concentration and from the average of two dry and wet periods. In 2022, geographic weighted regression and clustering of the study area were used for spatial modeling. In this study, out of 8 variables (normalized vegetation cover, population density, construction density, density density, size of industrial areas, NTL (night light) and surface temperature, average prevailing wind speed, digital model of height) the digital model variable of height and average speed were selected Wind was dominant due to multicollinearity or (VIF) were removed from the model in correlation studies, and the effective factors in pollution elements were processed and standardized. The results of this study showed that the accuracy of the GWR model is better compared to the OLS model. By generating coefficients for each of the selected factors in the model, GWR determines the location of polluting elements and the most influential factor. According to the results of industrial size density, among the modeled parameters, it had the highest coefficient in the spatial model of the concentration of pollution elements. K-means clustering method using the map of coefficients obtained with GWR for zoning the city of Tabriz according to the spatial-temporal relationship of polluting elements with factors into 6 clustering zones, where zone 1-3 has the largest area and has high influence coefficients in all four pollutants. In fact, zones 1-3 can be considered in the management of urban policies in pollution control.

Urbanization and the increase in the population of the cities, the increase in migration to the cities and as a result the development of large and small cities, and as a result, destructive and catastrophic effects such as the excessive consumption of energy, the destruction of forests and the extinction of plant and animal species have had on the natural habitats of the planet. is, so that cities, as the main place of human activities and the biggest consumer of natural resources, have threatened the planet (Farghzadeh and Jamshidi, 2016). These factors have caused the concerns of urban planners and have provided the ground for serious study by managers, urban planners and politicians. One of the important topics related to urban issues is the concept of sustainable urban development, which is considered a development based on real needs and rational decisions, taking into account various economic, social and environmental considerations.In recent decades, following the development of cities and the expansion and advancement of technology in the industrial world, severe climate changes and the occurrence of consecutive and long-term droughts, air pollution has gone through a growing trend and has become one of the permanent companions of human societies. Air pollution means mixing air with gases, droplets and particles that change the air quality. Among the various factors that cause this pollution, geographical and climatic factors are considered as natural and unpredictable factors and man-made factors that arise as a result of wrong human activities are investigated as artificial and controllable factors. One of the air pollutions that we have witnessed in recent years sometimes in the west, southwest and recently in the center of Iran is the phenomenon of fine dust or more correctly, dust storms (Karim Dost and Ardabili, 2009).In this study, due to the location of Sistan and Baluchistan province and being on the edge of the Persian Gulf and coastal deserts, this province is exposed to dust storms. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the trend of days with dust and the analysis of dust-producing winds in Sistan and Baluchistan province. From 2000 onwards, due to the reduction of control activities in the province and the construction of dams in the countries of Iraq, Syria, Iran, and especially Turkey, along with the decrease in rainfall in Iraq, it is the most important cause of dust in Iran. This trend has also increased again (Khawaje et al. 2013).Sistan and Baluchistan province is one of the most dangerous centers in terms of dust and pollution in Iran. In recent years, dust has created many problems for the citizens and the urban system, which can be disrupted in the electricity transmissionnetwork, decrease in agricultural efficiency, decrease in the presence of tourists in the region, decrease in water resources and increase in diseases, especially respiratory problems, hindering development. And the growth of cities and... has become that to solve it, it is necessary to allocate more budgets and spend a lot of money. Micro dust has a significant impact on urban housing, urban transportation, facilities and facilities, and urban finance, and for the repair of each one, a large budget is needed. In the province of Sistan and Baluchistan, no research has yet been done to measure the impact of urban sustainability on the issue of dust, which is considered a serious threat to the sustainability of urban development. Based on this, before any planning, it is necessary to measure the impact of dust on urban sustainability in the province, and accordingly, the most important issue of the current research is which cities of Sistan-Veblouchestan province have been affected by environmental hazards (dust)? Where is the source of the dust that enters Sistan and Baluchistan province and by what systems and by what routes does this dust enter the atmosphere?

This research is considered to be a practical structure and descriptive-analytical in terms of the type of method. Madis sensor data of AOD index from 1379 to 1400 as well as Sentinel-5 satellite data of AI index for three periods of 1400, 1399 and 1398 were extracted using Google Earth Engine system and at the end with the meteorological data of these images Comparison and the cities that are most affected by dust were investigated.

The obtained results show; Zabul, Mirjaveh and Chabahar were the most dusty and Iranshahr and Nikshahr were the least dusty. Finally, the images of these two satellites were compared with meteorological data in SPSS software with Pearson correlation coefficient. They have a direct relationship with meteorological data. These results show that Sentinel-5 images can be useful as a supplement in identifying dust centers. Controlling the origin of dust phenomenon requires national and transnational macro programs. It is not possible to completely remove the phenomenon of dust, and it is necessary to carry out watershed, technical and operational programs to stabilize the origin of dust. Restoration of lakes and wetlands, optimization of water consumption efficiency through training of farmers and removal of high consumption plants and replacement with plant species with high efficiency and shorter production period and use of modern urban management methods It is possible to reduce the effects and consequences of this destructive phenomenon in terms of social and economic damage, the quality of urban life and the health of citizens, and considering the solutions and suggestions that were presented and the accuracy of their implementation, an effective step can be taken. In order to advance the development goals of urban sustainability and achieve this goal as best as possible.The obtained results show; Zabul, Mirjaveh and Chabahar were the most dusty and Iranshahr and Nikshahr were the least dusty. Finally, the images of these two satellites were compared with meteorological data in SPSS software with Pearson's correlation coefficient. Sentinel 5 images of 1400 with a correlation coefficient of 0.272 and 1399 with a correlation coefficient of 0.279 and 1398 with a correlation coefficient of 0.136 and a significance level of 99% with the data Meteorology has a direct relationship. These results show that Sentinel 5 images can be useful as a supplement in identifying dust centers. Controlling the origin of dust phenomenon requires national and transnational macro programs. It is not possible to completely remove the phenomenon of dust, and it is necessary to carry out watershed, technical and operational programs to stabilize the origin of dust. Restoration of lakes and wetlands, optimization of water consumption efficiency through training of farmers and removal of high consumption plants and replacement with plant species with high efficiency and shorter production period and use of modern urban management methods It is possible to reduce the effects and consequences of this destructive phenomenon in terms of social and economic damage, the quality of urban life and the health of citizens, and considering the solutions and suggestions that were presented and the accuracy of their implementation, an effective step can be taken. In order to advance the development goals of urban sustainability and achieve this goal as best as possible.

The development and intensification of marginalization and informal settlement around cities has been influenced by unequal political-economic relations at the global level, the weakness of national plans at the middle level, and urban planning at the micro level and in this regard, the city of Tabriz, like other big cities of Iran, has attracted a huge number of people from rural areas and sparsely populated cities.

The current research, from the point of view of the nature of the method, is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research is the residents of the marginal areas of Tabriz metropolis (Ghorbani, Silab, Heydarabad, Maralan, Sari-Zami, Akhme-Qiya, Akahre Taleghani, parts of Laleh, Ghazandaghi and Patogh neighborhoods). According to the census of Iran Statistics Center in 2015, it had a population of 309,581 people, and using Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as the research sample, and people who had sufficient information in this field were selected as the sample. Descriptive and inferential statistics (sample t-test, Kendall, factor analysis and structural equation technique) were used to analyze data and information.

The results show that the most important effective factors in intensifying and expanding marginalization in Tabriz metropolis are; 1) management and planning, policymaking and technology, 2) economic attractions, population growth and environmental hazards, 3) income inequality and access to jobs and facilities, 4) economic repulsions, place of origin and disputes ethnic, 5) socio-cultural repulsions of the previous residence, 6) the growth of the village population and the desire to migrate, and 7) finding a job and housing. Among them, the first and second factors are of special importance with the special value of 5.60 and 5.45, respectively. Among these, the first factors (management and planning, policymaking and technology) and the second (economic attractions, population growth and environmental hazards) with a special value of 5.60 and 5.45, respectively. are of special importance and the seventh factor is the least important with a special value of 1.51.

The results of the present research show the effect of various factors on the development and intensification of slum, in this regard, quantitative and qualitative factors should be considered in the intensification and expansion of marginalization in metropolitan cities.

 the process of water scarcity in Iraq has intensified due to natural and political factors, especially in its central and southern parts. In this regard, the current research has evaluated the trend of land use and land cover changes in Babol province in the center of Iraq and analyzed the changes and developments in the surface water resources of this region. The current research is based on the supervised classification of satellite images of Babol Province, Iraq, and in this regard, ETM+ sensor images of Landsat 7 satellite in 2003, OLI-TIRS sensor images of Landsat 8 satellite in 2013 and Landsat 9 satellite in 2023 were used and the maximum likelihood technique was performed on them. According to the results, during the first ten-year period (2003-2013), the surface water area of the region has decreased from 729.44 square kilometers to 174.14 square kilometers, which means a 76.13% decrease in the area of this group of lands. In the second ten-year period (2013-2023), the extent of surface water has increased from 174.14 square kilometers to 825.61 square kilometers, which indicates a growth of 374.1 percent. The results of the research have determined that factors such as the development of agricultural lands, the growth of urban and rural constructions, and climatic factors have emerged as the main factors of land use change in Babol province, and the cause and origin of land use changes in Babol province is not only water shortage.

the present study investigates mixed land use to investigate the effect of mixed land use and land use planning on energy consumption. According to the latest general census, the population of Tabriz is 1558693 people and it is the largest city in the northwestern region of Iran. Amount of mixed landuse in Tabriz is moderate, so that this mixed is equal to 0.6 in the drop method, approximately 0.72 in the mixed land use method and 0.61 in the HHI method. The range of focal statistics in different urban areas of Tabriz (0.5) indicates the inappropriate distribution of land uses in the city of Tabriz. In terms of multiplicity index, 6 land uses are at a very suitable level, 6 land uses are at a moderate and appropriate level and 6 land uses are at an inappropriate level in terms of density. The results of Pearson correlation with an intensity of 0.712, at a significance level of 95%, there is a very strong correlation between mixed landuse and energy consumption in Tabriz transportation. Among the transportation indices, the highest correlations with energy consumption were the indices of production and travel absorption, per capita pedestrian travel, per capita passenger travel, length of roads and car ownership coefficient with correlation coefficients of 0.649, 0.632, / 621, respectively. 0, 0.425 and 0.293.

The Islamic City Councils as an important element of the urban management system as an institution, policymaker, decision maker, and legislator at the local level, have to be fully operational in order to fulfill their role of policymaking and oversight over all matters to be able to carry out policy and oversight tasks in all areas of the city and local organizations concerned. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of city council performance in improving the process of sustainable urban management and development from the perspective of citizens in Tabriz metropolis. This study is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method and document studies and field surveys were used to collect data. The statistical population of the study is all citizens and residents over 18 years of Tabriz metropolis. According to the 2015 census, this city had a population of 1558693 people and 497898 households. Cochran formula was used to determine the number of samples from 327 subjects were selected. The data for the analysis of quantitative methods, descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, regression and path analysis) were used. The results showed that the average index of the performance of Islamic councils is 2.76 and its T-statistic is -6.59, which shows the unfavorable performance of the city council and the performance of the Islamic Council of this city in district 9 (with an average of 248.80). district 8 (with an average of 239.38) and district 2 (with an average of 204.33) have been evaluated favorably compared to other regions. Also, the average of all indicators of empowerment of Islamic city councils in the field of empowerment of Islamic councils is lower than numerical utility 3 and their t-statistic is negatively estimated. Finally, the performance of the Islamic councils in the economic dimension (employment, income and investment) has had the greatest effect with an overall effect of 0.608 and the least effect in the physical dimension with an overall effect of 0.210 in the realization of sustainable development.

Crashes in Iran annually lead to devastating consequences, resulting in loss of life and significant property damage. To mitigate these impacts, the deployment of fixed and mobile speed control cameras has been adopted as a strategy to regulate traffic and improve road safety. The aim of this study was to examine the behavior of drivers when approaching speed control cameras and their influence on crash occurrence. Fatal crash data from three consecutive years (2020-2022) were collected and analyzed using the Geographic Information System (GIS) in Tabriz City. Approximately 27 speed cameras located in crash-spots were investigated within 100-meter sections, both preceding and following the cameras. The results showed a significant reduction in fatal crashes within a 500-meter radius before the speed control cameras. However, crashes were more frequent within distances ranging from 500 to 1000 meters before the cameras, primarily occurring during the night. After passing the cameras, daily crashes increased, with incidents primarily involving pedestrians due to driver inattention occurring within the 500-meter range after the camera's location. The present study not only emphasizes the potential of speed control cameras in promoting safer driving behaviors, but also stresses the importance of conducting further investigations on drivers’ behaviors after passing the speed control cameras to enhance road safety measures.

According to the latest UN report, the global population in 2018 was 6.6 billion and the urban population 4.2 billion. By 2050, the global population will reach 7.9 billion and 68 percent of the population will live in urban areas (2020, Liquan et al). The rapid increase in urbanization is leading to the growth of informal settlements in high-risk areas such as landslides, increasing the risk among low-income populations. Although technical and social methods of earthquake risk management are known, in underdeveloped countries these measures are often difficult for complex social, economic, political, and institutional reasons (Smith et al. 2020). The growing trend of urbanization in underdeveloped countries and the housing crisis causes an increase in Halabiabad and the construction of housing without the necessary urban development standards (Valizadeh Kamran et al., 2013). Since informal settlement arises from a context larger than its location and also affects a larger environment, the solution to this problem requires policy and action not only at the small level, but also at the large level (Hakimi and Et al., 1397). Because informal settlements are of relatively poor quality and do not use earthquake-resistant designs, they are expected to be highly vulnerable to earthquakes. In addition, these settlements often occupy areas with a high seismic risk, which may cause landslides and fluids. Hence, hazard and vulnerability pose a significant seismic hazard (2008, et al Castillo).

This study is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and its purpose is applied. To collect data in this study, written documents, statistical data, visual documents and field studies have been used. Also, topographic maps were 1.25000, geological maps were 1.100000, urban maps were 1.000, digital elevation model (DEM) ten meters, main and secondary fault maps and land use maps were used in the research. In the present study, in order to explain the vulnerability situation caused by earthquake risk in informal settlements of Tabriz, a list of criteria was extracted based on the research background and according to the available data, 13 criteria were selected. In order to weight the indicators, the fuzzy model has been used and to rank the indicators and variables, the ELECTRE FUZZY model has been used. Finally, weighted parameters were put into a function to determine the vulnerability of informal settlements in Tabriz using GIS software. • Introduction of variables and indicators.In this study, in order to investigate the risk and risk of earthquake on the context of informal settlements in Tabriz, thirteen indicators have been used, which shows the flowchart Figure 2 of the indicators and research stages.

Data fuzzy:

Fuzzyization is done directly or using algorithms and logical expressions. In the present study, two methods, direct calculation and expert calculation, have been used to fuzzy numbers. In expert calculation, first the range of changes of each parameter is determined, then, according to previous researches, and finally, they are weighted manually, based on reality and according to experts. In order to create fuzzy sets, mathematical functions such as sigmoidal linear threshold, S-shaped, hyperolithic, etc. can be used. • ELECTRE FUZZY method.

The ELECTRE method is one of the most widely used decision-making methods. The ELECTRE FUZZY method is used to consider its uncertainty and to complete the decision performance array. ELECTRE technique means the method of cleaning and selection in accordance with reality. One of the most important compensatory techniques, based on the concept of non-ranking, the answer of this method is based on a set of rankings. This method does not lead to non-ranking relationships, ie it does not necessarily lead to the classification of options but may eliminate options. In this model, all options are evaluated by non-rank comparisons and pairwise comparisons are based on the degree of agreement of the weights and the degree of difference ofthe weighted values.The calculation steps of the mentioned method are as follows:Formation of fuzzy decision matrix- Normalization of the decision matrix- Formation of a normal weighted matrix- Calculate the distance between both options- Build an agreement set and create an agreement matrix- Formation of Boolean matrix agrees- Build the opposite set and create the opposite matrix- Formation of opposite boolean matrix- Formation of the final matrix- Final ranking of options.

Investigating the situation of informal settlements in Tabriz in relation to the occurrence of a possible crisis will play a vital role in efficient management in the event of a crisis. Due to the large fault zone in the city of Tabriz, the informal settlements of this city are often at risk of earthquakes. In the study area, due to high population density, the use of low quality buildings, small parts, etc. during an earthquake, the effects of the disaster will be irreparable. Therefore, determining the vulnerability of informal settlements in Tabriz to earthquakes is of great importance. Which will play a vital role both in planning for resilience and in managing crisis and emergency housing. According to the findings of the present study, the fuzzy electrode method and its integration with GIS has the ability to integrate information with different structures. Therefore, in the present study, data analysis was performed using fuzzy electr model and GIS. The results of the fuzzy electrode method calculations indicate that the informal settlements located in region 3 will experience the lowest vulnerability with a rank of 1, while the informal settlements located in regions 1 and 10 with a rank of 5 will have the highest vulnerability. They will experience vulnerability to earthquake risk. Also, more than 34% of the area of informal settlements in Tabriz is exposed to very high vulnerability and more than 27% are exposed to high vulnerability and more than 25% are exposed to moderate vulnerability and only 12.69% of the texture of settlements Unofficially, the city of Tabriz is exposed to low vulnerability to earthquake risk. In terms of vulnerability spectrum, informal settlements in zones 1 and 10 are in the very high range, informal settlements in zones 7 in the wide range, settlements in zones 4 and 5 in the high to medium range, and informal settlements. Located in Zone 3, they are in the medium to low vulnerability range. Informal settlements located in areas 10 and 1, which are in a very high range of vulnerabilities, include neighborhoods (Yousefabad, Silab, Mola Zeinal, small spring, large spring, Loti Ibrahim, Ahmadabad, Beheshti, 40 meters, Ismail Baqal, Ghorbani, Idelu, Khalilabad). These neighborhoods have the highest population density and fine-grained texture, most of them do not have strong buildings and are built without proper planning, and in terms of the passage parameter, they have narrow and narrow passages. And have mostly spread in the area of North Tabriz fault. Therefore, increasing the values of parameters such as population density, building quality, distance from the fault, building density, etc. have caused informal settlements located in these neighborhoods to be in a very high range of vulnerabilities. In general, it can be concluded that if the construction is properly managed and the rules of 2800 earthquake regulations are strictly observed in the informal settlements of Tabriz, we will see a decrease in earthquake hazards.

With the emergence of neighborhoods as spots of urban life, the realization of sustainable development was pursued only in the form of neighborhood development and on a local scale, and in continuation of the global thinking, think locally and act locally. The ultimate goal of sustainable neighborhood development is the connection between social and physical capital. This means that social processes are used for the purpose of identity and physical structure and creating capacity for future development. In other words, planning with the people and not for them is the key element of neighborhood development.The purpose of this study is to investigate Spatial analysis of the effects of land use distribution in sustainable development of the city of Tabriz. The purpose of this study is applied research and in terms of method is descriptive - analytical and to collect data, documentary and field studies (observation, interviews and questionnaires) have been used. The population consisted of urban households in urban areas of Tabriz, which according to the census of 1395 had 1558693 households and 497898 households, and a population of 396 households was selected as research sample using the Cochran formula. The reliability of the research tool was calculated by cronbach’s alpha coefficient which showed good reliability. To analyze the data, the mean, structural equation and saw decision making technique were used. The results showed that, in terms of sustainable development, region 8 with 0.115 grade, region 2 with grade 0.110 and region 1 with 0.108 scores were ranked first to third.Examining the condition of the neighborhoods in the ten districts of Tabriz metropolis showed that the neighborhoods in District 8, District 2, and District 1 have good sustainable neighborhood development compared to other urban areas and access to all types of urban uses (educational, health and medical) , sports, recreation, commercial-commercial, suitable housing, infrastructure and basic services, etc.) are easily possible and these components have a positive effect on the economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions and ultimately the stability of the neighborhood. has had in these areas. In addition to these, in these areas, the social identity of the citizens, social participation, connection and belonging, the existence of personal and social security at the local level, the level of employment and productive income, quick access to urban public transportation, the presence of green and open spaces, the amount Low pollution caused by industries and urban transportation, the existence of a suitable landscape, access to educational services, recreation and leisure, health services, access to suitable housing, and the existence of infrastructure facilities and services have a favorable status compared to other urban areas. And the research respondents in these areas were fully satisfied with the existence of different urban land uses and citizens' access to itIn terms of the impact of land use in the development of neighborhood sustainability, indexes of entertainment and leisure with 3.91 test value have the highest impact on the fulfillment of sustainable development of urban neighborhoods in the study area, and generally in sustainable development of urban localities in Tabriz metropolis, physical indices and infrastructure are more intelligible.Also, the spatial analysis of the effects of urban land use distribution at the level of urban areas and its impact on the sustainable development of neighborhoods in the studied area from the point of view of the citizens showed that, in this area of citizenship identity indicators with a T value of 2.56, the existence of citizens' social participation With a T value of 2.42, the existence of green and open spaces in the city neighborhoods with a T value of 2.78, the presence of recreational and leisure places with a T value of 3.91, access to health and treatment with a T value of 3.33. , infrastructural facilities and services with T value of 3.03 and... have had the greatest impact on realizing the sustainability of the development of urban neighborhoods in the ten regions of Tabriz metropolis. However, among these indicators, "the presence of places of recreation and leisure time and access to health and treatment" has received more attention from the citizens due to the spread of the Covid-19 disease (Corona) in the last one year in the whole world. So that the spread of corona virus has created an unprecedented stress among the citizens, and the citizens and the communities in general are aware of the importance of the existence of health and treatment facilities and places of recreation and leisure in different parts of the cities. have taken and even believe that with this structural change that happened with the spread of this infectious disease in the world and especially in big cities, access to health and treatment facilities (such as: hospitals, clinics, doctors' offices, laboratories, etc.) is very important for the stability of urban areas Also, with the spread of the corona virus and the increase in the number of people infected with this virus in the city of Tabriz, many small-scale businesses were closed, and people who, without employment insurance, do not have access to medical services and care systems, people who work in informal sectors, or work as workers in private, semi-private companies, etc., have faced the risk of poverty and deprivation more And for this reason, in order to prevent these disasters, the existence of health and treatment uses in order to deal with this disaster is one of the necessities of neighborhood development. Also, the results showed that the structural model developed in this research to investigate the impact of land use distribution on the sustainability of urban areas has a desirable and acceptable quality.According to the results of the research, suggestions are presented as follows to be considered by planners in the direction of neighborhood sustainability; 1) Development of health and treatment uses in order to prevent all kinds of infectious diseases and reduce the stress of citizens, 2) Increasing the use of sports, leisure, parks, etc. for the use of citizens and reducing the effects of staying at home during During the period of Covid-19 disease and 3) increasing the participation of citizens in development programs and accompanying them in various stages of formulation, implementation and monitoring of urban development programs, etc.

Today global population growth has led to the rapid development of urbanization and the growth of informal settlements. These settlements are often developed in areas that are exposed to hazards such as earthquakes. Although technical models of earthquake management have been identified, but in third world countries due to social, economic and ... complexity, these measures are often associated with many problems (Smith et al. 2020: 67). Addressing vulnerability in informal settlements where severe natural disasters pose multiple risks to millions of people is critical. Understanding the effects of adjustment and adaptation strategies in the housing sector helps decision makers to choose options that improve the quality of life and reduce development and equality gaps in cities. Adaptation measures such as hazard mapping, development of early warning systems (EWS), preparedness plans and preventive risk strategies, especially in informal settlements, can support decision makers and stakeholders in reducing exposure and vulnerability to potential earthquakes. Kend (2018, Emma Purio et al) Catastrophic natural hazards, such as earthquakes, are serious threats to human life in informal settlements. Therefore, assessing the degree of probability and vulnerability in disaster management is necessary in order to manage the city and help decision makers to recognize the impact of various factors and understand the deficiencies in each area, appropriate guides are necessary. The critical condition of buildings and their zoning in terms of vulnerability should be included in government observations and risk reduction programs should be improved. The lack of distribution of suitable space inside the city and improper planning of urban development can be dangerous factors in the future (2020, Ratiranjan et al).

The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and its purpose is applied. The data used in the research are: statistical block, geological map, topographic map of 1.25000, digital elevation points of ten meters, fault map of the area, land use map of the studied area and field studies. Also with the aim of determining the vulnerability of informal settlements in Tabriz due to earthquake risk indicators (width of passage, quality of buildings, material, number of floors, distance from public open space, distance from urban facilities, distance from medical centers Population density, building density, distance from the fault, geological type, plot area, land use) were selected as the final criteria according to the possibility of data access. Also, in order to analyze the data, GIS ARC software and WASPAS model, which is one of the newest and most efficient ranking methods, have been used.WASPAS technique: The Vaspas technique was announced by Zavadskas in 2012 (Zavadskas, 2012). This method is one of the relatively new methods of multi-criteria decision making with very high accuracy, which is actually derived from two models (total weight model) and (weight multiplication model) (Zavadskas, 2012). The calculation steps of the mentioned method are as follows:Forming a decision array according to the current situation. Calibrate and deregulate the decision array. Calculate the weight of each criterion using one of the weighting methods such as Shannon entropy, AHP or ANP Estimation of veriəns values of standardized criteria. Calculate the relative veriəns of the samples and determine the values of the eigenvectors.Perform the final ranking.

In order to form a matrix (options and criteria) in the WASPAS technique, the options must be specified. Therefore, the areas where the informal settlements of Tabriz are located were considered as WASPAS model options. (Option 1 includes informal settlements in Zone 1, option 2 includes informal settlements in Zone 3, option 3 includes informal settlements in Zone 4, option 4 includes informal settlements in Zone 5, option 5 includes informal settlements Located in Area 7, Option 6 includes informal settlements located in Area 10). In the next step, the values of each criterion for each option were determined. Finally, based on the mentioned relations for WASPAS technique, calculations were performed in MATLAB software environment, the results of the mentioned model are presented in Table 2.The weights assigned to each of the criteria are normalized and are presented in Table 2. According to the table above, informal settlements in District 10 are ranked first in terms of vulnerability, and settlements in District 5 are ranked 6th. Therefore, according to the results of the table above, the most vulnerable informal settlements belong to District 10. In the next step, the changes in the weights measured according to the research technique were analyzed on each of the research indicators. Therefore, all research indicators were extracted in terms of vulnerability and maps related to each of the parameters were produced (Figure 2).

Analyzing the situation of informal settlements in Tabriz in the face of a possible crisis will play an important role in proper management during a crisis. Due to the fact that there is a large fault area in the city of Tabriz. Therefore, its informal settlements are always at risk of earthquakes. substandard materials, etc. in the event of an earthquake, the effects of the disaster will be irreparable. As a result, determining the vulnerability of informal settlements in Tabriz to earthquakes is of great importance. Which will play a very important role both in terms of planning for resilience and in terms of crisis management and providing emergency accommodation. The findings of the present study indicate that the WASPAS model and its integration with GIS can integrate layers with different structures. Accordingly, in this study, data analysis was performed using WASPAS and GIS techniques. The results of the WASPAS technique indicate that informal settlements in District 5 will have the lowest vulnerability in the event of an earthquake with a rank of 1, but informal settlements in District 10 with a rank of 6 will have the highest vulnerability. Also, more than 57% of the area of informal settlements in Tabriz is exposed to very high vulnerability and 11.05% is exposed to high vulnerability and 03.27% is exposed to moderate vulnerability and only 4.01% of the informal settlements in Tabriz They are at low vulnerability. Also in terms of vulnerability spectrum of informal settlements located in zones 10 and 1 in the very high range, informal settlements located in zone 7 in the high to medium range, then informal settlements located in zone 3 in the medium range And informal settlements in zone 4 are in the medium to low range and informal settlements in zone 5 are in the low to medium range of vulnerabilities. Due to the location of the study area in the zone with high earthquake risk, to deal with any hazards caused by these hazards, construction must be done in accordance with the 2800 earthquake regulations. Also, the use of durable materials such as steel frame or reinforced concrete will reduce the risks of earthquakes.

Water quality is the process to determine the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water bodies and identifying the source of any possible pollution or contamination which might cause degradation of the water quality. Due to the rapid growth of industries, the disposal of liquid and solid wastes is increasing, thereby polluting soil and water. If the waste is not disposed of properly, then it percolates into the ground and causes problems like groundwater contamination, degradation of vegetation, soil contamination and modification of soil properties, etc. Nevertheless, traditional methods of water quality monitoring are often expensive and time-consuming. This is especially important for large water bodies such as lakes, dams, and rivers where sampling does not cover the entire body of water. Publicly available RS data are collected at regional scales and temporal resolutions (i.e., repeat collection time) that are much more frequent than field sampling campaigns. The physics and chemical characteristics of water can be determined from spectral signatures. Also, extracting water quality measurements directly from satellite imagery can allow rapid identification of impaired waters, potentially leading to faster responses by water agencies. Remote sensing data is an appropriate alternative to monitoring water resources due to its time and cost-effectiveness in a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. Currently, there are various types of remote sensing data such as hyperspectral and multispectral data that can be used to monitor and evaluate water quality. Geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) have been used extensively to assess the water quality all over the world. The Euphrates River is one of the most important rivers in Iraq, which has hosted various civilizations in the ancient Mesopotamia region since ancient times and is still of great importance to the urban and rural communities of Iraq. The Hillah River is one of the two main branches of the Euphrates River, which flows eastward by branching off from it. This river is the most important river in the Babylon governorate in Iraq, which passes through a wide area and several small streams flow from it to supply water to agricultural lands in other governorates. The Hillah River passes through several cities and is affected by industrial, agricultural, and domestic wastewater, which has received less attention than other areas of the Euphrates River. For this purpose, in this research, a detailed assessment of the quality and pollution of the Hillah River in the Babylon governorate is carried out using different methods of remote sensing, GIS, and field and laboratory operations to determine the quality of this river.the purpose of its performance is to assessment the quality of water and soil for the area of Hillah river in Babylon governorate in Iraq. The method of collecting data and information needed to perform quantitative and qualitative analyzes in research was based on field, laboratory and library operations, and various software tools were used in data processing. In order to determine and collect water and soil quality samples, field operations have been used. For this purpose, the area of Hillah city is considered as the base point and samples have been collected parallel to the river Hillah in the north and south of the city. Accordingly, in terms of number, distribution and accuracy in field sampling, 10 points were collected from the area by using Garmin handheld GPS device, 7 points were taken from water and 3 points were taken from the soil of the area. The field work to determine the sampling locations was based on several reconnaissance trips and as a result, the locations of the main water sampling stations were identified. Then, they visited the desired places twice a month, and each time they visited, relevant samples were taken. The samples were collected in standard plastic bottles with a capacity of 1.5 liters and their lids were tightly closed. Paying attention to the change in composition, soil samples were taken with a wider spatial distribution and from places with far distances from each other in the Hillah river basin, and the volume of each soil sample varied between 1 and 1.5 kg. Two different laboratories in Babylon governorate have been referred to perform quality tests on the collected samples. The laboratory measures have been carried out in two separate stages. In the first step, the measures of preparing the samples and separating them from each other have been carried out, which includes labeling, determining the date of water and soil samples, and classifying the samples for laboratory analysis. In the second stage, laboratory equipment and operations have been used for the qualitative analysis of the samples, and various devices such as CRISON have been used to test the physical and chemical parameters on the samples. Using laboratory tools and facilities, various physical and chemical variables of water quality have been measured based on the collected samples. For this purpose, 13 parameters have been tested on the samples. Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were measured using an EC meter and pH using a pH meter according to the relevant methods. The capacity of calcium and magnesium ions in water samples has been measured using the weighing method. Soluble sulfate, phosphate and nitrate were measured by a spectrophotometer. Sodium concentration in water was measured by flame photometer. Chloride in water was estimated from the scaling method using silver nitrate standard solution and using potassium chromate solution as the relevant guide and the results were expressed in ppm. Total hardness was measured as calcium and magnesium in water as milligrams per liter or ppm. Turbidimeteror is used to measure water turbidity. Finally, the iodometric method has been used to measure dissolved oxygen in water. In soil quality measurement, in addition to the parameters of electrical conductivity, pH, calcium, magnesium and sodium, which are also evaluated in the measurement of water samples, other parameters were also measured. including sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and calcium carbonate (CaCo). For the measurement of the mentioned two elements, special laboratory tools have been used like other elements. WQI index has been used to evaluate the water quality at the region of the Hillah river. For this purpose, the data related to the stations sampled from the water level were entered into the calculations of the WQI index, and based on this index, the water quality was evaluated on a monthly basis, and water quality maps were prepared for the region. The WQI index equation creates a range between 1 and 100, where 1 means the poorest and 100 the best water quality, and within this range, five classes are set to classify the water quality as very poor or inadequate, poor, moderately good, good and excellent. For satellite images processing, Landsat satellite imagery data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) database archive has been used. In this regard, the image of Landsat 8 satellite OLI sensor for the date 2021/06/27 of the area has been selected as the main satellite data for processing.The research results can be presented in several sections. In the analysis of water quality in terms of quality parameters, it has been determined that, except for several cases in different months, in most cases, the concentration of chemical parameters of water did not exceed the permissible limit, and the physical parameters were appropriate. However, the results of the drinking water quality index have shown that the water of the Hillah River is at a poor and very poor level in terms of quality according to the location of the samples, and the spatial quality map of the Hillah river has also shown that the central to northern areas are of a more suitable quality than The southern regions have it, the main reason of which is the concentration of agricultural lands and the entry of waste and various effluents into the water in those areas. The results of evaluating the physical and chemical quality of soil in the studied area have also shown that soils with sandy texture are richer than mixed clay soils in terms of parameters such as electrical conductivity, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and SAR, and on the other hand, pH and calcium carbonate of Clay soils were more than sandy soils. The evaluation of the correlation of the parameters between the values of the water and soil samples has been done and the coefficient of the orrelation between them has been obtained, and in some cases, there has been a high correlation between the parameters. Finally, by evaluating the correlation between the quality parameters and the Landsat image bands in terms of combinations and band ratios, it has been determined that there was a direct correlation in a few cases, and on the other hand, the linear relationship also indicated the absence of a relationship between the WQI index and the spectral bands.

This research has been done with practical purpose and descriptive-analytical survey method. Research data were collected by field method through questionnaire and also by archival method by referring to related documents, books and articles.The statistical population of the study includes tourists who have traveled to the target villages of tourism and nomadic areas with creative tourism potential in Arasbaran region during the summer of 1398 and 1399. To determine the sample size, Cochran's sampling formula for indeterminate communities was used.According to the obtained values, the appropriate sample size for conducting research is 384 tourists. Content validity was used to assess validity. By measuring the reliability of the questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha of 0.987, its reliability was confirmed at a high level. To measure quantitative and qualitative variables, three methods have been used: 1. Friedman test has been used to compare the means of the statistical population related to creative tourism with SPSS software. 2. For multivariate analysis of creative tourists' sense of pleasure, statistical techniques of factor analysis by using Amos Graphic 22 software have been used to determine the structural relationships between variables in the conceptual model. 3. To analyze the data related to the factors affecting the future behavior of rural and nomadic tourists, the method of minimum squares with the help of PLS software version 3 and ArcGIS software has been used to prepare the map.The results of the present study show that among the dimensions of creative rural tourism, the interaction with an average rank of 3.70 has the greatest impact on creative rural tourism. In addition, the physical and environmental dimension of pleasure with a coefficient of 1.01 has the highest coefficient among the dimensions of pleasure. The effect of factors affecting the future behavior of tourists has shown a significant relationship between research variables

The purpose of this study is to answer the question whether global registration of Tabriz Bazar has an impact on tourism development and economic development of this market. On this basis, some hypotheses were developed and a conceptual model was designed for research. The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and the method of data gathering is documentary and field. According to Cochran sample size formula, 384 questionnaires were randomly distributed among tourists visiting the Tabriz market and 330 questionnaires were analyzed with 86% return rate. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS software. The results of the direct path analysis for the main hypothesis with the path coefficient of 0.723 confirm the relationship between the Tabriz Bazar registration and the number of tourists and the results of indirect path analysis indicate tourism development and its impact on economic development with path coefficient of 0.383. The results of data analysis showed that the global registration of Tabriz Bazar has a direct and indirect impact on tourism development and economic development of Tabriz Bazar.

Considering its key effect on the welfare and health of society, water plays a crucial role in the growth of communities and is one of the most important natural resources. In recent years, the problem of scarcity of water resources has been exacerbated by the growing population worldwide and increased competition for access to water resources, which leads to increased costs of water use. Therefore, the use of this vital resource requires proper management. The present study was entitled Predicting and Modeling the Urban Water Consumption Pattern in Tabriz to Investigate and Analyze the Urban Water Consumption Pattern Using Geographic Information System (GIS).

The critical situation caused by the corona virus has caused many businesses, especially in the field of tourism, ecotourism and nature tourism, to face many problems. On the other hand, ecotourism, has become very popular in recent years. In recent years, ecotourism has been established in small groups and ecotourism accommodation units in different provinces of our country and many job opportunities have been created, but the Corona crisis has hit hard. This field has entered. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of factors such as safety quality, stress and familiarity with procedures on human resource crisis management in nature and ecotourism agencies in East Azerbaijan province. This study is quantitative and applied. Data collection was done through a questionnaire that the opinions of managers of nature and ecotourism agencies were used to test the research hypotheses. In this study, structural equation modeling using partial least squares method has been used to analyze the hypotheses. The results of the software show that there are significant relationships between the research variables. Thus, safety quality and familiarity with crisis management practices have a significant negative impact on human resource crisis. On the other hand, the moderating role of stress in the relationship between safety quality and human resource crisis was confirmed. The results show that when an agency has a high quality of safety and is familiar with crisis management practices, it can better control the human resource crisis in times of crisis. Also, stress management leads to reduce the severity of the human resources crisis of nature and ecotourism agencies through the quality of safety

The purpose of this study is determining the most suitable method to evaluate the vulnerability of informal settlements in Tabriz city against a possible earthquake. ELECTRE FUZZY models and the WASPAS model were used in relation to 13 criteria (passage width, building quality, materials, the number of floors, distance from public open space, distance from urban facilities, distance from medical centers, population density, building density, distance from fault, geological type, plot area, land use) were compared. For this purpose, all informal settlements in Tabriz city were analyzed and the results of both models were evaluated by the authors’ field studies. Then, the most suitable method was chosen. The results of the research indicate that according to the WASPAS model, informal settlements located in Region 5 with a rank of 1 are the least vulnerable and region 10 is the most vulnerable with a rank of 6. Moreover, more than 57% of the area of informal settlements in Tabriz city are exposed to very high vulnerability, 11.05% are exposed to high vulnerability, 03.27% are exposed to moderate, and only 4.01% are exposed to low vulnerability. The results of the ELECTRE FUZZY model calculations indicated that the informal settlements located in Mentafah 3 with the rank of 1 are the least and areas 1 and 10 are the most vulnerable with the rank of 5. Moreover, more than 34% of the area of informal settlements in Tabriz city are exposed to very high vulnerability, more than 27% are exposed to high vulnerability, more than 25% are exposed to moderate vulnerability, and only 12.69% are exposed to low vulnerability. Based on the field studies of the researchers, the results of the ELECTRE FUZZY method are more accurate and realistic than the WASPAS method.