hossein ahmadi

Syria has been involved in a full-scale war since the beginning of 2013. Researchers and experts in political, social and military sciences have examined the different angles of this war. The current research has investigated the relationship between drought and the start of war in Syria using the theory of relative deprivation. The droughts between 2003 and 2009, which were rare in the history of Syria, severely affected the farmers and herdsmen in the provinces of Hasakah, Deir Ezzor and Raqqa, and unemployed people migrated to other provinces, especially Damascus, Daraa and Homs. and this issue increased livelihood problems such as high housing prices, increase in food prices and unemployment in different regions of Syria and provided grounds for dissatisfaction and unrest. The method used in this article is descriptive and analytical, and reliable internal and external library sources and internet databases have been used. The findings of this research indicate that the occurrence of successive droughts in Syria and Turkey's water policy in building dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the failure to properly manage this crisis by the Syrian government as a factor in the dissatisfaction of the Syrian people. It has been influential.

The present study was an attempt to investigate the impacts of different task complexity conditions including ± planning time and ± few elements on EFL learners’ use of transitional devices in writing tasks. To this end, 60 intermediate EFL learners from three language institutes in Iran were randomly selected and were assigned to four groups of 15 participants. Each of the groups participated in 9 treatment sessions of instruction. At the beginning of every session the researcher introduced some transitional devices with a brief explanation about their meanings and usage and after that, the participants of each group were provided with a writing task that required them to write a paragraph about a special topic using all the transitional devices that were presented to them in that session. The number of correct uses of transitional devices in each participant’s writing was calculated and reported in percentage and the average of every participant’s performance during all 9 sessions was regarded as that participant’s single score for the purpose of making comparisons between the four groups. The data was analyzed through Kruskal-Wallis test and the findings revealed statistically significant differences among the four groups in doing the tasks. At the end, a questionnaire with 20 Likert-type items was utilized to explore the participants’ perspectives of the role of task complexity in their writing. Consequently, the study revealed that using tasks with different levels of complexity can play a great role to improve the learners’ grammar in terms of transitional devices.

Energy consumption in the Iran’s food industry is mainly through fossil fuels (natural gas, electricity). In the food industry, the most use of natural gas is related to boilers and the most use of electricity is related to the refrigeration system. Due to of this issue to save energy in this particular field, many studies have been done. One of the cases that can be used is the use of renewable energy. The purpose of this study is to review the use of this type of energy to provide all or part of the heating and cooling system and the rules relations governing the user of this kind of energy, which can be good supplements for optimal energy consumption in boilers and thermodynamic cycles. Also, to make useful usage of heat and energy wasted, the CCHP can be used and heat pumps with a renewable source to produce heat with high temperature from natural source. The results showed that if the combine of cooling, heating and power system along with solar energy can be used to operate the heat pump, despite the high initial cost, it can have a significant improvement in energy consumption and cost.

Following the famous thinkers, Ayatollah Misbah considers the ethics to include moral education, but in his moral philosophy, he distinguishes between moral education and ethics. In his philosophy of ethics, he considers faith in God and belief in the resurrection to be the moral criterion, while he holds that the generosity of non-Muslims such as Hātam al-Ṭāʾī is valuable and will lead to a reduction in punishment. Considering that moral standard refers to the conditions necessary to reach the ultimate goal of morality, the generosity of Hātam al-Ṭāʾī as a non-believer should not have moral qualification and value; so what is the reason for reducing his punishment and what value can be considered for his generosity? With a new interpretation of Ayatollah Misbah's point of view in answering these questions, this research uses the distinction between ethics and moral education that are different at least in their aim, method, nature and criterion. Based on this distinction, the actions of infidels fails to qualify moral standards and lack moral value, while some of their actions may satisfy the standards and enjoy values of moral education. Ayatollah Misbah's view on moral education needs to be completed, and this article considers the criterion and standard of moral education as being the means for attaining nearness to God, and explains the goal of moral education in a way that the generosity of those like Hātam al-Ṭāʾī can enjoy the standard and value of moral education due to the goodness of the action.

Compared to conventional cryptography methods, physical layer secret key generation (SKG) is more efficientand suitable for sixth generation (6G) networks due to features such as lightweight and scalability. In the field of SKG, schemes based on local random generators are used for high rate key generation. One of these schemes is random phase injection, where channel probe signals with random phase are exchanged between communication parties (Alice and Bob). In this research work, an SKG scheme is presented in the presence of an untrusted relay, where the relay cannot extract the secret key. In order to make the scheme operational, for the first time, the channel probe signals are considered discrete random phase based on M-PSK signals and multi-bit quantizer is used in thereception. In addition, in order to reduce the key error rate, quantization with guard bands (GB) is used for key extraction.For such a scenario, we derive expressions for key agreement rate, key mismatch rate (KMR), and key discarding rate (KDR) per channel probe. The results show that although increasing the GB decreases the KMR metric, the key sequence length also shortens. In the simulation section, we provide useful engineering insights into determining the GB-limited probing signal power as well as the required coding correction capability.

The present research aims to draw and analyze the scientific collaboration network in the field of cultural heritage protection based on the data retrieved from the AATA database from 1800 to 2020.

This is a descriptive and applied research which was conducted with a scientometric approach. The research community includes all articles indexed in the AATA database from 1800 to 2020. Articles were reviewed in terms of micro and macro network parameters. Vosviewer, Microsoft Excel, Ucinet and Ravar PreMap were used to analyze the research data.

The mean growth rate of articles is 14.12% and the doubling time of studies is 4.96 years. The mean growth rate of authors is 16.97% and the doubling time of researchers is 4.12 years. Based on macro network parameters, network density is 0.001, network cohesion is 0.186 and network diameter is 24. Single-author researches are decreasing and the collaboration of authors in researches is increasing. Collaboration index, collaboration degree and collaboration coefficient have increased and reached 3.93, 0.79 and 0.57, respectively, in 2020.

Examining the macro parameters of the co-authorship network in this field shows the low cohesion of the authorship network and according to the values ​​of network diameter and the average distance, the distribution of information in this network is unfavorable, and chemistry researchers with high betweenness centrality have more influence than other researchers in the field of cultural heritage protection.

Salinity stress poses a significant challenge worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, impacting the physiological processes and secondary metabolites of medicinal plants like Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. Distributed in humid rangelands, this species is notably affected by environmental salinity rise and excessive exploitation. Therefore, enhancing or preserving the quality and quantity of its metabolites under natural or cultivated conditions, including irrigation with unconventional saline waters, using modern methods, becomes imperative. Recently, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a biomolecule known to induce plant tolerance in various physiological processes, has been explored to optimize conditions and enhance plant performance under stress. This study aimed to model and evaluate the effects of GABA concentrations on the secondary metabolites and physiological characteristics of Mentha suaveolens under varying salinity levels.

The influence of GABA concentrations ranging from 0 to 2.4 mM on secondary metabolites and physiological traits of apple mint species under salinity levels of 0 to 150 mM NaCl was assessed in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agriculture, Maragheh University, during the year 1401. At the end of the trial period, parameters such as biomass performance, relative water content of aerial organs, and secondary metabolites including flavonoids, phenols, DPPH radical scavenging activity, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), carotenoids, chlorophyll, and essential oil content were evaluated. Statistical analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were performed on the collected data.

Salinity stress led to reductions in root and shoot dry weight, piperitone oxide content, relative water content, chlorophyll content, and PSII maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm). Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA), total flavonoids, and DPPH radical scavenging activity increased under salinity. Application of GABA mitigated the negative effects of salinity stress, with the most significant changes observed under higher salinity (150 mM) and GABA (2.4 mM) levels. PCA analysis accounted for 90.58% of changes under different treatments. DPPH activity, piperitone oxide, and essential oil content showed the highest gradients, indicating their sensitivity to salinity levels and GABA application. Notably, NaCl(0)-GABA(0) and NaCl(0)-GABA(2.4) treatments exhibited the most significant combined effects on plant physiological characteristics. Salinity stress had varying effects on phenol and biomass content, while GABA application showed minimal to moderate effects on these parameters. Overall, severe salinity stress (>120 mM NaCl) adversely impacted plant performance and evaluated characteristics.

Salinity stress significantly altered functional characteristics of Mentha suaveolens, inducing metabolic changes to cope with or enhance tolerance to salinity stress. Modeling indicates that optimal GABA application could maintain or improve medicinal performance under moderate salt stress conditions. However, extreme salinity stress (120 to 150 mM) adversely affects plant performance, suggesting limited efficacy of GABA application in such conditions.

Thymus daenensis, a thymol-rich thyme, is one of four endemic species of this genus in Iran, known for its pharmaceutical properties such as expectorant influence, antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects, primarily attributed to its metabolically active substances. This study aims to characterize and quantify the predominant active substances in different phenological stages of two Thymus daenensis chemotypes through LC-MS/MS and GC.

Six genotypes from two phytochemically extreme Thymus daenensis Celak ecotypes (Zagheh and Malayer) were vegetatively propagated through stem cuttings (using 1000 ppm IBA hormone) in a greenhouse. Each clone consisted of at least eight individual plants. After well-rooted cuttings were transferred to eight-liter pots for further growth until cultivation in the farm. In the field, plants were adequately watered through drip irrigation and fertilized with 20:20:20 (N:K:P) fertilizer. Essential oil (EO) content, phenols, flavonoids, percentage of EO components, and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts were assessed in these clones at different phenological stages (vegetative, flower budding, early flowering, and full flowering) and in two organs (leaves and flowers). The data were analyzed using a two-factor full factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD).

Malayer ecotype exhibited higher fresh weight, dry weight, vertical growth form, and significantly (65%) higher EO content than Zagheh ecotype. GC-MS analysis identified 24 constituents accounting for over 95% of essential oils, with thymol, carvacrol, carvacrol methyl ether, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene as the major components. Thymol content was 33% higher in Malayer ecotype (thymol chemotype) than Zagheh ecotype (thymol/carvacrol chemotype), while carvacrol content in Zagheh ecotype (~15%) was 13 times higher than Malayer ecotype. The highest amounts of thymol-carvacrol and p-cymene-γ-terpinene were observed in early flowering and vegetative stages, respectively. EO content and antioxidant properties peaked at the full flowering stage, with higher values in flower tissues than leaves. Regression analysis revealed negative and second-order relationships between p-cymene and thymol content, and between γ-terpinene and thymol content, as well as a significant linear relationship between p-cymene and γ-terpinene content. LC-MS/MS analysis identified 14 polyphenols and flavonoids, with rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid quantified through HPLC-PDA. Rosmarinic acid content was higher in Malayer samples, while Zagheh showed higher caffeic acid content, both peaking at early and full flowering stages.

Harvesting Thymus daenensis at the early flowering stage (~20% of flowers opened) is recommended for the highest biomass, EO, and thymol/carvacrol content. However, for higher antioxidant properties and phenols, harvesting at the full flowering stage (~90% of flowers opened) is advisable. Generally, the Malayer ecotype exhibited relative superiority in performance and essential oil production.

Ethnic policy, in countries with multiple ethnicities, has always been a concern of society and government. The nature of these policies and their appropriate model, and in particular the components of this policy, are very important. There are various models for this policy, from "assimilation" which is a model for eliminating ethnic differences to "equal" and "unequal" pluralist models. Meanwhile, for the Iranian society, in which various ethnic groups have lived for centuries and formed a nation called Iran, ethnic policy can be based on the model of "unity in plurality" that is more compatible with the nature of the nation and its government and closer to society and government. Is. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, upstream documents have more or less addressed the issue of ethnicities and its leaders have always paid attention to the rights of ethnic groups and their participation in affairs, and considering these two, the present article seeks to answer the question that components of ethnic policy model in What is the Islamic Republic? In addition, by analyzing the statements of the leadership and upstream documents, seeks to extract these components and considers them as these five cases: 1. Religiosity; 2. National unity; 3. Coexistence of relatives; 4. Existence of diversity as an opportunity; And 5. The rule of law, the main purpose of which is to create a conceptual system for achieving a policy based on the "participation" of ethnic groups in all aspects of the country.

Previous research indicates that task-based collaborative output activities (TBCOA) and scaffolding techniques (ST) lead to improvements in English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ writing skill. However, there seems to be a lack of research on the comparative effects of these activities and techniques on EFL learners' writing accuracy and fluency. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the comparative impacts of two types of TBCOA (debating and dictogloss) versus two types of ST (teacher and peer scaffolding) on Iranian intermediate EFL learners' writing accuracy and fluency (A&F). This research followed a quasi-experimental design. A sample of 80 intermediate-level EFL learners, selected through convenience sampling from a Language School in Malayer, constituted the participants of the study. The learners were divided into four groups (each with 20 members). The homogeneity of the participants in terms of writing A&F was checked through a pretest at the outset of the study. Paired-sample t-tests were run to examine the possible significant changes in scores from the pretest to the posttest in each group. Furthermore, the effects of debating vs. dictogloss, teacher scaffolding vs. peer scaffolding, and overall TBCOA vs. overall ST were compared through ANCOVA, with the pretest scores being treated as the covariate. It was found that debating significantly led to more improvement than dictogloss in the learners' writing A&F. Moreover, teacher scaffolding was more effective than peer scaffolding. Regarding overall TBCOA and ST, the latter was significantly more effective. This research provides implications for EFL writing instruction.

Due to the importance of breastfeeding and the necessity of identifying the factors affecting the creation and promotion of this behavior, this study aims to determine the relationship between sleeping place, duration of weaning time, and breastfeeding in Children aged 2-3 years.

This study was descriptive and analytical-correlational research in 2021. The participants were 214 children aged 2-3 years old from the health centers of Ramsar city, Iran. The sampling method of the present study was convenient. The tool of the study was a researcher-made questionnaire on infant sleeping places and breastfeeding. The data were entered into SPSS 16 and analyzed using the univariate chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and analysis of variance(P = 0.05).

Exclusive feeding 69.2% (148 people) of children who were exclusively breastfed and in the usual place of sleep, 36.4% (78 people) of children slept in a shared bed with adults, and 57.5% (123 people) shared a room. However, in a separate bed, 1.6% (13 people) slept in a separate room. The average age of weaning in children sleeping in a shared room in the mother’s bed and next to the mother is 1.27 times and 1.30 times that of children sleeping in a separate room, respectively. The relationship between Infant’s sleeping place and the duration of exclusive breastfeeding (P = 0.005), age of weaning onset (P = 0.007), length of weaning (P = 0.018), and definite age of weaning (P = 0.014) was significant. 56.5% of infants (n = 121) were female, and 56.1% (n = 120) had the first birth rank. Breast milk exclusively fed 69.2% (n = 148) of infants.

The results showed that the place of sleep has a significant relationship with the exclusive feeding of milk and the age at which the child is weaned. The results of this study can be useful in planning interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding and increase the duration of feeding infants with breast milk.

The existing order of the world economy is maintained through various international institutions. For instance, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, as well as the dominance of the dollar and SWIFT in the monetary system and international payments, play a crucial role in the existing world order. However, their performance has come under increasing criticism in recent years. On the other hand, there have been efforts to reform the international monetary and financial order through various coalitions, among which the BRICS and its associated monetary and financial institutions can be seen as a competing and modulating approach to the existing monetary system.  This article, through utilizing the library and field methods such as conducting interviews and questionnaires attempts investigate the political and economic strengths of the BRICS, as well as the challenges facing this bloc in forming an economic alternative and effective international monetary and financial order in the future. The result of the research show that the BRICS has the ability to form an alternative economic bloc at the global level. But along this path lay various challenges which have to be resolved through the development of its alternative institutions and the creation of the conditions for the formation of a monetary union and the international payment system in the future. These efforts can in turn have an impact on the decision-making process of the international system, and lead to the reformation of the financial institutions and the international monetary system.

This study sought to determine the impact of self-regulation and emotional labor on reflective action among Iranian EFL teachers in online EFL classes using structural equation modeling. To achieve this, a combination of cluster sampling and stratified random sampling of 500 people was recruited. The participants were administered with the English version of Dutch questionnaire of emotional labor, Teacher Self-Regulation Scale and Teaching Reflection Inventory. After collecting data using three distinct questionnaires pertaining to latent variables, SEM analysis was conducted using IMB SPSS version 28.0 and Amos version 24.0 to analyze the path model relationships. To this end, a hypnotical model was proposed, evaluated, and specified to fit the data. The confirmatory factor analysis was employed to assess the hypothetical model by employing goodness of fit indices and analyzing all the convergences between the latent variables and the related sub-scales. According to the criteria for a good model's fitness, all of the model's values are above 0.90, indicating that the model has good fitness. And it was concluded that there was statistically significant relationships between the variables of the study.

Written inscriptions are considered as an important part of the cultural heritage of the world. The importance of paying attention to the issue in this research, among other valuable historical and cultural works, is highlighted by the fact that by looking at the theoretical foundations of restoration, no attention is paid to the criteria for restoration of inscriptions considering the prominence of the category of handwriting and calligraphy with the inscriptions and it has caused various approaches to be seen in the restoration of this category of monuments. Given the impressive volume of restoration operations in the country, considering the criteria for restoration of defective inscriptions can help prevent incorrect and arbitrary restorations of these monuments. For this purpose, in order to achieve criteria in the restoration of building written inscriptions of the Islamic period, an effort was made to conduct field studies in addition to library studies, and identify the most important factors involved in the incorrect and arbitrary restoration of written inscriptions. Also, the principles that are implemented during the restoration operation were extracted and categorized so that from this point of view, the restoration approaches can be improved in order to restore the inscriptions as best as possible, while recognition of the variables and factors affecting the written inscriptions. Also, with regard to the theoretical foundations of restoration, paying attention to the visual arts foundations and the rules governing the art of epigraphy were studied and investigated, and after evaluating the data, 12 criteria were extracted and considered for the restoration of inscriptions in the studied cases. The research method of this article is qualitative; the methods of finding in this research include field studies, reference to various sources and library studies and are applied in terms of purpose.

Speaking is challenging for EFL learners as it calls for grammatical competence and discourse knowledge, including Discourse Markers (DM), which help them speak naturally. This study sought to investigate the effect of extensive listening tasks on the use of DMs in speaking by Iranian intermediate EFL learners. Sixty intermediate EFL learners were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The participants' oral production was checked in the two groups before the treatment, and the frequency and types of DMs were detected. For the treatment, the participants in the experimental group were required to listen to different short stories as part of out-of-class activities for three months. However, the control group did not receive extensive listening tasks. A posttest was administered only one day after the last treatment session to realize the impact of the treatment on the participants' use of DMs. After four weeks, a delayed posttest was administered to examine the participants' long-term DM use. The data collected from the posttest and delayed posttest were then analyzed using independent paired samples t-tests. The findings indicated that extensive listening tasks did not impact the use of DMs in speaking by Iranian EFL learners at the intermediate level. The results of the delayed posttest did not yield any significant difference either.

Photobiomodulation treatment (PBMT) is a relatively invasive method for treating wounds. An appropriate type of PBMT can produce desired and directed cellular and molecular processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of PBMT on stereological factors, bacterial count, and the expression of microRNA-21 and FGF2 in an infected, ischemic, and delayed wound healing model in rats with type one diabetes mellitus.

A delayed, ischemic, and infected wound was produced on the back skin of all 24 DM1 rats. Then, they were put into 4 groups at random (n = 6 per group): 1 = Control group day4 (CG day4); 2 = Control group day 8 (CGday8); 3 = PBMT group day4 (PGday 4), in which the rats were exposed to PBMT and killed on day 4; 4 = PBMT group day8 (PGday8), in which the rats received PBMT and they were killed on day 8. The size of the wound, the number of microbial colonies, stereological parameters, and the expression of microRNA-21 and FGF2 were all assessed in this study throughout the inflammation (day 4) and proliferation (day 8) stages of wound healing.

On days 4 and 8, we discovered that the PGday4 and PGday8 groups significantly improved stereological parameters in comparison with the same CG groups. In terms of ulcer area size and microbiological counts, the PGday4 and PGday8 groups performed much better than the same CG groups. Simultaneously, the biomechanical findings in the PGday4 and PGday8 groups were much more extensive than those in the same CG groups. On days 4 and 8, the expression of FGF2 and microRNA-21 was more in all PG groups than in the CG groups (P < 0.01).

PBMT significantly speeds up the repair of ischemic and MARS-infected wounds in DM1 rats by lowering microbial counts and modifying stereological parameters, microRNA-21, and FGF2 expression.

In order to maintain the operation of many historical-religious monuments like tombs (Buqāʿ), Tikyas, and Imāmzādas among their target audiences in cities and villages, it is important to observe their narrational-religious frescos and restore them. The study was conducted with the aim of examining the factors contributing to the restorer’s role in the figurative reconstruction of these monuments. The study confronts the following question: What are the determining factors of the restorer’s role in restoring these murals by considering the audience’s perception? In order to solve this problem, the study has applied the quantitative method and has used a questionnaire and library studies for data collection. Samples were chosen from among the target audiences of the murals who build cultural-social connections with these works. Statistical Inferential tests (One-Sample T-test and Chi-Square) were administered to analyze the results. The findings suggest that various factors may aid the restorer in establishing an objective for restoration. The factors may also influence the restorer’s methods of restoration. These include: the monuments’ cultural and social value, the expectations of target audience, their mental backgrounds, the monuments’ identity and operation, painting narratives, the value function of the works, and ethical principles regarding restoration.

The purpose of the present study is to explain the role of thinking rooms in Obama’s decision-making about the Islamic Republic of Iran’s nuclear plan. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results indicated that since thinking rooms as non-official organizations in the USA affect decision-making in that country, we can explain changes in Obama’s policies about Iran’s nuclear plan with respect to the decision-making theory, especially the organizational model. During the presidency of Obama, his foreign policy in terms of Iran’s nuclear plan consisted of 2 stages: the first stage of consensus-building for Iran’s maximum sanctions; and the second stage of negotiation and peace with Iran. Changing the government in Iran caused them to be able to dissuade Iran from Uranium enrichment and some other nuclear achievements.

Task complexity has recently attracted great attention in second language (L2) studies. However, its potential impacts on learning transitional devices have not been considered. The current study was an attempt to analyze the impacts of manipulating task complexity conditions on EFL learners’ grammatical enhancement in terms of learning transitional devices through doing writing tasks. For this purpose, 75 intermediate EFL learners learning English in three English language institutes in Iran were randomly selected. They were assigned to four experimental groups and one control group (each with 15 participants). Each of the experimental groups was presented with a pretest, writing tasks, an immediate posttest and a delayed posttest. The participants took part in 9 sessions and in each session some transitional devices were introduced to the experimental groups with which they were supposed to write a paragraph based on a special topic using all those transitional devices. The different experimental groups received writing tasks with different complexity levels which were determined through the manipulation of factors including ± few elements and ± planning time. The participants in the control group just participated in a regular English class for 9 sessions without doing such tasks. The performances of all groups were analyzed, and the findings revealed statistically significant differences among the five groups in both the immediate posttest and the delayed posttest, after controlling for the effect of the pretest. The findings of the current study have practical implications for curriculum development and EFL writing instruction.

Razi Estrabadi is one of the scholars who has shined in the sky of simplicity and good syntax by authoring her two famous works - Sharh Kafiyyah and Sharh Shafiyyah.Undoubtedly, Nahj al-Balagha and the words of Imam Ali (AS) are after the Qur'an, which is the speech of the creator of languages, and after the hadith of the Prophet (PBUH), who is the messenger of the creator of speech and the most eloquent Arab. It is the best collection in which all the characteristics and attributes of a witness have been manifested due to the principles of narration. Razi Estrabadi, unlike most of Nahyoun, cites this valuable book in some cases to prove his claim.Estrabadi's unique opinions that has made him stand out is the "syntactic agent theory". In other words; The only scientist who investigated this theory specifically and completely distinctly was Razi Estrabadi.view of researcher Astarabadi, the elements of agent theory, in addition to the temporary and apparent aspects of syntax, include its structural, compositional and structural aspects - correlation, cause, cause, condition, pillar and reason - which relies on the semantic dimension of rules. He believes that the reason for the emergence of Arabic in one word are: creator (or the theological), agent (or the object) and place (or the noun).Razi Estrabadi believes that the syntactic factor, in addition to the temporary and apparent aspect of the syntax, also includes the structural, compositional and structural aspect of the syntax - which includes the meaning -. He mentions the best arguments, which are unique in their kind, while prescribing the rules by referring to the words of Hazrat Amir, relying on the semantic aspect of the mentioned evidences

The indefinite verb is a linguistic process that is studied in the Arabic language from the sound and phonetic, derivational, semantic, and syntactic perspectives, as well as various other angles that are not considered in this research. The structure of the known and unknown verb from different dimensions has been noticed and investigated for a long time, and in linguistic studies and linguistic sciences, the unsaid angles of this syntactic element were revealed more and more. The present research seeks to 1. reveal the importance of having the same root of verbs in the production of sounds and sounds of indefinite verbs, 2. explain the category of removing the subject and the dominance of the object and its relationship with the imperative or transitive nature of the indefinite verb, and 3. discuss about the two-object indefinite verbs and create a new grammatical role. Since the conceptual importance of the subject of verbs, including indefinite verbs, for us nonArabic speakers, is more apparent through the recitation of the Holy Quran, the present research aims to provide analytical examples of the verses of the Holy Quran. This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical way

Legal positivism has a particular view on moral and legal requirements and their relationship which has attracted the attention of many researchers over the past two centuries; Separating the semantic, ontological, epistemological dimensions, logical issues of moral and legal requirements and their relationship from the view of legal positivism, helps the audience to evaluate this view more accurately; This article, with the mentioned separation, examines the views of legal positivists in detail. Among legal positivists, some with a hard approach, under the title of rejective positivists, believe in the impossibility of committing to the moralization of legal requirements; others just believe in non-obligation to moralization of law. It seems that Legal positivists by rejecting the objective reality of moral and legal necessity in ontology and the belief in relativity in epistemology, have denied the logical relationship between "is" and "ought" problem and believed in separation of moral and legal requirements. According to the goal of closeness to absolute perfection, which is considered as targets of creation in Islam and is able to be clarified rationally, the view of legal positivism is not acceptable.

This research aims to investigate the deficiencies in television productions about the lives of religious figures. This research looks for the reasons for the failure of these television productions. The research investigates the most important challenges of the pre-production stage of these works by using the in-depth interview method with ten experts and documentary makers in this field. These five steps are topic finding, research, script, audience determination, and selection of the production team.The findings show that the research in these documentaries was done carelessly and the dramatic aspects of the subject's life were not carefully examined. This is why we do not see any innovation and diversity in the form of these documentaries. As a result, to create suitable structures to represent the life and career of religious scholars on television, it is necessary to carry out the five steps mentioned carefully.As a result, to create suitable structures to represent the life and career of religious scholars on television, it is necessary to carry out the five steps mentioned carefully.

Iran's Islamic Revolution created a new identity in the Middle East by relying on religious values and norms and highlighting political Islam. This identity has affected the country's national security in many ways. This means that national security in c. A. Iran has political, economic, cultural and identity dimensions that have been formed not only in the internal borders, but also in the external borders and the creation of a revolutionary and resistance-based identity. This is because many governmental and non-governmental political groups have been formed in the Middle East region, which have been influenced by the teachings and slogans of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, and from the perspective of constructivism, a common identity based on resistance has emerged. The aim of the current research is to investigate the role of resistance axis in identity-giving to the dimensions of national security c. A. It is Iran. This question is raised, in what ways does the axis of resistance affect J.A.'s national security? Has Iran made an impact? In response, it can be said that the axis of resistance in the economic dimension will strengthen Iran's economic influence among the countries of the Middle East region, in the security dimension it will expand and deepen Iran's military power, and in the political dimension it will continue the message of the Islamic Revolution in order to confront the arrogant regimes. will be The policy of resistance against Takfiri terrorism is interpreted by the interventionist policies of the United States of America and the Zionist regime, and it has also changed the regional power in Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Lebanon and even Bahrain in favor of Shiite groups. The axis of resistance as a continuation of the discourse of the Islamic Revolution has a significant role in the regional power of J.A. Iran and the increase of its deterrence power to realize the principles and goals of the revolution, including confronting global arrogance. In this article, the descriptive and analytical method and the theoretical framework of constructivism have been used.

Prompted by increased concerns regarding the shortcomings of traditional assessment, the current study used the unorthodox qualitative method of phenomenography to disclose significant constraints to the implementation of dynamic assessment (DA), which has robust theoretical, practical, and empirical foundations. To this aim, 19 university teachers were selected purposively from different language disciplines. A semi-structured interview was designed and participants' perceptions regarding the constraints were investigated. The interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, and analyzed based on principles of relevance, frequency, position, and pregnancy and then coded systematically under relevant categories. To make findings more concrete, the most relevant excerpts from the participants accompanied each category. Member checking strategy and respondents’ validation were employed to secure the results' credibility and validity. Findings revealed that constraints to implementations of DA fall into three central categories technical constraints (scoring issues, validity issues, discriminating power of the test, fairness issues, consequential credibility, and concept load), practical constraints (demanding implementation, attitudinal issues, feasibility (practicality) issues, oral nature of feedback, and examiners’ literacy), and contextual constraints (conservative nature of Iranian context, and resource constraints). The phenomenographic procedure used and findings have implications for language practitioners. This study had some limitations in sampling and enactment.