javad sadeghinezhad

Peripheral nerve injuries often require surgical intervention to repair nerves. Autologous nerve grafting is a standard method for the repair of peripheral nerves. However, autologous nerve grafts have limitations such as restricted availability. Thus, the development of alternative strategies to address nerve defects is essential.

This study aims to develop and prepare decellularized nerve scaffolds from ovine peripheral nerves and evaluate their histological features and mechanical properties for use in peripheral nerve repair.

Brachial plexus nerves were isolated from male sheep cadavers under aseptic conditions and decellularized using detergent agents according to a decellularization protocol. The decellularization process was assessed using hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E), Masson's trichrome staining method, and electron microscopy. The resistance and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix structure were examined by tensile testing. The DNA content of decellularized nerves and intact nerves was also measured using a kit and NanoDrop.

The evaluations showed that cells were completely removed from the nerve scaffolds, and the extracellular matrix was well preserved in the nerve scaffold. Tensile testing revealed that decellularized nerve scaffolds relatively maintained their mechanical properties compared to control nerves. Examining the DNA content of scaffolds and intact nerves also showed that the DNA content of nerves was significantly reduced after the decellularization process.

The prepared decellularized peripheral nerve grafts can preserve extracellular matrix components. The decellularized nerve scaffolds have the potential to be alternatives to artificial nerve conduits and autografts for peripheral nerve repair.

Introduction</strong>: The rabbit is an important laboratory species for various experimental studies in the gastrointestinal tract. A detailed knowledge of the histological and chemical structure of the rabbit small intestine is important for identifying pathogens and applying appropriate treatment methods. This study aims to investigate the mucin secreted by goblet cells and Brunner glands in different parts of the rabbit small intestine.
Methods</strong>: Five adult male New Zealand rabbits were used for this study. Different parts of the small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, were collected according to a systematic, uniform random procedure. Samples were processed, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 5-µm sections. Sections were stained for histochemical examination with periodic acid-schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue (AB) (pH 1.0 and 2.5) and PAS-AB (pH 2.5) and aldehyde-fuchsin (AF-AB) (pH 2.5) staining techniques.
Results</strong>: The results showed that the goblet cells of the small intestine responded positively to PAS staining, whereas no positive response was observed in the secretory units of Brunner’s glands. The secretory units of goblet cells and Brunner’s glands responded positively to AB at pH 1 and 2.5, representing sulfated and carboxylic acid mucin, respectively. PAS-AB Staining with (pH 2.5) showed that in the goblet cells of the small intestine, the content of neutral mucin was higher than acidic mucin, while the secretory units of Brunner’s glands contained only acidic mucin. In the AF-AB (pH 2.5) staining of the goblet cells, the content of sulfated mucin was higher than that of carboxylate mucin. In Brunner’s glands, the amount of carboxylate mucin was higher than that of sulfate mucin.
Conclusion</strong>: In this study, the histochemical mucin characteristics of rabbit small intestine are described in detail. The results of the present study reveal similarities and differences with other mammals.

The pollution of environment with heavy metals following the increase in the industrial production has created problems in the lives of living organisms. Lead can penetrate the soft organs of body, and by depositing in them can cause disorders their function. Lead can cross the blood-placental barrier and transfer to the fetus. It is also possible to pass lead through milk to the newborn.

The stereology approach was used in rats as animal models to examine the impact of low dosage lead contamination in the mother on the average volume of follicular oocytes and the average volume of mature follicles.

Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups, which included a control group and four experimental groups of pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, lactation and pre-pregnancy-pregnancy-lactation. The control group had access to drinking water with 0.5 ml of glacial acetic acid. Experimental groups administered lead acetate at a rate of 0.2 percentage + 0.5 ml of glacial acetic acid through drinking water in different periods (pre-pregnancy group 30 days before mating, pregnancy group 21 days of pregnancy, lactation group. They received 21 days of lactation and the pre-pregnancy-pregnancy-lactation group 30 days before mating until the end of lactation). On the 65th day after birth, all infants were killed in the laboratory and left ovary specimens were collected for stereological studies.

The results showed that the average volume of oocytes in the primordial, monolayer primary, multilayer primary, and antral follicles increased in the lactation group compared to the control group and other experimental groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, the mean volume of primordial and monolayer primary follicles in lactation group increased compared to the control and experimental groups (P<0.05).

This study's results showed that maternal exposure to low doses of lead during lactation increases the average volume of oocytes and increases the average volume of growing follicles.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sperm parameters in male Wistar rats exposed to lead acetate during prenatal and lactation periods. In this experimental study, 35 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups. Rats in the control and sham groups had access to drinking water and a combination of water and glacial acetic acid, respectively. Experimental groups (subgroups of sham) including pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, lactation, pregnancy-lactation and pre-pregnancy-pregnancy-lactation groups had access to 0.2% lead acetate and 0.05% acetic acid in water during the mentioned periods. On day 63 after birth, male offspring were euthanized and sperm samples were taken from the tail of the epididymis and the parameters such as number, survival, chromatin quality, maturity, abnormal shapes and motility were evaluated.  Statistically, lead acetate had significant effects on the studied parameters, so that the number, motility (progressive, P; nonprogressive, NP and immobile, IM), viability, sperm maturity, and the occurrence of abnormal sperm forms in the experimental groups showed a significant decrease (P<0.05). However, chromatin quality and non-progressive sperm motility did not show significant changes (P>0.05). According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that exposure to lead acetate in the prenatal and lactation periods has significant negative effects on sperm parameters.

Oxaliplatin (OX) is the third-generation platinum anticancer drug used to treat various types of cancers. Although oxaliplatin has a renal metabolism, the evaluation of its nephrotoxicity is limited.

This study describes the morphometry of mouse kidneys using stereology following OX treatment.

Twenty Balb/C healthy male adult mice were divided into two groups. The mice from group 1 re-ceived 3 mg/kg oxaliplatin three times a week for 21 days, and in group 2 the mice were injected with saline. The left kidneys were used to measure the kidney volume, the volume fraction of cortex and medulla, glomerular vol-ume, glomerular mean volume, glomerular number, epithelial volume, and length of the proximal (PCT) and distal (DCT) convoluted tubules.

No significant differences in total kidney volume, the volume of cortex, and medulla were observed between control and experimental animals (P≥0.05). No differences were observed in either epithelial volume of PCT and DCT or total length of PCT and DCT between the control and experimental group (P≥0.05). The glomer-ular volume fraction, total glomerular volume, mean glomerular volume, and glomerular number did not differ between control and the treated animals (P≥0.05).

The results did not demonstrate any deleterious effect of OX in the mentioned dose on kidney structure in mice. These findings may help infer contradictory outcomes of different studies in this field and promote future investigations.

Spinal cord injuries are one of the main causes of disability with devastating neurological consequences and secondary conflicts in other organs. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have been recognized as novel, promising methods in the treatment of tissue injuries, especially in neurological damage in recent decades. Hydrogels have the advantage of compatibility with damaged tissue, and injectable hydrogels can be applied in minimally invasive surgeries. This study aimed to evaluate an injectable hydrogel-based scaffold consisting of thiolated chitosan and alginate for neural tissue regeneration.

In the present study, an injectable hydrogel-based containing thiolated chitosan and alginate was prepared. Microbiology and pH tests were performed. Microstructural properties and porosity of scaffold were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The swelling /shrinkage ratio and rates of biodegradation were also conducted. Finally, the viability of L929 cells on the scaffold was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.

Thiolated chitosan/ alginate hydrogel had low pH with no contamination. SEM showed hydrogel had a porous microstructure with a mean pore diameter of 21.89 ± 0.32 μm which is suitable for cell culture. Furthermore, according to MTT test results, this hydrogel was biocompatible.

Thiolated chitosan/ alginate hydrogel is convenient for application in neural tissue engineering based on its structural properties and its ability to support cell proliferation. According to the in vitro analysis, it can also be used as a scaffold to create a suitable environment for increasing cell viability.

With the expansion of industrial processes, heavy metal pollution for example lead has become a serious problem. they have the ability to pass through organs and causes them to malfunction. One of the target organs of lead is ovarian tissue. Lead is also able to cross the blood-placental barrier and transferred to the fetus. It is also possible to pass lead through milk to the newborn. This study was performed to investigate the effect of low dose mother's lead Consumption on the development of the ovaries using stereology technique in rats as animal models. In the present study, Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. The groups included the Control group and 4 experimental groups of Pre-pregnancy, Pregnancy, Lactation and Pre-pregnancy-pregnancy-lactation. The experimental groups received 0.2% lead acetate, with 0.5cc glacial acetic acid– through drinking water. Acetate consumption was in such a way that in the pre-pregnancy group 30 days before mating, in the pregnancy group during 21 days of pregnancy, in the lactation group during 21 days of lactation, and in the pre-pregnancy-lactation group from 30 days before mating to the end of lactation they received lead acetate through drinking water. On the 65th day after the birth, all infants were killed in the laboratory and left ovarian specimens were collected for stereological studies. Examination of the results showed that the total volume of ovary, cortex, medulla, interstitial tissue and total volume of adult reproductive follicles were not significantly different between the experimental groups of pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, lactation and pre-pregnancy, pregnancy-lactation and the control group. Examination of the corpus luteum volume results showed that the pre-pregnancy group had a significant decrease compared to the pregnancy group. The present study showed that exposure of mothers to low-dose lead acetate reduces the volume of corpus luteum, especially during pre-pregnancy.

Balance in the amount of minerals in the aquatic animal’s diet is very important. Phosphorus is one of the most important minerals in fish and aquatic animal’s nutrition. Phosphorus is important not only for the proper growth and fish health, but also for excessive phosphorus excretion that may cause water pollution and algal bloom.

In this study the effects of adding monoammonium phosphate in the diet of fish (Cyprinus carpio Koi) and its comparison with monocalcium phosphate were investigated.

650 koi fish weighing 17 g were distributed in 15 tanks (5 treatments - each in three replicates) and mono-ammonium phosphate-fed diets at three levels (0.75, 1.5 and 3% of the diet), monocalcium phosphate in one level (3% of the diet) and a control group (no phosphorus supplementation) were fed for 8 weeks.

Growth indices and feed conversion ratio in fish fed 3% monoammonium phosphate showed the best results. The control group showed the lowest weight gain and the highest feed conversion ratio. Blood phosphorus was also significantly correlated with increasing monoammonium phosphate. The highest level of calcium in the blood was observed in the group fed monocalcium phosphate (3%).

Considering the improvement of growth and nutrition indices, adding 1.5 to 3% monoammonium phosphate in the diet of koi fish was suggested.

Regarding the economic values of meat, adulteration in meat products is probable.

This study was carried out to evaluate the histological method for the quantitative detection of meat in Kabab Loghme and cooked sausage model.

Five Kabab samples (containing 70 % meat) and cooked sausage (30, 50, 70 and 90% meat), were prepared. Then, each sample was divided into three parts and one piece was taken from each part and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. The samples were routinely processed for light microscopy and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin-embedded blocks were cut into 6 μm sections and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) for histological study.

The histometrical analysis indicated that the estimated percentages for the added meat in kabab did not show significant difference with the real related percentages. On the other hand, the amount of meat was difficult to estimate especially in cooked sausage.

The findings of the present research suggest the histological technique as a complementary method for quantitative evaluations of meat in raw meat products. However, the quantitative evaluation of meat in raw meat products was more convenient than in processed ones.

Oxaliplatin is the main agent used in the treatment of colorectal cancers. Oxaliplatin inhibits DNA replication and transcription and to induce apoptosis or necrosis in cancer cells and rapidly dividing cell lines. This study was designed to determine the effect of Oxaliplatin on sperm parameters of 60 days old offspring during pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and lactation period in mice.

In this experimental study, 32 female NMRI mature mice were randomly allocated into 4 groups. Animals in control group were received 0.2 ml saline intraperitoneally (IP) during 21 days of pre-pregnany, pregnancy and lactation periods. Animals in experimental groups including pre-pregnant, pregnant and lactation groups were received 3 mg/kg oxaliplatin trice a week IP during 21 days before mating, during pregnancy and lactation periods, respectively. At the 60th postnatal day, all the male offspring were euthanized and sperm samples were obtained. Analysis of sperm parameters including count, motility, vitality, maturation and DNA integrity was done.

Sperm count, motility and DNA integrity were significantly reduced in all three groups of Pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and lactation in comparison with control group (P<0.05). Moreover, the percentage of immature and dead sperms were significantly increased in oxaliplatin groups (P<0.05).

Admistration of oxaliplatin induces adverse effect on sperm quality in perinatal period. The greatest effect of this drug is on lactation period. Also, by increasing the time interval for oxaliplatin administration in mice to puberty of offspring, the adverse effects of this drug on the quality of sperm parameters are reduced.

Oxaliplatin is a third-generation of platinum drug which is the main therapeutic agent for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Oxaliplatin not only inhibits DNA replication but also transcription and also induces apoptosis or necrosis in cancer cells and rapidly dividing cell lines. Although it is widely used clinically, there is no enough information regarding its effect on ovarian structure. This study was designed to determine morphometric features of 30- and 60-day-old offspring ovaries using precise and unbiased stereological technique following administration of oxaliplatin during perinatal period in mice.

In the present experimental study, 32 adult female mice were used for experimental (pre-pregnant, pregnant and lactation) and control groups. Mice were placed in separate cages for mating. Control group received 0.2 ml saline intraperitoneally (IP) during 21 days of pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and lactation periods. Experimental groups including pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and lactation groups received 3 mg/kg oxaliplatin thrice in a week IP during 21 days before mating, during pregnancy and lactation periods, respectively. At the 30th and 60th postnatal days (PND), the offspring were euthanized and the ovaries from eight offspring in each group were collected for stereological analysis.

The results showed that the mean volume oocytes of antral and preantral follicles and also the mean volume of antral follicles were decreased in experimental groups in comparison with the control group in 30 PND offspring (p<0.05). In 60 PND, offspring, the total volume of follicles, mean volume of antral follicles and also mean volume of oocyte of antral follicles in experimental groups showed significant decrease in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). Total volume of ovary, cortical volume and mean volume of preantral follicles decreased in pregnant experimental group compared to control group (p<0.05).

The present results demonstrated that oxaliplatin induces adverse effect on the morphometrical features of the ovary following administration during the perinatal period especially in pregnancy time.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the prevalent debilitating neurodegenerative disor- ders. Accordingly, researchers are working on methods to modify PD progression. Previously, the neuro- protective effects of betaine, as a methyl donor agent in homocysteine metabolism, have been demonstrated in animal models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and memory deficits.

It was aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of betaine in an animal model of PD.

In male Wistar rats under two-week course of oral betaine administration (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg per day), the behavioral, biochemical, and histological evaluations were conducted one week follow- ing unilateral nigral 6-OHDA injection.

Betaine administration with dose of 200 mg/kg, one week before and after 6-OHDA lesioning, was associated with a meaningful reduction in the plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy) in comparison with the control and sham groups (P < 0.05). Our evaluations revealed a remarkable improvement in motor asymmetry induced by apomorphine in the rats under treatment of betaine 200 mg/kg. Moreover, in this group, a significant decrease of malondyaldehyde (MDA) concentrations was detected in the brain tissues, as well as a significantly diminished neuronal cell loss (percent) in substantia nigra pars compacta (P < 0.05). The results of 50 and 100 mg/kg betaine groups were not significant.

Altogether, our findings indicate the antioxidant neuroprotective effects of betaine in this animal model of PD and it is in concordance with betaine properties in decreasing the plasma levels and possible neurotoxic effects of Hcy.

Nowadays, consumption of meat and meat products have increased throughout the world. Regarding the economic values of meat, unauthorized tissues can be used in producing meat products. This study was conducted to detect unauthorized tissues in raw and processed meat products. Samples of Kabab loghme (70% meat) and kielbasa (30% and 90 % meat), each containing 5, 10, 15, and 20% of chicken skin and bone were prepared.  Then, each sample was divided into three parts. One piece was taken from each part and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. The samples were routinely processed for light microscopy and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin-embedded blocks were cut into 6 μm sections and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for histological study. The histological examination revealed the chicken skin and bone tissues clearly in all the samples. The histometrical analysis indicated that the estimated percentages of the additive bone, especially in kabab loghme, were not significantly different from the real percentages. However, the skin tissue was difficult to estimate, especially in Kielbasa. The findings of the present research suggest the histological technique as an effective method for quantitative evaluations of raw and processed meat products. However, the quantitative evaluation of additive tissues in raw meat products was more convenience than the processed products. In addition, estimation of bone additive was more applicable in comparison with skin tissue due to its resistance to histological processing preparations.

Echocardiography is a noninvasive technique that is an important tool in diagnosis of cardiac diseases. Interoperation of the results of the echocardiography is dependent on having anatomical knowledge of the heart. The aim of this study was to prepare the anatomical slices according to the related views in echocardiography. These sections can be used as a model for teaching of echocardiography. Six dogs euthanized for purposes rather than the present study were used. The hearts were dissected and then dilated and fixed using formalin 10%. Fixed hearts were then cut to obtain representative slices corresponding to long and short axes of right parastenal standard echocardiographic views which were taken from three healthy dogs. After that, both anatomical and ultrasound images were correlated. The external and internal morphology of the heart were suitable for this study. The comparison of the anatomical slices with related echocardiograms showed a high level of correlation. In the long axis views, the four chambers, the atrioventricular valves and the cardiac septum were visible. The left ventricular outflow and aortic valve were represented in deeper views. The short axis series showed two ventricles and their internal morphology. The slices of hearts which were fixed using formalin may be used for echocardiography interoperation

Red tail catfish, Phractocephalus hemioliopterus, in one of the popular ornamental fish. The present study is aimed to describe and visualizes the cardiovascular system of this species with corrosion cast study method. For this purpose, 10 red tail catfish with 580 gr average weight were obtained and were filled their blood vessels and heart with fluid artificial resin made on the basis of methylmetacrylate after anaesthetizing and euthanizing. For complete polymerization and hardening of the methylmetacrylate, the fish were further submersed for 12-24 hrs in water bath following by 24-48 hrs submersion in a 25% solution of KOH to full maceration. Based on the results we describe the cardiovascular system i.e. the afferent and efferent vessels of gill, different parts of the heart, ventral aorta, dorsal aorta, intestinal and gastric vessels, liver, anterior and posterior parts of the kidneys, spleen, portal and hepatic vein

The esophagus is a part of the digestive tube which has role in transferring of food from oral cavity to stomach. The musculature of the esophagus causes its movement. The muscle content of the esophagus has been studied in different species and showed notable differences. The information about muscle content in wild species is scant. Therefore, two Persian leopards were used in this investigation. After euthanizing, esophagus of each animal was removed. The samples were fixed in 10 % neutral buffered formalin. The tissues were routinely processed for light microscopy and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin blocks were cut into 5-7 µm sections and stained by hematoxylin-eosin and masson’s trichrome. The results showed that muscularis mucosa which made up of a smooth muscle was appeared from the caudal half of the esophagus as scattered fibers and became gradually thicken toward the caudal part of the esophagus. Tunica muscularis with internal circular and external longitudinal muscle layers which were separated with connective tissue have been seen in the beginning of esophagus. From the beginning of the second half of the esophagus, smooth muscle fibers were observed between the internal circular striated muscles and then gradually increased to be completely substituted with smooth muscle in caudal fourth part of the esophagus. Finally, in gastroesophageal junction, the longitudinal muscle was also substituted with smooth muscle and the smooth muscle of the esophagus continued to the stomach. This study is the first description of the histomorphological features of the esophagus of the leopard showed noticeable differences in type and arrangement of muscles within esophageal wall of this species in comparison with that of other mammals.

The zygomatic salivary gland is only present in carnivores. Most studies related to the characterization of the zygomatic salivary are pivoted around the domestic species, but only few studies are available on the zygomatic salivary gland of wild species. We carried out this study with the aim of providing information on the histological and mucin histochemical features of the zygomatic salivary gland in the Persian leopard in comparison with that of the domestic cat.
This study was executed on 2 Persian leopards and 3 domestic cats. The samples were collected from all animals and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome staining were used for general histological study. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue (AB) at pH values of 1.0 and 2.5 and PAS-AB (pH 2.5) were used for the mucin histochemical examination.
Histological studies showed that the zygomatic salivary gland in the Persian leopard was generally similar to that of the domestic cat with some differences. Lobulation was incomplete in the Persian leopard. The parenchyma was composed of mucous acini, related serous demilunes, and few serous acini clusters with differences between two species. Mucin histochemical investigation showed that the secretory units contained neutral, acidic carboxylated, and acidic sulfated mucins varying in quantity and distribution.
This study is the first description of the histological and mucin histochemical features of the zygomatic salivary gland of the leopard. The finding of the present study showed large similarities between the Persian leopard and domestic cat.

The Persian Squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) is the only member of the Sciuridae family found in the Middle East. Some people maintain them as pets, thus their referrals to veterinary hospitals has been increased recently. Several morphological studies have been carried out mainly on the arch of aorta and its branches in common rodents, small mammals, and domestic animals but there are no reports on the details of the arcus aortae and its branches in the Persian squirrel despite the massive distribution of this species. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anatomy of the arcus aortae in this species to promote future investigations in this field.
Four adult Persian squirrels were used for this research. The subjects were injected with red-colored latex into their left ventricles. Then, they were dissected and the pattern of arcus aortae branches was illustrated in the Persian squirrel.
The arcus aortae branches off to the truncus brachiocephalicus and the arteria subclavia sinistra. At first the arteria carotis sinistra arises from the truncus brachiocephalicus and then continues to give off the arteria carotis dextra and arteria subclavia dextra. The subclavia dextra and sinistra branch into the same vessels, including arteria thoracica interna, arteria vertebralis, arteria cervicalis superficialis, arteria cervicalis profunda, and a common root which ramifies to the arteria scapularis dorsalis and the arteria intercostalis supreme.
The vessels originating from the arcus aortae showed significant differences, especially in the arteria subclavia branches compared to other rodents and small mammals.

The northern pike Esox lucius is a fresh water species belonging to the Esocidae family. It is a carnivorous fish which mostly feeds on invertebrates and fishes. The morphology of its intestine is very useful for understanding the fish’s digestive physiology, diagnosing some intestinal diseases and formulating suitable feeds. This study was designed to determine the anatomical, histological and histomorphometric properties of the intestine of E. lucius. The intestines of five E. lucius were examined in this study. After anatomical dissection, the histological specimens were taken and fixed in 10% formalin. Then, tissue passages were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and Masson’s trichrome. The anatomical examination showed the short intestine with intestinal coefficient 0.68±0.09 in E. lucius which is a characteristic of the carnivorous species. The histological study revealed that the intestinal wall of E. lucius is composed of tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The muscularis mucosa was not visible in the intestine. The stratum compactum is present between tunica mucosa and tunica submucosa. The histomorphometric results differentiated between three parts in the intestine of E. lucius namely anterior, middle and posterior. The maximum height of mucosal folds was observed in the anterior intestine due to its role in nutrient absorption. The mucosal fold’s height then decreased towards the posterior intestine. The tunica muscularis is significantly thicker in the anterior intestine, and the circular muscle layer is thicker than the longitudinal muscle layer throughout the entire length of the intestine. The posterior intestine possessed large numbers of goblet cells in comparison with other parts of the intestine, to promote elimination of unabsorbed particles. The results of this study revealed adaptation for the species feeding habits, so as to protect the intestine and increase absorptive processes.

This study was done to give complete topographic information about the position of the lungs and trachea in European pond turtle using Computed Tomography (CT) and usual anatomic methods. Design: Experimental study Animals: 10 female, adult European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) Procedures- All scans were obtained on a two detector scanner. In anatomical study eight turtles were dissected. Two other turtles were sectioned transversely. Our results showed some differences in the tracheal length, position and bifurcation site with that of other species. Moreover the topography of the lungs is described in retracted and protruded neck in this article. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Most of vital systems, lungs and coelomic part of the trachea, are enclosed by the carapace and the plastron so it can not be examined customarily by clinicians. The noninvasive diagnostic imaging techniques provide detailed information concerning these organs. The general morphological features of the lower respiratory system of the European pond turtle were examined by CT images and macroscopically in this study. We found some important dissimilarities with other species.