khosro movahed

This study presents a comparative analysis of structuralist architecture and Iranian residential architecture, exploring their distinct characteristics and cultural significance. The investigation commences with an introduction to both architectural styles, highlighting their historical contexts and foundational principles. It then delves into key components such as spatial organization, material usage, structural logic, and environmental interactions. The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach within an interpretive paradigm. With an applied aim, the study utilizes inferential methods in its theoretical framework. Information is gathered through library and documentary research, drawing on sources such as books, articles, and scholarly investigations. Initially, content analysis is used, relying on theoretical foundations to examine concepts such as Iranian architecture, its elements and components, and the concept of Structuralist architecture with its specific approach. Subsequently, the relationships between these elements are discussed. Findings demonstrate that Structuralist architecture prioritizes flexibility and innovation, whereas Iranian architecture, characterized by central courtyards and traditional materials, emphasizes community and environmental responsiveness, as evidenced in historic houses. The research highlights the contrasting yet complementary nature of both styles, underscoring their valuable insights into sustainable design practices. The conclusion posits that integrating the robust cultural narratives of Iranian architecture with the modern, dynamic approaches of structuralism can enhance future architectural endeavors, fostering spaces that prioritize both heritage and innovation. This synthesis can lead to designs that are not only functionally efficient but also culturally rich and environmentally sustainable.

Neighborhood-oriented sustainable development is one of the subcategories of urban sustainable development, which is trying to improve the living standards of residents with behavioral-spatial correlation by using various physical, human, economic, and cultural tools and funds. The purpose of the present research was to explain the mediating role of spatial behaviors in the generalization of the theory of planned behavior in order to achieve sustainability goals in the residential areas of Shiraz. Achieving this goal required an answer to the question that how does the spatial behavior of citizens affect the motivation, attitude, norms and behavioral needs of people on the path of sustainability? Previous studies showed that there is a gap in investigating this hypothesis that the behavioral-spatial capabilities of an environment can also be a behavioral catalyst to improve the efficiency of other variables. To prove this hypothesis, a researcher-made questionnaire was prepared based on the components of this theory. The designed items were validated by 11 experts in the field of behavior and psychology. The test population was the citizens of Shiraz city, who were selected randomly and classified. These people have included a community equal to 600 people. To conduct the research, an equation model was designed in AMOS software. This model was completed first with the mediating role of spatial behavior and then with the moderation of spatial structure and order (axial or central). The results confirmed the effect of spatial behavior in transforming sustainable behavior into the regular behavior pattern of residents and showed that norms with a regression coefficient of 0.810 have the greatest impact on people's behavior and take the greatest impact from environmental capabilities. Spatial behaviors with a regression coefficient of 0.721 affect the daily behaviors of individuals and put people on a sustainable path by strengthening other behavioral variables. The results also showed that in terms of structure, central patterns had a greater impact on people's spatial and sustainable behaviors, while in axial structures, people behave more based on their individual and internal features.

In the current century, the crisis of meaning and the loss of individual identity underscore the need to focus on self-actualization as a viable solution. Self-actualization is a psychological necessity, and it is crucial to leverage all environmental capabilities to facilitate individuals' self-actualization. This study aims to introduce a causal model for the design components of residential complexes centered on residents' self-actualization. The research was conducted in three phases: 1) document analysis using the Delphi method, 2) a survey-based second phase, and 3) correlation analysis. The study begins with an examination of resources, supplemented by expert insights gathered using the Delphi method, which was chosen for its capability to achieve group consensus through expert judgment. A researcher-made questionnaire was developed for users, and design components effective for self-actualization were identified using R-factor analysis. The theoretical model of the research components was presented, and its validity was assessed using Amos software. The results indicated that the factors influencing the design of residential complexes, based on self-actualization, included Creative Environment, Eventful Environment, Diversity, Collaborative Environment, Interactive Environment, Environmental Safety, and Discoverability. Consequently, it can be acknowledged that a social environment that is safe and secure, where environmental events can occur, and where creative participation is encouraged, can significantly support individuals' self-actualization. This study contributes a novel causal model that elucidates the relationships among the design components of residential complexes, with an emphasis on promoting residents' self-actualization.

The entry of biophilic into the field of design in architecture, unlike other architectural trends, has started from the field of theory and scientific books. For this purpose, architecture has been searching for a way to meet human needs since long ago, and one of the most important human needs is the need for nature and communication with it. Therefore, biophilic design does not mean to cover our buildings with flowers and plants, but biophilic design tries, by integrating nature in the design, to eliminate the gap between traditional housing design and contemporary housing, and significantly It has influenced people's life patterns by designing based on biophilic patterns derived from traditional housing in connecting architecture with nature in contemporary housing design. The purpose of this research was to compare the effective components of biophilic architecture in the design of contemporary residential complexes and traditional housing in Shiraz city. The current research has a combined paradigm due to the use of quantitative and qualitative methods. In order to investigate the comparative comparison of biophilic components, case samples in two categories of traditional housing patterns and contemporary housing were selected by the field method, and then questions based on biophilic components extracted from the theoretical foundations of a questionnaire were created by the researcher under the supervision of professors. and the researchers were designed considering the previous researches. For this purpose, validity assessment (referring to 34 experts in the field of architecture) by calculating cvr index and in terms of reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the validity index for all questions was above 0.75 and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was more than 0.7. Then, using the descriptive-analytical method, the results of the questionnaires have been analyzed and evaluated with the help of SPSS version 24 software. The main hypothesis of the research was to investigate the priority of biophilic architectural components in contemporary and traditional housing according to experts. For this purpose, Friedman's ranking test was used and the result of the test showed that the ranking of components in traditional housing does not have the same priority according to experts (p<0.05). Comparing the ranking of components in traditional and contemporary housing tells about There are similarities in prioritization in some ranks and differences in other priorities. According to architectural experts, visual connection with nature, direct connection with natural systems and shelter in traditional and contemporary patterns are of high importance and perspective, risk and patterns and biomorphic forms have the same ranks but other components They had different priorities. Although Friedman's ranking test determines to some extent the difference in the value of each component in traditional and contemporary housing, it does not show the significance of this difference in the form of paired comparison of each component in contemporary and traditional housing. For this reason, the Wilcoxon signed test was used for pairwise comparison of components. This test is the non-parametric equivalent of the t-mean pairwise comparison test. Also, the Wilcoxon signed test was used for pairwise comparison of components. This test is the non-parametric equivalent of the t-mean pairwise comparison test. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was used to show the normality and non-normality of the distribution of the variables. The results of the data distribution tests showed that the obtained data do not have a normal distribution (p<0.05) and should be Non-parametric tests should be used to measure research hypotheses. To investigate the effect of age and education on the responses, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the age and education of people did not have a significant effect on their responses, and to investigate the significant difference of gender on the responses, Mann-Whitney test was used. The result of this test showed that the gender of people has no significant effect on their answers. The results of the research show that the average ratings obtained in contemporary residential complexes and traditional housing in Shiraz in the components of visual connection with nature, thermal diversity and air flow, direct connection with natural systems, connection With natural materials and shelters, they have a significant difference in quantity. In other words, although in the prioritization of some of these components, they have the same ranks in both types of housing, but their value has a significant difference.

The essence of the spatial organization of traditional houses in Iran's hot and humid climate should be found in the pattern of the central courtyard. An integrated and integrated structure that provides appropriate answers for the material and spiritual life of its residents over the years. Due to the lack of documented and systematic researches in examining and analyzing the characteristics, typology, classification, function and effect of the geometric shape of the central courtyard on the natural ventilation of the interior of hot and dry coastal climates, this research investigates the geometric structure and various types of the central courtyard in Bushehr traditional houses from the perspective of Climatic and factors affecting the behavior of natural ventilation. Therefore, the study of the form of the yard was done with the assumption that by changing the geometric shape of the yard, can control the velocity, local mean age of air inside the room. In order to determine the most optimal mode of benefiting from the wind for natural ventilation in the interior spaces, the most common characteristics of Bushehr traditional houses in terms of the form of the yard and room, the location of the openings and the classification of floors was classified in 9 different types. 9 different types of combination of geometric shapes of vertical rectangle, square and horizontal rectangle for the form of courtyard and room, 4 different modes of aligned and non-aligned openings and three height levels of ground floor, first floor and second floor, a total of 108 different simulation modes have been considered. In this article, by using a combined research method and using an experimental strategy, independent variables affecting the quality of natural ventilation were first identified, dependent variables were measured by precise digital devices in a case study (Dehdashti Building) and its data was used for software validation. In continuation and after typology of the yard, by cfd method and using Autodesk CFD 2018 software, 9 different types of combination of room and yard in the form of vertical rectangle, square and horizontal rectangle, in 3 height levels of ground floor, first and second floor was simulated. And it was analyzed based on the three components of "velocity", "local mean age of air". The shape of the yard, the shape of the room and the ratio of mass to space are considered as independent variables and the quality of air flow inside the room (velocity and life of air) is considered as a dependent variable.
The findings show that with the increase in the length-to-width ratio of the rectangle from 1.15 to 1.3, in the case of a vertical rectangle, the velocity in the room first increases and then decreases, but in a horizontal rectangle, the velocity follows a more uniform trend. Since the more elongated shapes of 1/2 and 1/3 are less common for central courtyards and create tighter ventilation conditions, as a result, 1.1/3 proportions are desirable in real examples and this ratio has the amount of elongation which is necessary for good ventilation.
In terms of Air flow speed: The contours show that vertical rectangular courtyards are the most optimal form of courtyards in terms of velocity, which has a relative advantage over square courtyards and has a better performance by a large difference compared to horizontal rectangular courtyards.
According to Local mean age of air: The data shows that vertical rectangular courtyards with a small difference compared to the square and with a large difference compared to the horizontal rectangle have a shorter air life and fresher air quality. in general, considering the life of the air, the types of "vertical rectangular yard" have the most optimal air circulation in the yard and the types of "vertical rectangular yard" and "square yard" have the most optimal quality. Provides fresh air in the room. Meanwhile, type number 2 provides the most optimal quality of natural ventilation. From the direction of the pattern of wind movement in the yard, it can be said that in most species. The ground floor shows better air quality in the room, but with the increase in height, all three components increase.

Nowadays, when societies are moving towards industrialization, it seems that the psychological dimensions of humans are disregarded. Self-actualization can be proposed as a solution to reduce the negative impacts caused by this. This motivation leads to improved psychological health and well-being in humans. It seems that environmental capabilities can be used to pursue self-actualization in people. Considering the mentioned necessity, this study aims to provide effective design components for responding to the self-actualization of residents in residential complexes. In the first step of the research's first phase, which is the document mining method, the sample population was available resources, and in the Delphi method, the sample population was 20 experts. The sample population in the second phase of the research to survey users was 290 residents of residential complexes in Shiraz city. Research was started using document mining and Delphi techniques, and sources were assessed. Then, experts were interviewed, and users were surveyed using the researcher-made questionnaire. Finally, the information obtained from the users' survey was entered into SPSS-23.0, and data analysis was performed using factor analysis and Pearson correlation tests. The findings of factor analysis present the components of creative environment, collective environment, environmental safety, event-able environment, diversity, discoverability, and social interactions as environmental components that are effective in responding to the self-actualization needs of residents of residential complexes, and the results of the correlation test show that all factors are positively and significantly correlated

Improving the visual and ecological quality of the environment and the landscape and improving the sense of belonging to the place in the spatial organization can facilitate the desired environmental quality and define a unique pattern of identity for urban beaches; Therefore, in this article, the criteria and principles of landscape design of coastal cities have been investigated in order to promote the sense of belonging to the place. The research method was "descriptive-analytical" and "meta-analytical" method, which used the "survey" research method with the "questionnaire" tool to compile the design criteria of the desired landscape of the users in order to evoke a sense of belonging to the place in them. The results of the research show that the sense of belonging to the place is at a high level in the cognitive (identity) and emotional (attachment) dimensions. The behavioral dimension (dependency) is at a lower level than the cognitive and emotional dimension, and the beach has not succeeded in meeting their needs, the lack of equipping the coastline for the formation of recreational and water-related activities, the lack of Suitable platforms for family settlement, interference of horse and foot traffic, threats caused by wear and tear and destruction of Bushehr's historical fabric are effective in this matter.

For a long time, housing has been one of the most important spaces for people to spend their lives and provide peace of mind and mental health. Today, with the increasing growth of the population and the increase in housing demand in the city, without considering the psychological problems, less attention has been paid to the role of the design of residential buildings in human health and stress factors. In this way, considering the life in modern and industrial societies due to having a repetitive life and machine habits, modern man has needed nature more than ever in addition to the physical dimension in terms of the spiritual dimension. Considering that the presence of nature and plants in the environment is one of the effective factors in human mental health. Biophilic design to respond to human needs can play a significant role in establishing a relationship between humans and nature in their daily life environments and improving human mental health and reducing women's stress in the home environment. The research has been to identify the components of biophilic architecture on reducing the stress of housewives in residential complexes in Shiraz city. Due to the use of quantitative and descriptive methods, the current research has a combined paradigm and is practical in terms of purpose. The method of data collection is documentary, field and questionnaire. For this purpose, in this research, 23 residential complexes from eleven districts of Shiraz municipality were selected in a non-probabilistic way. The questionnaire was completed by the housewives and the collected data was evaluated using appropriate statistical methods using SPSS software, ANOVA test and regression statistics and determining the significance level of the components. Analytical results of the research, according to the data and tests of biophilic architecture on stress, among the fourteen components, the shelter factor has the highest score of 3.64% and the presence of water factor has an impact of 3.43% and non-rhythmic sensory stimuli with The effect of 3.02% indicates the most effective factor in reducing women's stress in residential complexes and the non-visual connection with nature with a score of 2.7% is the least effective factor in reducing women's stress in residential complexes. Therefore, the use of biophilic elements in the design of residential complexes can reduce the stress of housewives.

Bushehr city on the northern shore of the Persian Gulf has one of the most critical hot and humid climates in Iran.in traditional Bushehr houses using prevailing winds to create natural air flow in the interior space and it is a common method of providing thermal comfort to the residents. The aim of this research is to investigate and the most optimal natural ventilation in indoor spaces through choosing the optimal room form. This article examines 9 different combinations of room and courtyard in the form, including vertical rectangle, square and horizontal rectangle in 3 levels (first, second and third) and it is examined in 4 different combinations of inlet and outlet openings, totaling 108 different types. The research method in this research is a mixed method, in line with the typology of house forms, qualitative method has been used by relying on library and field studies. In addition, this research also involves experimental and simulation research strategies. This article uses the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to predict the velocity and age of air in the interior of the room at the height level of the inhalation area. The comparison between the experimental measurements and the simulation, in addition to increasing the accuracy of the calculations, has determined the errors and is also a confirmation of the validity of the research method. The data were analyzed to select the most optimal room form and openings based on the two components of air flow speed and age of air. Data analysis shows, that "vertical rectangular room" types, especially type number 2 with non-aligned openings, are relatively superior and provide the most optimal natural ventilation. In general, with the increase in height, the velocity decreases and local mean age of air increases.

Due to the importance of individuals' behavior in achieving the goals of sustainability, behavioral models have somehow tried to identify components that predict sustainable behavior. Despite numerous studies that have studied spatial behaviors and structures, so far no research has been done on the effect of spatial behavior on sustainable behavior. The present study investigates the effect of this factor by adding spatial behavior to the components of the planned behavior model (motivation, attitude, norm, and perceived behavioral control).

516 researcher-made questionnaires were distributed that were approved by researchers in the field of behavior and psychology. How this affected was required to examine spatial structures and their characteristics. For this reason, the structural and syntactic patterns of the citizens' housing were also examined. Structural equation model, analysis of variance test, and syntactic tests for calculating the index of visibility, integration, depth, and spatial value have been the analytical tools of this research.Geographical area of research The city of Shiraz and its 11 regions constitute the study area.

Spatial behavior has a positive and interactive relationship with all factors of planned behavior and among them, it has had the greatest impact on usual behavior and norms. F test showed that there is a significant difference between spatial behavior and sustainable behavior of individuals in both central and axial patterns. This difference was due to the spatial value of the different territories and the environmental and spatial facilities they provide to their inhabitants. The central pattern exposes the public realm to greater use with greater integrity and visibility, and the axial model places more importance on the private realm and encourages privacy.

The result of the research is the spatial norm model named according to the impact of usability and the fields of visibility and mean depth of each space that control the communication and interactions between members of a small community such as family.

Human behavior plays a major role in the creating and persistence of various environmental problems. Proposed models for modifying behavioral patterns emphasize a component called motivation, which is the primary basis for sustainable decisions. Given the housing importance in sustainable development, new patterns of life in communal housing, and designers' emphasis on privacy in spatial arrangements, the present study aims to investigate the impact of territorial behavior on strengthening behavioral motivations in achieving sustainability. For this purpose, first, the configuration patterns and order of the interior space of housing were examined syntactically, and then the research hypothesis was tested by distributing 516 questionnaires. Observations showed that contemporary housing has two central and axial patterns that the spatial value of public, semi-public, and private realms has different syntactic features in each of them. In the central pattern, public arenas have higher integrity, visibility, permeability, and usability; while in axial patterns, they have more spatial separations and higher usability in private areas. In addition to syntactic analysis, the analysis of variance test also confirmed the difference in territory behavior between residents of the two mentioned models. The results confirmed the positive relationship between spatial configuration, territory, and motivation of sustainable behaviors, and showed that central oriented design and strengthening of spatial stimuli for the use of collective spaces, can predict 28% of motivation of sustainable behaviors. While having a behavioral intent in sustainability is 29% predictive of motivation, territory and spatial configuration with 28% predictability will be an important and controllable factor.

In modern times, paying attention to controlling energy consumption in the city and its components, including buildings on a small and large scale, has particular importance, and a comprehensive look at urban planning can be very effective in achieving this goal. Supplying the required energy for cooling and heating of buildings is one of the main concerns of energy consumption management and in this regard, earth sheltered houses as a sustainable pattern by creating a constant temperature quality indoors, can make an effective contribution for reducing building energy utilization and in a higher position energy consumption of the city. In the present study, the thermal performance of the courtyard earth sheltered building was evaluated and its energy consumption was calculated in different cases of land subsidence and was compared with a non- ground shelter model located on the ground. In the general process of research, after conducting preliminary studies, building modeling was done with SketchUp software and then soil temperature in Shiraz was determined at different depths. In the next step, the climatic data of Shiraz city were extracted using Meteonorm software and finally thermal simulation was performed in Energyplus software. The simulation results showed that among all the depressions of the model in deep soil, the graph related to cooling energy at a depth of 6 meters, shows annual savings about 44% compared to the non-ground-shelter model and The heating energy diagram of the building in the same depth shows an 18% annual increase compared to the ground-based model; But eventually, the total annual heating and cooling energy of the model at a depth of 6 meters shows a decrease of 32% compared to the model located on the ground, which is in fact the highest amount of savings among other conditions.

Problem Statement: 

The city of Bushehr on the northern coast of the Persian Gulf is one of the most critical hot and humid climates in Iran. Always, natural ventilation has been one of the common methods of providing thermal comfort to residents Taremeh is one of the semi-open spaces effective in natural ventilation. This research is trying to investigate the ventilation in the residential area of Bushehr based on the Taremeh and its parameters.

This research was carried out to investigate the natural ventilation caused by the potential of the Taremeh.

This study employed a mixed research method including field survey, library research, and document reviews of historical buildings. In the experimental part of the study,the independent variables affecting the quality of natural ventilation were identified and the dependent variables were measured by accurate digital devices in a case study (Dehdashti building) and then its data was used for software validation. After the validation, the models were simulated in Cfd Autodesk 2018 software, relying on the CFD method. velocity and age of air as well as the wind circulation were evaluated.

The results show that the “inner Taremeh “ in a linear form in a state that is a part of the yard area has the highest and the 4-sided Taremeh has the lowest velocity. Wind circulation is less in the middle area and more towards the walls. The internal U-shaped Taremeh has the highest speed in the room. By reducing the number of columns and increasing the dimensions of the columns in the Taremeh, the speed of airflow in the Taremeh space decreases. As the height increases from the ground floor to the first and second floors, the velocity in Taremeh increases in all cases. In the “middle Taremeh “, increasing the width of the Taremeh reduces the velocity to some extent. From the perspective of depth, the depth of 3.5m for the Taremeh has the most optimal ventilation in terms of velocity and the lowest age of air.

Despite sporadic critiques of the philosophical and mathematical foundations of space syntax theory and the ongoing debate over its application, it has become a powerful conceptual tool for analyzing the environment. The main issue of the present study is the answer to the questions: What are the characteristics of the spatial organization of contemporary housing in Shiraz and how do these characteristics affect its functional efficiency? In this regard, identifying the composition of the space by studying architectural plans is one of the important resources. For this purpose, 384 residential plans were taken and the patterns of the spatial arrangement of housing were identified in terms of spatial and formal (with two aspects of central and axial arrangement). Then, 15 samples of each model were analyzed by software and their justified graphs were presented. In the third stage, the final analysis was performed based on the variables (integration and depth) and relative difference factor. The results of the analysis performed in this study prove the positive relationship between the spatial configuration pattern and the level of functional efficiency of contemporary housing arrangements through an analytical comparison method. The investigations of the present research showed that with the existence of dividing spaces and intermediate nodes, a bush structure, and with the functional sequence of spaces, a syntactic tree structure is formed. In terms of space analysis, an important aspect of space syntax theory believes that logically and mathematically, the arrangement of spaces can affect the functional efficiency of the space. According to the obtained data, it can be concluded that the layout of central houses is considered quantitatively and statistically more efficient. Accordingly, if participatory behaviors and high social interactions are considered, central systems that have more nodes and more spatial loops, less depth, and higher integration, support more participatory behaviors that This feature is well compatible with the Iranian family culture.

The quality of the living environment has various dimensions. One of the most important is the quality of housing, which meets the various individual, social, cultural, psychological and physical needs of residents. Visual quality is one of the types of housing quality that this study, while pointing to its meaning, intends to evaluate this issue in Shiraz apartment housing as the southern metropolis of the country according to its specific geographical location with appropriate indicators. The indices are analyzed in a general way by the syntax of the space and by Depthmp and Graph software and mathematical relations. The statistical population includes 50 types of residential apartment plans from the three regions of Shiraz that have the largest number of residential apartments. In the present study, based on the studies conducted, in addition to providing suggestions to improve the visual quality of housing, a suitable schematic model of apartment housing is also presented and it was found that the direct connection of kitchen or living room with terrace with more visibility and control of public spaces Home to this space, while emphasizing it, is an effective factor in creating the desired visual quality of apartment housing.

Extended Abstract The problem of stress is one of the most significant research subjects in this century. Schools play an essential role in shaping the quality of life and enhancing the mental well-being of teenagers. The school environment is a crucial aspect of adolescents’ quality of life, particularly in relation to their health. Research indicates that adolescents who share a positive bond with their school environment (even if their familial relationships are less favorable) tend to experience lower rates of behavioral and psychological disorders, including stress. Psychologists consider the architecture and physical layout of a school as dynamic elements that significantly impact the quality of educational experiences for students. Furthermore, the middle school years coincide with a period of growth-related challenges, characterized by heightened stress levels and increased susceptibility to psychological, social, and biological pressures, along with a reduced capacity to cope with these challenges. Therefore, investigating and identifying students’ stress in this course is of particular importance. The primary objective of the current research is to improve the quality of educational spaces (secondary schools corresponding to high school education in the previous educational system), by identifying physical and environmental variables effective in reducing students’ stress. Therefore, the main question of this research is what are the physical and environmental factors that reduce the students’ stress in educational spaces? The target group in this research is the female students aged between 15-17 years.  A hybrid research method (qualitative-quantitative) was used due to the exploratory nature of the research topic. Three steps were followed in the research process. The first step is to the bibliographic review; the second step is to select the top concepts; and the third step is to use the Delphi method. The purpose of the first step is to collect the list of criteria and concepts related to stress, and lack of student adaptability to the environment, which can affect the educational spaces. Related internet searches that focused on qualitative research were utilized (descriptive-analytical and logical reasoning) to achieve this goal. It was important to select and categorize the criteria and concepts collected from the literature review in the second step. The content analysis method was used in this stage. The aim of this research is to categorize the physical concepts and criteria found in the literature based on their importance. However, as the investigation of the topic’s background revealed a lack of such categorization, the Delphi method was employed to gather expert opinions. To ensure an adequate level of precision, the Delphi process was conducted through three successive rounds. In the first round, an open-ended interview was conducted with experts. In the second round, open coding was done with the answers. In the third round, surveys and continuums were formed through axial coding of both ends of the spectrum of components, and a special title was considered for each continuum. After that, the results were converted into a questionnaire through the content objective table and completed in two stages. Based on the experts’ questionnaire results, the Q factor was analyzed. This approach relies on categorizing individuals based on their interrelationships rather than focusing on variables. In fact, each factor includes a set of experts who have common thoughts on the subject. The data variance suggests that among the nineteen individuals surveyed, six distinct factors can be discerned. The combined cumulative percentage for these six factors stands at 76.8%, signifying that approximately 76% of the participants shared common perspectives, while the remaining 24% held individual viewpoints. This divergence in opinions could be attributed to personal awareness, inclinations, and individual preferences. It implies that there exists an external reality that managed to resonate with 76% of the experts’ minds, influencing the formation of shared ideas. The research results indicate that students’ stress can increase or decrease under the influence of the environment. The qualities of the environment can influence whether an individual adapts to it or not. Experts consider the shaping of the classroom space, the existence of places for group sitting and rest, the existence of places for conversation, and the existence of places for doing group work in the social dimension category. The experts also consider security (type and materials of stairs, etc.), the flexibility of spatial layouts, solitude, territory, suitable perspective, depth, level of visibility, control over climate, level of light, having a view from inside the classroom to the corridor, openness, and the space around the building in the environmental security category. Furthermore, they consider adequate space, having a view from the classroom to the green space, the amount of vegetation in the educational space, the brightness of all spaces, the shape and form of the classroom, the health status of the school, the complexity and non-mystery of the space, the appropriate density of spatial patterns, the proper orientation, privacy, and color in the physical comfort category. The experts also classified sound pollution (noise), crowding, temperature (heat and cold), ventilation, humidity, unpleasant smells, and light in the environmental comfort category. They recognized clarity and comprehensibility of forms, elements, parts and components of the building, predictability of the environment, no sudden change in size, color and texture, type of floor coverings, and use of appropriate and suitable signs in the architectural category. Finally, the experts categorized the feeling of being comfortable, like being at home, having a sense of belonging to the space, crowding in the educational space, creating a sense of solitude and territory, and having a sense of place as the psychological dimension of the environment.

Development of urbanization and consequently, the physical development of cities, has created problems in the urban space that threaten its inhabitants and urban life. Sustainable urban development has been one of the most important issues in urban communities regarding the solution of current and future problems of cities and consists of various levels, such as architecture, urban neighborhoods, to sustainable global development. In fact, a sustainable city is a place where most of its residents are satisfied with living in the city. If housing (as one of the important factors of sustainable urban development) is unhealthy, the health and quality of life of a wide range of people in society and consequently the health of the city is endangered. The purpose of this study is to investigate health issue, in housing, extracting physical components and their relationship with architectural and urban policies. The research method is descriptive-analytical and with the help of a questionnaire with 20 items in three areas of physical, mental and social health, information was collected and using SPSS software to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The results indicated that the hypotheses were correct. The results show that among the health indicators in housing, "security" in all three Health indicators is a priority for residents, Also, people pay more attention to "mental health" than the other two indicators of health, and it seems that mental health is the first priority of their needs. Among the extracted components, security, landscape, light, noise pollution, light pollution and visual pollution, climate and health, green space, in addition to the need to pay attention to these components in architectural environmental policies, their intensity and weakness in housing design and the issue of health is directly related to urban environmental policies. The results of this study and knowledge of health indicators are useful for architects, urban designers and urban planners, so that they can improve the quality of life, social health and ultimately sustainable development of the city through the policies of the architectural and urban environment.

The development of urbanization and the subsequent physical development of cities have created problems in the urban space in such a way that it threatens its inhabitants and the continuity of urban life. Sustainable urban development has been one of the most important topics of the day in urban communities regarding the solution of current and future problems of cities. This issue is raised at various levels from the architecture of regions and neighborhoods to the sustainable development of cities and sustainable global development. In fact, a sustainable city is a place where most of its residents are satisfied with living in the city. If housing (as one of the important factors of sustainable urban development) is unhealthy, the health and quality of life of a wide range of people in society and consequently the health of the city is endangered. The growing rate of urban population and the expansion of urbanization in recent decades on the one hand and the increase in demand for housing, lack of suitable land and high prices on the other hand, have led people to apartment life. This lifestyle, which is almost the only possible way to live in urban communities, in addition to solving some problems, also has consequences, the most important of which are: vitamin D deficiency, overweight, increased rates of Spiritual, mental and physical illness. Therefore, it seems that the issue of health and its various threats are among the most important problems of life in apartment complexes and sustainable urban development, which in this article is the main issue of research. The purpose of this study is to investigate the issue of health in housing, and their relationship in architectural and urban policies.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical method based on a survey process that has been conducted among the residents of apartment houses with a density of 4 to 8 floors in Shiraz. Sampling was done by cluster sampling and randomly. The sample size was selected based on Cochran's formula of 384 people. Research tool in this research, a questionnaire with 20 items consisting of three sections of physical health, mental health, and social health was selected based on the research (Table 1) and the answer was based on the Likert scale. Data analysis tool was SPSS software and Friedman test was used to analyze the data. 

As mentioned in this study, 384 residents of apartment houses in Shiraz were studied. Their questionnaire was compiled in three areas of mental health, physical health and social health. Residents' preferences for the presence of health components in their apartments were also analyzed and two hypotheses were tested.Hypothesis 1: The "security and safety" component in all three areas of physical, mental and social health seems to be a key indicator in residents' preferences.Hypothesis 2: Among the three aspects of health, "mental health" is a priority for residents. Both hypotheses were confirmed in this study.

The aim of this study was to analyze the components of health in all three dimensions of physical, mental and social, in housing, as one of the aspects of sustainable urban development. The results indicate that the component of "security and safety" in all aspects of physical, mental and social health, had the highest average level of preferences. Also, according to the results of this article, it seems that among the three dimensions of physical, mental and social health, people pay more attention to "mental health" and this aspect of health is the first priority of their needs, it seems that, The reason for this result, is people’s need to "relax" at home, which especially in contemporary urban life, has become the most important concern and expectation of people from their homes. The issue of peace and calm in the home, both mentally and emotionally, is an issue that affects the quality of life of residents, which is caused by various conditions.The results of this study introduce the components of "mental health" in housing 11 items, which include: attention to building security, reducing noise pollution, light or visual, suitable landscape, attention to the dimensions of the house and spaces, number of rooms, sound privacy And visual privacy, separation of private and public spaces in the building, the existence of relaxing spaces, flexibility, providing natural and artificial light in order to produce peace of mind and use of green space. In fact, these components are indicators in the field of mental health that can bring relaxation at home. Also, key indicators in the field of "physical health" include 4 components, which include: attention to physical security (safety) of the building, including structures and earthquakes, fire and firefighting, attention to climate issues such as natural light, building hygiene and cleanliness, open spaces (Terrace or yard or roof) In order to increase physical activity and prevent respiratory diseases. Also, "social health" indicators include 5 components and the most important of them include: security, the existence of space for all family members to communicate and interact with each other, and the design of spaces for communication and interaction with neighbors and interaction with each other. These indicators can be very important in health policies and disease prevention and intervention. Among the extracted components, security, landscape, light, noise pollution, light pollution and visual pollution, climate and health, in addition to the need to pay attention to these components in architectural environmental policies, their intensity and weakness in housing design and the issue of health is directly related to urban environmental policies. Undoubtedly, health and development are closely related and enjoying physical, mental and social health is an individual and social right of every individual. Also, having a healthy body and soul is one of the basic infrastructures for the comprehensive development of any society.

In contemporary urban and modern lifestyle, the house, as the dominant and most important living place, is an opportunity to get rid of the pressures and tensions of the outside world. Also, the house can be a space that compensates for the damages caused by urban life on the physical, mental and psychological aspects of the citizens. One of the solutions that are recommended to improve the health of residents in the home is to benefit from a good view through the window, especially in apartments where it is not possible to be in the natural environment and the window is the only opening of the house to the outside world. However, many of today's houses threaten the residents' health by limiting their field of view to windows with limited visibility. For this purpose, the present study examined the impact of visual quality through windows on the mental health of residents, with a quantitative method. Using the EMOTIV electroencephalography device, and the brain waves of the residents in two states, with and without windows by field of view were examined. The results of this study revealed that the effect of the optimal field of view on the brain is similar to the effects of mindfulness and will result in an increase in attention and improvement of the attitude and emotional processing of residents. Mindfulness, as a therapeutic and clinical method, is effective in increasing muscle relaxation and reducing anxiety and stress.

One of the concepts that has faded in the spatial and physical structure of contemporary cities is the concept of hierarchy. This concept, which is derived from the philosophical foundations and Islamic mysticism, is one of the factors that can induce a sense of spirituality and holiness in places. Therefore, recognizing the basics of spirituality through the concept of hierarchy and using them in spatial planning of Shiraz is a goal that this research seeks to achieve. With this explanation, the present study seeks to analyze the role of the concept of hierarchy in the formation of the foundations of a sense of spirituality in the context of religious spaces. In this study, the sense of spirituality in the context of religious spaces is examined as an independent variable and types of hierarchy as dependent variables. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical based on library studies and field research. The theoretical part has analyzed the extent and manner of expression of the themes of spirituality based on the hierarchy in the context of religious spaces. Case examples in this research are the texture around the holy shrine of Shah Cheragh, Sahib Al-Zaman Mosque and Sarollah Hosseinieh in Shiraz and the statistical population of 15 users of each of these textures. The results showed that the principles of orientation, passage and geometric order have the greatest impact on the formation of a sense of spirituality in the context of religious spaces, which can be used in the design of urban spaces, especially the context of religious spaces in cities Planners to be placed.

William M. Pena described his Matrix theory, or the network information table, in 1987 in his book entitled “problem seeking”. This theory presented a mechanism for architectural programming. On the other hand, the parametric paradigm has massively addressed various aspects of architecture and criticism in the past four decades. Parametric paradigm developed from formal parametric to parametric BIM in the initial dozens and ultimately to parametric automation. Parametric automation encompasses an extensive and undeniable level in the process of architectural design and criticism. This research tries to expand the William M. Pena matrix based on the parametric paradigm and develop a parametric mechanism for complex data analysis on a very large scale to help designers and critics. In other words, this research is trying to expand Pena’s theory in the context of the parametric paradigm by defining variables and facilities today so that it can serve as a model to guide the design process and criticism to architects and designers.

With the help of triple coding, Strauss’ and Corbin’s grounded theory has provided the research platform. In the following, graph theory has been used as a parametric analysis mechanism under the Gephi-version 0.9.2. The research steps are 1- Selection of the Pena Matrix and its expansion. 2- Completing content related to each cell of Matrix base and one-way communication of cells. 3- Referring the information to the team of experts for review 4- Achieving theoretical saturation measure. 5. Transfering information to Gephi software. 6-Preparation of required outputs using multiple software filters. 7- Analysis of outputs in line with the answer to the research question.

The output facilities in the Gaffe program are the degree of nodes, the weight of the vectors, the index nodes, and the shortest path between the two specified nodes, which the filters can access in the Gaffe program. On the other hand, two basic data were obtained based on the collected questionnaires. First, the one-way communication of each matrix item and then the weight of each of these communications. In order to obtain the results, the information was transferred to the Gephi program. At first, the edge weight filter, which is one of the filters of the Gephi program, was implemented on the extractive data. (These filters are based on the mathematical theory of graphs for specific outputs and standard graph theory in the program). It is possible to display only the communications of matrix cells located in this range by specifying the desired range Using app filters. As a result, more accurate and quality categorization will be possible even in countless matrix cells altogether. This mechanism also applies to the direction of another filter called grade. The degree in the theory of graphs refers to the number of connections entered and exited to each node. In this stage, the graph can be investigated based on the number of vectors entered on the base matrix cells. Finally, by citing the order of our shortest distance between the two nodes, nodes and their communications can be achieved at this stage. The output will be obtained based on node analysis and communication between them. This is precisely one of the most widely used practices of graph theory. Repeating this command in the program makes it possible to get the shortest route between the first cell in the first row and the fifth cell in all rows.

Based on codings, cells with a greater degree and weight in the defined range and the shortest distance between the two cells and related graphs are drawn. With repetition of this stage, the ability to analyze, including a comparison of frequency and analysis of alternatives, will be possible. The graph drawn in the Gephi software will determine which content exactly defined in the Matrix cells will play a role in connecting the cells of the first columns to the cells of the fifth columns and will determine the shortest communication path between them. In other words, the mechanism designed firstly, like an initial index, will play a role in the collective concept of information, and parametric analysis of unidirectional communication between Matrix cells will be able to analyze communication on a macro scale. These analyzes are available to designers graphically and parametrically. By changing each parameter or basic communication, the ability to analyze and compare changes to the word humanity will be provided. As a result, by reference to the research question, this parametric mechanism based on William M. Pena’s matrix theory with multiple accurately adjustable outputs in the Gephi program will be able to first create a parametric structure and simply observe and compare the changes in the output graphs by changing the basis information. As a guide, it will also determine the path of the required data and communication and open the path to design and criticism.

Population growth, industrialization of cities, increasing pollution and, consequently, environmental problems, have caused fundamental problems in the quality of life and physical, mental and social health of human beings .Noise pollution, as part of the problems mentioned, can have dangerous effects on human health, both auditory and non-auditory. Sound comfort in a residential space - as one of the spaces in which people spend significant hours of their lives - can directly and indirectly affect the health of residents .For this purpose, the present study investigates the effect of environmental noise pollution and its consequences on the health of residents in the living room of an apartment complex in Shiraz by recording brain waves. The method of the present study is qualitative-quantitative and the data are based on brain imaging were analyzed and evaluated .For this purpose, the brain waves of the samples were recorded with a 14-channel EMOTIV EPOC device, and after recording EEG signals, the data were converted into numbers by MATLAB software, then the data were entered into NEUROGUIDE and normal brain mapping database software. Then the amplitude range of brain activity of the samples, compared to the normal database. The results of the analysis showed that if the noise level increases from 40 decibel (the national standard for living room) to 53 decibel, It seems that this increase causes decentralization and Attentional bias and will disrupt the cognitive and emotional regulation.Whereas, if sound management is considered in the planning and design of buildings in residential spaces, it can reduce the mentioned problems.

Different arrangements of blocks in a residential complex create different patterns of open space that enable the occurrence of different potentials in terms of spatial socialization. In this study, four different patterns of arrangement of residential blocks in the city of Shiraz, Iran were selected, including linear, complex, single-element, and complex central patterns. Their spatial structures were analyzed using the spatial syntax theory tools and field and documentary observations, and different aspects of socialization therein were compared.

 Theoretical foundations

1- Sociability of the architectural space:Socialization in a public space is based on people’s need for a sense of social belonging and interaction with each other, which can be realized in a supportive social space along with provision of physical comfort, territory claim, sense of ownership, and reception of justice in space.2- Factors affecting socialization in the open spaces in a residential complexAmong the factors affecting socialization, physical factors (pertaining to spatial order) that affect the sociability of open spaces in residential complexes were studied and analyzed.3- Physical components affecting socialization3-1- Type of spatial organizationHierarchyThe concept of hierarchy denotes a set of features and phenomena that cause different spaces to be classified or ordered in a spatial configuration.AccessibilityThe issue of accessibility can be examined in two ways: physical access and visual access.3-2- Locations of spaces and types of access to them One of the most important factors that affect the sociability of different spaces is their locations in the context of a site and the way in which people access them. TransparencyTransparency means the possibility of visual connection of different spaces with each other, and is an important factor in the provision of a feeling of peace and security in the environment.3-3- Form, geometry, dimensions, and proportions of the space:  The morphological characteristics of space specify its appearance, and have a direct impact on people’s mood in interaction with space and their desire to attend it, as measured by the following two factors.Spatial diversity:Spatial diversity is associated with a variety of concepts that are related both to the uses and to the formal diversity of spaces.Percentages of open and closed spaces:It is very important to consider the proportionality of open and closed spaces and the visible skyline.

In this research, spatial organization was evaluated using the indicators of hierarchy and accessibility. The tools of connection, relative connection, and depth were used in the space syntax technique. The locations of the spaces and the types of access to them were evaluated using the two indicators of spatial location and transparency, the subject of spatial location was examined using the tools of communication, relative link, and depth, and the transparency indicator was assessed using the tools of vision control and obstruction.

- It was observed that the least spatial depth was formed in the central layout, leaving the open spaces in the center of the complex with greater sociability.
- Where the playing space was located in the middle of the entrance area of a mixed complex, it occupied the largest viewing area, thereby increasing sociability.
- Mixed and central spaces exhibited the highest degree of interconnection, minimum separation, and maximum accessibility of the open space due to the type of arrangement of their blocks.
- Central and mixed spaces provided greater vision control and transparency despite their great spatial diversity and the possibility of mutual view of the spaces.
- In the examination of the indicator of spatial diversity, as observed, the presence of a skyline with a wider field of view and a sense of open space increased the sociability of the public space.

- Improper placement of spaces in the site of a residential complex will leave them less appealing and desirable to the community.
- If a space is relatively deep in terms of access, it will hardly be welcomed.
- Variety in the arrangement of blocks can increase sociability in the open air, because it increases the variety of space on the plan.
- An open space will enjoy greater sociability if it meets everyone’s needs. Children and families should be free to respond to their basic needs in these spaces.
- By establishing a balance between the percentages of open and closed spaces, we can help increase sociability. A visible skyline and consideration of the height of the blocks increase a person’s motivation to be outdoors.
- Greater sociability is required to create less visual depth and more communication and interconnectedness.
The following suggestions are made about the design of a complex:- tendency to design residential complexes of the mixed and central types
- inclusion of playing spaces that are more connected and more frequently used
- development of spaces suitable for sitting with a focus on provision of the right shade or the possibility of sunbathing and applying maximum transparency and accessibility
- creation of a playing space in a lower hierarchy with the possibility of providing maximum transparency and communication
- creation and development of semi-open common spaces on the floors of a residential complex, such as social balconies, and consideration of the availability of public, private, and semipublic spaces
- recognition that residents of a complex who have better observed the indicators of physical quality will find their living environment more favorable in the same conditions of the neighborhood.

Acknowledgment

This article is taken from the first author's doctoral dissertation entitled "Compilation of Shiraz apartment housing schemas with emphasis on indicators of optimal physical quality" which is being conducted at the Islamic Azad University of Shiraz.

In the contemporary world, due to crisis of meaning and loss of individual identity, the importance of paying attention to individual growth and attempt for self-actualization becomes more and more apparent. Self-actualization is a biological and psychological necessity and the fundamental tendency of every human being to realize his / her potential capabilities which is embedded in its existence from the beginning, so that reach the highest level of self-awareness and integration of physical, social, mental, and emotional needs. Housing is one of the most important and essential needs of every human and one of the strongest physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual concepts in human life. Residential spaces are among the spaces that have the most use for human and human are constantly and interacting with them to the greatest extent. Therefore, due to the duration of presence and continuity of communication with the residential space, this space can be considered as having a great impact on people; thus Considering the importance of the effects of the residential environment on people, it is necessary to design housing in such a way as to clear the way for growth and prosperity of people, Because not paying attention to self-actualization will cause disruption in personal growth and development and in important space such as the housing, in addition to being harmful, it will prevent the formation of a meaningful relationship between the individual and space. So due to the mentioned necessity, the present study aims to provide the dimensions of design of residential complexes based on self-actualization of residents based on the perspective of experts, and the research method is mixed (quantitative-qualitative). The study population in this research is specialists in the field of architecture and urban planning and sampling has been done by snowball sampling method. This research is accepted using the Delphi exploratory survey method and according to the opinions of the members of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning of universities and in two stages; In the first stage, after the feedback interview with the experts, using the open and axial coding technique, the concepts are categorized and include: interactive environment, environmental attractiveness, security and comfort of the environment, Nurturing environment, discoverable environment, controllable environment. then goal-content table is formed and based on this, the researcher-made questionnaire is formed; The survey was conducted in two rounds and the questionnaires were completed by experts in the field of architecture and urban planning. The obtained data were then entered into Spss-23 software and analyzed using Q factor analysis, Pearson correlation test, and Friedman test, and finally, the most influential dimensions on the self-actualization process have been identified from the experts’ perspective. The results of this study indicate that according to the opinions of experts in the dimensions: "Cognitive-semantic, perceptual-experimental, psychological-mental, interactive-social, physical-somatic, functional-activity" in the design of residential complexes can affect the self-actualization of residents and in the meanwhile, psychological-mental, interactive-social and cognitive-semantic dimensions from the experts’ perspective are the most effective factors on self-actualization of residents of residential complexes.

Providing housing for the low-income groups is one of the most important challenges, especially in developing countries, and the lack of adequate housing leads to increased social harms , according to the nature and type of research, which is developmental-applied and the method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. It is noteworthy that questionnaires and interviews were used as the main tools for data collection. In this dissertation, the questionnaires were distributed and completed by members of the statistical community through random sampling. The statistical population is the residents of low-income residential complexes in the new city of Sadra, which is equivalent to 35,318 people. Cochran's formula has been used to calculate the sample size of the research, which is equivalent to 380 people. Also, Amos statistical analysis software using structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results indicate that in order to reduce social harms in low-income residential complexes, physical components such as sense of belonging, furniture and infrastructure, functional system, access, light and lighting, activity-user system, physical-spatial, and landscape and space Greens can be effective. Based on the mentioned components, solutions such as creating a platform for participatory activities to get to know the neighbors from each other and expand their social relations, paying attention to the existence of open and semi-open spaces for proper productivity and controlling their access and spatial and activity diversity in public spaces of residential complexes. Increase and .... is provided