mohammad ali besharat

Psychological problems in mothers with premature babies is one of the important and significant issues, therefore, the implementation of psychological interventions in this group is of great importance. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of Paradox Therapy on the symptoms of depression and rumination response in mothers with premature babies.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up design of 1 and 3 months with a control group. The statistical population included all mothers with premature babies referred to Afzalipur Hospital in Kerman in 2023, Among them, 60 people were selected by the convenience method after obtaining a score of 5≤ in the depression subscale of "Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale" and were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The research instruments included a demographic questionnaire, "Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-DASS-21" and "Rumination Response Scale". Content validity of instruments was measured by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After conducting 4 sessions of “Paradox Therapy” for the intervention group, the data were analyzed in SPSS .22 software.

There was a significant difference between the groups in the variables of depression symptoms (F=99.59, P=0.01) and rumination response (F=47.43, P=0.01).

“Paradox Therapy” was effective in reducing depression and rumination response in mothers with premature babies. It is suggested to hold “Paradox Therapy” courses for mothers with premature babies in order to improve depression and rumination response.

Relationship disengagement is one of the most common problems raised by couples. It refers to the process of emotional disengagement, which is usually known as separation from the partner or feelings of indifference towards the spouse/partner. The purpose of the current research was to develop and validate a couple therapy package focused on improving relationship disengagement. The research method, in the first part, was a systematic review of various articles related to treatment in the field of couple therapy in Farsi and English databases from 2003 to 2022. The data obtained from these sources were analyzed with the qualitative method of thematic analysis, the common elements were identified and coded, and based on that, the couple therapy package was developed. After developing the couple therapy package, using the opinion of five experts in the field of couple therapy and counseling, it was decided to determine the content validity of the package. The sampling method was purposeful. The research tool was the written articles in Farsi and English databases. The results showed that initial assessment and interview, increased emotional involvement, reconstructed and improved couple conflict interactions, cognitive reconstruction and modulated schemas, changed behavior/increased positive exchanges between spouses, taught skills and increased acceptance and tolerance were the main elements of the couple therapy package and is set in 14 weekly sessions in 90 min. Based on the research findings, the couple therapy package based on relationship disengagement can be helpful in improving couples' communication patterns, resolving conflicts, and changing negative behaviors.

This study aimed to determine the mediating role of interpersonal problems on the relationship between personality characteristics‏ and sexual dysfunction in patients with sexual dysfunction in Tehran. This paper is applied in terms of purpose and is correlational in terms of method. The statistical population of the present study included all patients with sexual dysfunction referred to family health and sexual health clinics in Tehran. By the available sampling method, 101 patients with sexual dysfunction (49 females, 52 males) as a statistical sample. were chosen. The NEO-FFI Five-Factor Scale)NEO-FFI(, the Sexual Function Scale (FSFI ،IIEF), and the Interpersonal Problem Scale (IIP) were used to collect data. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and Amos software. The results showed that personality characteristics had a specific relationship with sexual dysfunction and interpersonal problems between personality and sexual dysfunction with problems between specific (p=0/01). The mediating role of interpersonal problems in the relationship between personality characteristics and sexual dysfunction was confirmed (B=0/47, p>0/01). Based on the results of the present study, the impact role of personality characteristics on both interpersonal problems and consequently sexual dysfunction was approved. Using the findings of the present study to prevent sexual disorders as well as treatment of couples, sexual disorders in couples can be considered as practical implications of the study.

After cancer diagnosis, death anxiety continuously challenges the patient's life. Individuals diagnosed with cancer are forced to think of and confront the end of their lives. The present research was conducted to determine the effect of paradox therapy (PTC) on death anxiety of female patients with cancer.

This research was a quasi- experimental study with a pretest- posttest control group design. The statistical population consisted of all female patients with cancer, referring to a specialized cancer treatment center in Ahvaz province, Iran, from January 21 to February 19, 2023 who were first recruited by convenience sampling based on inclusion criteria and then were randomly assigned into experimental (n=26) and control (n=26) groups. The data were collected using death anxiety scale (DAS). The experimental group received 6 sessions of  individual, face-to- face paradox therapy (PTC). The duration of each session was 45 minutes. The dependent variable was assessed at three distinct time points: initially at the pre-test phase, subsequently upon the conclusion of the psychotherapy intervention, and finally, one month following the termination of psychotherapy. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and to test the research hypothesis, mixed analysis of variance was used in SPSS-25 software. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. 

A significant effect of time on death anxiety scores was observed (F=169.77, P<0.0001). Post hoc analysis revealed significant differences in the mean death anxiety scores across the pretest, posttest, and follow-up assessments. Additionally, a significant interaction between time and treatment group was noted (F=153.58, P<0.0001). According to the Bonferroni test, the experimental group exhibited a significant reduction in death anxiety at posttest compared to pretest (P<0.0001), and this reduction persisted at follow-up stage (P<0.0001). Moreover, death anxiety continued to decrease from posttest to follow-up. These results supported the study hypothesis.

By elevating our understanding of the effect of PTC on death anxiety in cancer patients, the current research has tried to fill a major gap in psychosocial oncology. Perceiving the long-term effect of PTC can lay the groundwork for following care plans and long-term support for cancer patients.

Couples' adjustment is recognized as an important factor in the physical and mental well-being of the individual and society. Couples' levels of adjustment are affected by several factors. Self-disclosure as well as positive and negative emotions are important factors in determining couples' levels of adjustment. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of self-disclosure and positive/negative affects on the relationship between attachment styles and Couples' levels of adjustment. A total of 450 married people (286 females, 164 males) participated in the present study. Participants were asked to complete the Golombok Rust Inventory of Marital State (GRIMS), the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), Marital Self-Disclosure Scale (MSDS), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between secure attachment and couples' adaptation levels. The results also confirmed the existence of a significant negative relationship between avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles with couples' levels of adjustment. According to the findings of the present study, secure attachment style had a significant positive relationship with self-disclosure and positive affects. In addition, the findings showed that self-disclosure and positive affects had a significant positive relationship with couples' levels of adjustment. These results were inverse in relation to negative affects and couples' levels of adjustment. That is, there was a significant negative relationship between negative affects and couples' levels of adjustment. It was also showed that, self-disclosure had a mediating role on the relationship between secure attachment style and couples' adaptation levels. The mediating role of self-disclosure on the relationship between ambivalent attachment and avoidance with couples' levels of adjustment was not confirmed. It was also found that among the positive and negative affects, only negative affects played a mediating role on the relationship between attachment styles and couples' levels of adjustment.

Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD), is a type of worry about the existence or occurrence of serious medical diseases. worry, alexithymia, intolerance of uncertainty and cognitive emotion regulation strategies can be effective factors in the development and persistence of mental disorders such as illness anxiety. Since individuals with IAD suffer from many problems, identifying the influencing and predicting factors of IAD simultaneously in research are considered important.

The purpose of the present study was to predict illness anxiety symptoms based on worry, alexithymia, intolerance of uncertainty and cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

The present study was descriptive correlation and the statistical population included all people living in Tehran between the ages of 20 and 60 in 2021. A total of 414 individuals (344 females, 70 males) participated in the study. Participants were asked to complete the Illness Anxiety Scale (Besharat, 2011), Penn State Worry Questionnaire (Meyer et al., 1990), Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (Bagby et al., 1994), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (Carleton et al., 2007) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2007). The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression methods by SPSS27.

worry, alexithymia, intolerance of uncertainty and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies had a significant positive association with illness anxiety symptoms (P< 0.05). This result was reversed for adaptive emotion regulation strategies; revealing that this type of strategies had a significant negative association with illness anxiety symptoms (P< 0.05). Furthermore, the cognitive emotion regulation strategies were removed from the model due to the lack of predictive power, but worry, alexithymia and intolerance of uncertainty have the ability to predict the illness anxiety symptoms.

Based on the research findings, worry, alexithymia and intolerance of uncertainty can predict illness anxiety symptoms. These results can be useful in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of IAD.

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of paradox therapy on anxiety and ego strength in mothers with premature babies. The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up of one and three months. The statistical population of this study was mothers with premature babies referred to Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman in 2023. 60 mothers were selected by the available method and replaced by simple random in two experimental (30 people) and control (30 people) groups. To collect data, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21; Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995) and My Strength Scale (ESS; Besharat, 2015) were used. After conducting the pre-test, the experimental group was subjected to the paradox therapy intervention of Bisharat during 4 sessions; Then, post-test and follow-up were received from both groups on two occasions. Data analysis was done by repeated measurement variance analysis. The findings showed that the anxiety score in the experimental group decreased significantly compared to the control group from pre-test to follow-up (P<0.05); But on the other hand, the ego strength score increased significantly from pre-test to follow-up compared to the control group (P<0.05). In general, it can be concluded that paradox therapy was an effective intervention in reducing anxiety and increasing ego strength in mothers with premature babies.

Academic procrastination is one of the psychological characteristics of students that causes emotional, behavioral and academic problems for them.The present study was conducted to determine the mediating role of perfectionism dimensions between Ego Strength and Academic Procrastination levels of students.

The type of research was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the research included students of different grades of Kharazmi University who were studying in the academic year 2023-2024. In recent research 300 students filled out ESS (Ego Strength Scale), TMPS (Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale) and APS (Academic Procrastination Questionnaire) questionnaires as data collection measures. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-29 and Amos-28 software and the statistical method of structural equation modeling.

The findings of the research showed that Ego Strength directly and significantly predicts students' academic procrastination with an effect coefficient (β= 0.21*); In addition, ego strength had an indirect and significant effect on academic procrastination with a coefficient of -0.08, indirectly and through the mediation of perfectionism dimensions.

It can be concluded that personality traits such as ego strength and perfectionism dimensions can play a role in the variance of students' academic procrastination and should be taken into account in programs to improve performance and reduce procrastination.

Emotion regulation is one of the topics of interest to many researchers which has been studied from various aspects and has a long antiquity in human history. Emotion regulation means the external and internal processes that are responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and improving a person's emotional responses to achieve their goals. Generally, the aim of the present study is a narrative review of the emotion regulation structure and its role in psychopathology and mental disorders. The present study was conducted by searching databases including Pub Med, Science Direct, Scopus, and ResearchGate with keywords emotion, emotion regulation, and emotion management, and it has been done by reviewing the studies published between 1990 and 2023. 6781 articles were found in the initial search. Articles that were summaries of articles, and short reports without access to the full text of the article were excluded from the study, and 82 articles were selected from the remaining articles following the purpose of the research. A review of the research shows that there is no consensus regarding the definition of the structure of emotion regulation and emphasis on the very important and key role of this structure in psychopathology, health and illness of people and some disorders such as depression, social anxiety, and schizophrenia have a direct relationship with the constant use of some specific emotion regulation strategies. In addition, a review of the research conducted on the role of emotion regulation in psychopathology and mental disorders shows the need for more research on the role of emotion regulation in some mental disorders, including personality disorders.

Relationship disengagement is the first step in the process that eventually leads to marital dissolution and is related to marital distress, poor communication, and mental health such as depression. Despite most of studies conducted regarding the effectiveness of couple therapy methods on emotional disengagement in Iran, a coherent summary and analysis of the types of couple therapy effective methods on relationship disengagement are not available.

This study aimed to investigate couple therapy methods on relationship disengagement for Iranian studies.

This study was descriptive and is a systematic review study according to the implementation method. The statistical population was all studies related to the purpose of the study published from 2003 to 2022. Out of 90 studies that were identified after searching and screening, 23 studies were evaluated for data extraction. This review study searched for Iranian studies using the keywords "couple therapy, marriage, effectiveness, couple, clinical trial, emotional divorce, couple burnout, marital disaffection, and marital frustration" and the multiple databases SID, and MagIran were screened. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage.

After checking the quality of the articles and considering the inclusion criteria, 23 eligible articles were reviewed in line with the objectives of the present study. The results of the studies showed that couple therapy was effective in relationship disengagement (p< 0.05). Most of the studies were related to the effect of couple therapy based on reality therapy, emotion-focused couple therapy, cognitive-behavioral couple therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy.

Based on research findings, the results of these review studies showed that couples therapy interventions have a significant effect on relationship disengagement.

Relationship disengagement is one of the most common reasons reported by couples when explaining the distress and dissolution of the marriage. The present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting relationship disengagement in Iranian couples.

This qualitative study was conducted using the conventional content analysis approach. The participants were 24 Iranian married couples (in Mashhad) who were selected using non-random and purposive sampling. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with the couples and the interviews continued until data saturation. The collected were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman’s qualitative content analysis method.

Data analysis revealed three themes (each with some categories): (1) Interpersonal factors (problems related to the family of origin, conflict in couple interactions, distancing behaviors, and ineffective spouse selection), (2) individual-personality factors (emotional instability and character traits), and (3) socioeconomic factors (financial and vocational issues and perceived fairness and inequality).

The findings indicated that marital relationship disengagement leads to emotional apathy and dissolution of marital relationships. Couples therapy approaches should target the causes of relationship disengagement to increase the quality of couples’ relationships and prevent divorce. The insights from this study can be used for formulating treatment and preventive approaches to prevent couple relationship disengagement.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of defense mechanisms and perfectionism in the relationship between ego strength and job adjustment of nurses. The statistical population of this research was the employees of public hospitals in Karaj who were working in 2023. 250 nurses from the public hospitals of Karaj city were selected from among the research population and with the purpose sampling. The data of the research was collected by using Ego Strength Questionnaire (ESS), Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ), Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (TPMS) and Job Adjustment Questionnaire (JAQ). The collected data were analyzed using structural equation method in SPSS version 25 and Mplus version 8.3 software. The research findings show that ego strength positively and significantly predicts job adjustment. The results also showed that defense mechanisms and perfectionism mediate the relationship between ego strength and job adjustment. According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that ego strength through defense mechanisms and perfectionism can predict the level of job adjustment in nurses.

Relationship obsessive-compulsive disorder (ROCD) is a specific subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in which symptoms are focused on intimate and/or close relationships one has with her/his spouse or partner. The study aimed to investigate the mediating role of ego strength in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and ROCD symptoms. The population comprised all students at the University of Tehran and the sample group consisted of 430 students (324 female, 106 male) who administered the Ego Strength Scale (ESS; Besharat, 2017), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS; Carleton et al. 2007), and Relationship Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Inventory (ROCI; Doron et al., 2012). The hypothesized mediation model provided fit to the data, The correlation between intolerance of uncertainty and ROCD symptoms was significantly positive, and between ego strength and ROCD symptoms was significantly negative. The study findings suggest that ego strength mediated the association between intolerance of uncertainty and ROCD symptoms. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that intolerance of uncertainty and ego strength can predict the severity of ROCD symptoms. Considering these variables may be important in the processes of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ROCD symptoms.

The Covid-19 pandemic indicated that our biological characteristics alone are not enough to deal with diseases. Resilience refers to the dynamic process of positive adaptation to unpleasant and unfortunate experiences which reflects our ability to control the situation and manipulate the situation optimally. This capability includes internal dimensions, the role of experiences and mental patterns, and external dimensions including the coordinates or community's efforts in mastering challenges. However, studies only focus on the concept of social resilience as an external dimension, and the role of culture as an independent component of identity has been ignored. In this review, the need to conceptualize cultural resilience has been put on the agenda.  In fact, the capabilities that culture provides through the various components that enable us to have the ability to adapt, change conditions, and improve performance in critical situations are studied.

This was a review of the literature. PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID databases were investigated using the keywords resilience, community, culture, and hardness in Persian and English papers from 1990 to 2018. The articles were evaluated in multiple stages and finally 32 papers were analyzed.

As a result, we conceptualized that cultural resilience could include the following components: belongingness and rootedness, trust, commitment, sense of pride, and attachment.

Cultural resilience can be considered as the ability to adapt and deal with a crisis with the help of historical styles, myths, customs, and cultural beliefs.

This study aimed to predict marital satisfaction and dissatisfaction based on ego strength, depression, and anxiety symptoms. The study employed a descriptive-correlational design, with 384 participants (306 female, 78 male) selected using available sampling in Tehran in 2022. Couples completed the Golombok-Rust Inventory of Marital State Questionnaire (GRIMS; Rust et al., 1986), ego strength scale (ESS; Besharat, 2007), and depression anxiety stress scale (DASS; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression analysis were utilized to analyze the research data. The results indicated that increasing individual scores in ego strength (p<0.01, r=0.356) led to an increase in marital satisfaction. Conversely, increasing scores in depression symptoms (p<0.01, r=0.498) and anxiety symptoms (p<0.01, r=0.297) were associated with an increase in marital dissatisfaction. Furthermore, marital satisfaction could be predicted by ego strength (p<0.01) and depression symptoms (p<0.01), with these variables explaining 27 percent of the variance in marital satisfaction. In conclusion, the research suggests that ego strength and depression symptoms are significant predictors of marital satisfaction. A thorough examination of these variables in individuals can contribute significantly to enhancing marital satisfaction.

This study aimed to predict marital satisfaction based on dimensions of perfectionism and spiritual/religious perfectionism. This study was descriptive-correlational. Four hundred and four people) 326 female, 78 male) were selected by the available sampling method in Tehran in 2022. All the couples were asked to complete the Golombok-Rust Inventory of Marital State Questionnaire (GRIMS; Rust et al., 1986), Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (TMPS; Besharat, 2007), and Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism Scale (SRPS-14; Besharat, 2018). Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression analysis were used to analyze the research data. The results showed that by increasing the individual score in Self-oriented perfectionism (p<0/05, r=0/110) and Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism (p<0/01, r=0/332) marital satisfaction increases. On the other hand, the results showed that marital satisfaction can be predicted by the variables of self-oriented perfectionism (p<0/05) and Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism (p<0/01). Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that Self-oriented perfectionism and Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism are important predictors of marital satisfaction and the variance of marital satisfaction is 12 percent. Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism is a stronger predictor of marital satisfaction than Self-oriented perfectionism. Investigating these variables in individuals can help significantly in increasing marital satisfaction.

The objective of current study was to determine the effectiveness of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy on the pain anxiety and self-empathy of women suffered from breast cancer.

The research was conducted with the logic of single-case multiple-baseline designs with follow-up phases.The statistical population was  all female patients with breast cancer who came to Tehrans’ hospitals in 2021-2022.  A sample of 3 patients was drawn from the latter population and the therapy sessions were conducted individually for each case. The investigation tools were McCracken and Dhingra's Pain Questionnaire (2002) and Manavi Pour et al.'s Empathy Questionnaire (2019). using improvement percentage index and within and between situation analyzes, the data were analyzed in SPSS and Excel software.

The improvement percentage results illustrated that intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy adequately powered patients with breast cancer where the impact for patients in the treatment stage was moderate and for those in the follow-up phase moderate to high. Moreover, results for self-empathy variable for patients in the treatment stage the effectiveness was medium to high while for the follow-up phase the effect was significant on patients. Visual analysis and the results of intra-situational and inter-situational analyzes indicated a significant difference between the baseline and intervention stages for all subjects (PND=100). The efficacy and stability of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy on pain anxiety and self-empathy of women with breast cancer was confirmed in the follow-up phase.

The outcomes of the research revealed that intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy is promising method on pain anxiety and self-empathy of women with breast cancer. Therefore, it would suggest that clinical psychologists use this treatment to reduce pain anxiety and increase self-empathy in women with breast cancer.

Marital satisfaction serves as a fundamental predictor of stability and well-being within individuals' lives and families.

This study aims to develop a structural model that predicts marital satisfaction among young couples by examining the interplay between behavioral activation/inhibition systems and attachment styles.

The current study was a description of structural equations. A sample of 370 young couples in Tehran during the year 2021 was selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected through demographic questionnaires, Enrich's Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1998), the Behavioral Activation/ Inhibition Scale (1994), and the Adult Attachment Scale (2015). Path analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25 and LISREL version 8.8 for data analysis.

The results of the path analysis revealed several significant findings. Firstly, the inhibition system demonstrated a direct negative impact on marital satisfaction (ß=-0.16, P<0.05), along with ambivalent insecure attachment (ß=-0.42, P<0.01) and avoidant insecure attachment (ß=-0.19, P<0.05). Conversely, secure attachment displayed a direct and positive effect on marital satisfaction (ß=0.26, P<0.01). Furthermore, the inhibition system exhibited a direct and positive influence on avoidant insecure attachment (ß=0.18, P<0.01) and ambivalent insecure attachment (ß=0.19, P<0.01). Additionally, the activation system had a direct positive effect on secure attachment (ß=0.28, P<0.05) but a direct negative effect on avoidant attachment (ß=-0.30, P<0.01).

The results of the study underscore the direct predictive role of the activation/inhibition system in marital satisfaction, with attachment styles playing an indirect role. Therefore, therapists should consider these variables to enhance satisfaction levels in couples.

Given the importance of screening as one of the health behaviors in cervical cancer, the aim of this study is to develop and evaluate the psychometric characteristics of Cervical Cancer Screening Behavior Scale (CCSBS).

In this cross-sectional study, 376 women who referred to Javaheri Health Center during the study period due to health problems, were selected through convenience sampling method. Then, the scale was developed and its content and face validities were examined. To ensure divergent and convergent validity, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used. Internal consistency method (Cronbach's alpha) was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Finally, confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the construct validity of the CCSBS and SPSS and LISREL software were applied for analyzing data.

The findings of this study provided strong supports, which confirmed the content and face validities. Regarding the convergent and divergent validity, perceived vulnerability, perceived severity and deterioration, and perceived barriers have a direct and significant relationship with the three variables of depression, anxiety, and stress. On the other hand, perceived motivation had a significant inverse correlation with all three variables of depression, anxiety, and stress. Additionally, perceived self-efficacy had a significant inverse correlation with depression. The results of the Cronbach's alpha indicated the appropriate internal consistency of the whole questionnaire and its components. Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire was 0.78. According to confirmatory factor analysis, the goodness of fit indicators of proposed model was confirmed and the paths were significant.

CCSBS is a reliable and valid tool for measuring the screening behavior of cervical cancer in Iranian women and it appears to be a comprehensive and useful tool for assessing women's beliefs related to cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening.

Stress, as a common factor in life today, has profound effects on heart health. This article examines the relationship between stress and heart diseases and examines the role of psychological factors in this process. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of stress management in heart diseases. The research method is descriptive and analytical in terms of the fundamental goal and in terms of the data collection method. Finally, it has been concluded that stress management is effective in improving previous diseases and stress management strategies include: reducing depression, controlling anger, avoiding hostility, reducing social isolation, reducing anxiety, personality factors, having spiritual health, controlling the situation Social/Economic. As a result, managing stress and strengthening positive psychological factors is important as a strategy to prevent heart diseases and improve heart health. Recommendations include developing stress coping skills, promoting regular physical activity, promoting stress management educational processes, encouraging a positive attitude, and promoting a healthy lifestyle.

Previous studies have shown that compared to the general population, patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder often have disorders in relational functioning, including interpersonal problems, mistrust, and unhappiness in interpersonal relationships, and the probability of marriage is lower and increased. Marital problems, ambivalence, severe interpersonal conflicts, revenge, and sexual problems are common. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of paradoxical therapy on relational practical obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

In terms of the practical purpose and data collection method, the current research design was a single-case experiment of the multiple baseline type, sometimes called a single-subject experiment or a time series experiment. It is an experiment that consists of intensive research on a person or several people who are considered a single group. Among the single-subject designs, the baseline-intervention-follow-up (A-B-C) design was used in this study. The research community included all undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral students aged 20 to 45 years in Tehran. For sampling, six people were selected from the available sampling method and completed the treatment sessions. The clinical interview was used to diagnose the relational obsessive-compulsive disorder and its differential diagnoses. Quantitative data was collected by completing questionnaires and research scales in three phases: baseline, intervention, and follow-up.

The statistical analysis of the research data showed that the hypothesis of the research entitled "Paradoxical psychotherapy improves my strength in relational obsessive-compulsive patients" was confirmed with 56.5% overall improvement.

Based on the findings of the visual analysis of six participants and the results of the strong effect size and the improvement rate of relational obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms, the results of the paradox treatment can be considered very effective.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of paradoxical couple therapy (PTC) on marital conflicts and emotion regulation in incompatible couples. The research design was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the current study included couples with marital conflicts who were referred to counseling centers in Tehran in the fall and winter of 1400, and who gave their informed consent to participate in this study. The final sample number in the present study was 18 couples with marital conflicts, which were selected by non-random sampling (available and purposeful) and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (9 couples in the experimental group and 9 couples in the control group). The instruments used included the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (Barati and Sanai, 2015) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross and Jan 2003). After collecting the questionnaires and extracting the raw data, the analysis of the data from this research was done by SPSS-23 software and using univariate covariance analysis. The results showed that paradoxical couple therapy has a significant and favorable effect on marital conflicts and emotional regulation in couples with marital conflicts (p<0.001) and reduces marital conflicts and improves emotional regulation in couples with marital conflicts. Therefore, it can be concluded that psychotherapists can use this method of treatment to treat couples who have conflicts.

Relationship obsessive–compulsive disorder (ROCD) is a presentation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) centering on close interpersonal relationships. ROCD is characterized by obsessive preoccupation, doubts, and compulsive behaviors focusing on one's relationship and relationship partner's qualities and properties. Despite the growing attention to ROCD, not much research has been done on the underlying, cognitive, and personality factors of the symptoms.

The study aimed to investigate the mediating role of ego strength in the relationship between perfectionism dimensions and ROCD symptoms.

The research method was correlational, structural equations modeling type. 430 participants (324 women, 106 men) were selected by convenience sampling method from students of the University of Tehran in the academic year 2022-2023. Selected individuals completed the Relationship Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (ROCI; Doron et al., 2012), Ego Strength Scale (ESS; Besharat, 2017), and Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (TMPS; Besharat, 2007). Research data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis using SPSS28 and AMOS28 software.

The hypothesized mediation model provided fit to the data, CFI= 1, TLI= 1, RMSEA = 0.001. The correlation between perfectionism dimensions and ROCD symptoms were significantly positive (p<0.01), and between ego strength and ROCD symptoms were significantly negative (p<0.01).

The study findings suggest that ego strength mediated the association between perfectionism dimensions and ROCD symptoms. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that perfectionism dimensions in ego strength can predict the severity of ROCD symptoms. Considering these variables may be important in the processes of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ROCD symptoms.

Major Depressive Disorder is a prevalent, debilitating disorder that negatively affects a person’s emotions, thoughts, and behavior. The symptoms we now recognize as depression have long been recorded in history. This research aims generally to review diagnostic criteria over the course of history, criteria for differential diagnosis, accounts of etiology throughout history, as well as epidemiology and comorbid disorders. Then notable considerations regarding clinical interviews with these patients and different approaches to treating this disorder throughout history are discussed. The present study was conducted by searching databases including PubMed, PubPsych, PsychINFO, ResearchGate, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink with keywords like the history of depression, history of diagnostic criteria and differential diagnoses of depression, etiology, epidemiology, comorbidity and treatment of depression over time. Due to the emphasis on historical course and developments over time, no time limitation was considered to review the texts. An overview of Major Depressive Disorder shows that many of the symptoms that have been reported for this disorder throughout history have been remarkably stable, despite variations overall. Besides, different treatments have been utilized at different points in time depending on various etiological accounts. A review of the relevant literature on the treatment of depression demonstrates the need for further research regarding relapse prevention as well as an exploration of long‑term effectiveness over short-term efficacy.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between ego strength and social adjustment. To do this through descriptive research, 337 high school students were selected by the convenience sampling procedure. The participants were requested to fill out The Bell Adjustment Inventory (Bell, 1934), Ego Strength Scale (Besharat, 2007), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnfsky and Krajj, 2006). The results of this study showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between ego strength and social adjustment. There is also a significant positive and negative relationship between adaptive and maladaptive strategies of emotion regulation with social adjustment. The results of path analysis showed that the indirect effect of ego strength on the social adjustment variable through adaptive emotion regulation strategies and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies is meaningful. Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the relationship between ego strength and social adjustment is not linear and simple, and ego strength affects social adjustment through adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. To improve social adjustment, in addition to improving ego strength, it is necessary to provide the context for training adaptive emotion regulation strategies, to enhance the level of adjustment and mental health.