mohammad talebi

One of the basic challenges in high-density integrated circuits is loss of power consumption, which is caused by presence of transistors in circuits and causes the temperature of the circuit to increase. The design of digital circuits in a reversible way can be used as one of efficient approaches to solve this challenge. In addition, the design of parity-preserving reversible circuits can be very effective in detecting faults in circuits. Dividers are used as one of the most widely used circuits in digital computing systems. Divider circuits include an adder, a multiplexer and two sequential register and parallel-in to parallel-out left shift register circuits. This paper is presented a new and efficient design of a parity-preserving reversible non-restoring divider. For this purpose, first, a parity-preserving reversible D-latch is proposed. second, a parity-preserving reversible n-bit register is presented using the proposed reversible D-latch. Third, a parity-preserving reversible (n+1) bit shift register using the proposed reversible D-latch and other reversible gates is proposed. Finally, a parity-preserving reversible n bit divider is developed based on the non-restoring algorithm. The results of comparisons show that the proposed circuit is superior in terms of evaluation criteria of reversible circuits such as quantum cost, number of constant inputs and number of garbage outputs compared to previous works.

In the present study, we investigate some statistical features of earthquake precursors, namely the variations of the b-value and Z-value parameters in time and space, before the occurrence of MN≥5.0 earthquakes in northeast Iran. Based on the literature, the b-value of the Gutenberg–Richter distribution is connected to the field of seismic stress, so that it decreases linearly with increasing differential stress and vice versa. Still, a high differential stress at later stages of an earthquake cycle causes failure of large patches. The Z-value parameter is also associated with seismic quiescence periods which imply the regional preparedness for the occurrence of strong earthquakes.    It is worth mentioning that our study covers ten MN≥5.0 target earthquakes that occurred between 2010 and 2022. However, due to the large number of target earthquakes, the text body is focused on one of the events accompanied with all investigated anomalies, namely the 2015 Kashmar MN 5.2 earthquake.    In order to study the anomalies of seismic parameters, an earthquake catalog, reporting post-2006 MN≥0.3 events, was extracted from the Iranian Seismological Center. As the raw catalog includes small size events, it was preprocessed via removing possible non-tectonic events. These events, being mostly quarry blasts, have been statistically recognized by an unrealistic increase in the number of events during working hours (i.e. 6.00 to 16:00 O’clock). Accordingly, the Rq method, implemented in the ZMAP software package, has been used for removing possible quarry blasts. The estimation of seismic parameters has been done by assuming the Poisson distribution of the occurrence of earthquakes. Therefore, dependent events (i.e. aftershocks and foreshocks) were also eliminated from the used catalog, using a declustering procedure. However, in the case of the 2015 Kashmar earthquake, the de-quarrying and declustering procedures remove 6859 events out of 22143. Having estimated the magnitude of completeness (Mc) for the region of the Kashmar earthquake, we removed earthquakes with magnitudes less than Mc=1.8. Furthermore, as earthquake catalogs commonly involve in a sort of temporal fluctuation of Mc which is mostly due to increase in the number of seismographs over time, the stability of Mc=1.8 for the region has also been checked. In total, the residual catalog includes 7606 MN≥1.8 earthquakes over the Kashmar region.    Our results indicate that at least one of the investigated anomalies can retrospectively be observed prior to all target earthquakes. Still, in some cases both anomalies can simultaneously be detected in the space and time domains. Moreover, the results show that regions characterized by both b-value≤1.0 (after experiencing a temporally decreasing trend of b-value) and Z-value≥3.0 are most prone areas for future MN≥5.0 earthquakes. Furthermore, it has been found that there exists a significant correlation between the explored anomalies, so that the correlation coefficient is higher than 0.6 for some cases. In conclusion, our results confirm that temporal and spatial variations of seismicity parameters can somehow be interpreted as effective indicators for the areas prone to earthquakes with significant earthquakes.

The Design Science Research method (DSR) is an approach to provide practical solutions based on scientific principles in order to produce substantiated and inferred results and products, and at the same time, the results can be scientifically evaluated in the form of primary artifacts and practical use in four main stages which ultimately results in their practical efficiency and effectiveness in the outside world. By designing and creating an archetype in the prototyping stage, DSR evaluates real scenarios and then examines the solution in practical cases. From this point of view, in this research, it has been tried to use the DSR method to provide an innovative solution for predicting bank liquidity risk and upcoming scenarios. This study uses semtiment analysis and deep learning algorithm such as deep convolutional network in predicting liquidity risk and presents a simple and effective method to identify dynamic qualitative variables from recent news about a domestic bank in the country. Predicted scenarios are available to banking experts in the real world to facilitate decision-making in risk measures. According to the guidelines of the Basel Committee and other European banking regulatory frameworks, comparing these scenarios with the scenarios occurring in the bank indicates a relatively high accuracy of the proposed method. In the scenarios derived from the Basel Committee and derived from the European Banking Authority, the forecasting accuracy is about 91% and 82%, respectively

Formation of strong texture, columnar grains, and chemical inhomogeneity are some of the serious challenges associated with SLM of metallic alloys. This paper deals with in-situ SLM manufacturing of Ti-5Cu (wt.%) samples from pure Ti and Cu powders at a constant volumetric energy density (VED) of 50.26 J/mm3. The heat treatment of samples was carried out by heating at 1050 °C (above the β-transus temperature) for 3hr followed by furnace cooling. Then the effects of Cu addition to pure Ti and heat treatment on β-columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) morphology and size of the α phase as well as microhardness of pure Ti and Ti-5Cu samples were investigated. The results showed that the β columnar grains with an average equivalent diameter (deq) of 80 μm in SLMed pure Ti were effectively converted to equiaxed grains with an average deq of ~15 μm in the SLMed Ti-5Cu samples. The Cu addition increased the average microhardness from ~290 HV for pure Ti to ~415 HV for Ti-5Cu samples. This was attributed to the formation of equiaxed grains, increased lattice micro-strain resulting from Cu addition and decreased size of the lath-like α phase. The applied heat treatment led to the formation of equiaxed β grains with an average diameter of ~125 μm, dissolution of unmelted titanium particles and the non-dissolution zones of Cu and Ti, and a rather homogeneous structure in Ti-5Cu samples. It also resulted in the decomposition of α´ martensitic structure and the formation of different morphologies of Ti2Cu precipitates. Reduction of the average microhardness of the Ti-5Cu samples to ~312 HV after heat treatment was also related to the increase in deq of the equiaxed β grains, in addition to the increase in the size of the α laths phase and decrease in micro-strain.

the need for a cyber security maturity model of telecom operators will be inevitable. In this regard, Firstly, 350 indicators were extracted from about 100 theoretical literatures. Secondly, all components of 17 security maturity models like: C2M2, CySAFE, COBIT-IS, Forrester, etc were studied and 16 common components of those are ranked.The 350 extracted indicators were then mapped in the 16 components. About 40 indicators were not included in these components. So 5 new components (as innovation of proposed model), were added and the remaining 40 indicators located in those, as follows: Architecture and process, emerging technologies, stakeholder management, life cycle management, uncertainty.Thirdly, 4 widely used security maturity models in ICT businesses were selected. Then, component / indicators of the proposed maturity model were mapped on the 4 selected models to be sure the correspondence of each of the components/ indicators of the proposed model with 4 selected maturity models ones. In addition, by reviewing the theoretical literature and field and library studies, 4 dimensions include: human, process, technology, and data, and 5 maturity levels were selected for proposed model. Finally, a total of 4 dimensions, 18 components, 99 indicators, and 5 maturity levels were obtained as proposed model.

The introduction of technology and masscommunication tools in families has affected the interactionsand social values of families and caused us to witness changesin the behavior and interactions of family members. Virtualsocial networks and the Internet as new media are the mostimportant of these technologies that have penetrated our worldtoday in such a way that it is impossible to imagine life withoutit; New media has had positive and negative effects dependingon the type of society by affecting the form of interactions ofpeople in their identity. In view of the above topics, this studywas conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of theuse of virtual social networks on the social identity of familiesin Tehran.

The number of the statisticalpopulation is equal to 2915543 people and the sample sizecalculated using Cochran's method is 384 people, of which 375people completed the researcher-made questionnaire. Thesampling method is a combination of simple random samplingand cluster sampling. The results of data analysis at thedescriptive level indicate that the social identity of 94.1% ofcitizens is at a positive and high level; Among the twodimensions of social identity, collective identity (80.8% atmedium and medium to high level) is preferred over individualidentity (68% medium and medium to high). The averageamount of use of virtual social networks from the citizens'point of view was 1 hour and 36 minutes per day.

The results of the hypothesis test indicate that thehypothesis regarding the effect of the use of virtual socialnetworks on social identity, individual identity and collectiveidentity has been confirmed and this effect has been direct andpositive. The amount of use of virtual social networks,respectively, the ability to predict variable changes in socialidentity in general (43 percent), individual identity (56percent), unity against external circumstances (28 percent) andthe individual's feeling towards They have their mental life(34%), collective identity (46%), commitment to value andnormative order (44%) and belonging to social life (16%).

In general, the use of social networks hasincreased the social identity of the citizens of Tehran

One of the newest and most advanced models to identify industries and products that should be targeted by the government of developing countries, is presented by Ricardo Hausmann. This model known as the economic complexity model measures the economic complexity index of each country's economy through a reciprocal relationship. This model shows that countries must produce a variety of products with a high degree of complexity and in close proximity of products which they have a comparative advantage in producing them, in order to become industrialized and developed. Analyzing Iran’s product space shows that out of 1259 goods in the 4-digit HS classification system, there are 45 commodities that producing these commodities improve the complexity of Iran's economy. Another part of any strategy to support selected industries, is to use the capability of international markets to export selected goods; by Considering the importance of the markets of 9 neighboring countries of Iran and after identifying their need for 25 commodities, there are 20 commodities with a market size of $12 billion, By Assuming the ability of Iran to capture half of this market, it will lead to a 1.3 percent growth in Iran's GDP.

The emergence of technology and mass media has affected families, social relations, and its values and has led to changes in the behavior and interactions of family members. As mass media are the most important technologies affecting our world, social networks and the Internet have penetrated in a way that it is impossible to imagine life without them, and they have made positive and negative changes to the family cohesion of users by affecting the form of interactions between people. According to the above topics, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of using virtual social networks on the family cohesion of the citizens of Tehran.

Based on the type of collected and analyzed data, the present research was quantitative, and had a field type in terms of the method of facing with problems. The research technique had a survey. The statistical population was equal to 2915543, the sample size was 375, and the sampling method was a combination of simple and cluster random sampling. The mean use of social networks was 1 hour and 36 minutes per day.

The results of the hypothesis test indicated that the hypotheses about the effect of the virtual social networks on intra-family cohesion and its quantitative and qualitative dimensions were confirmed and the effect was direct and positive. The rate of using virtual social networks could predict changes in the family cohesion variable by 9%, the quantitative dimension by 9%, and the qualitative dimension by 27%.

The general results indicated that the rate of using social networks caused changes in the level of family cohesion in Tehran users.

After the financial crisis of 2007-2009, in which liquidity problems led to insolvency and consequently the bankruptcy of many large banks and financial institutions such as Lehman Brothers, Basel Committee on Banking Supervision introduced liquidity requirements for the most part to reduce the possibility of bank insolvency caused by liquidity shocks. This research develops an agent-based model of a banking system to be used to analyze the impact of the liquidity requirements on the solvency position of banks. The model devises a banking system with 12 heterogeneous banks in which banks perform their traditional activities namely taking deposits and making loans. Banks can fulfill their liquidity needs by engaging in interbank lending, selling their securities, and using central bank lending assistance. The model aims to study the behavior of different banks in response to imposing liquidity requirements. This model is calibrated using the data of Iranian listed banks during 2018-2020. Liquidity requirements are measured using liquidity coverage ratio, and the solvency position of a bank is measured using the capital adequacy ratio. The results of the simulations demonstrate that as liquidity requirements increase, the solvency position of some banks improves, some banks deteriorate, and some remain unchanged. Regarding this reaction among other various factors, profitability, inflow, and outflow of liquidity, and finally, the outflow rate parameter play an essential role.

According to the Basel III regulatory framework, uniform minimum liquidity requirements have been imposed on all types of banks. Using an agent-based model of a banking system, we investigate the effects of liquidity requirements on banks' insolvency under two policy experiments in one of which the minimum liquidity requirements are applied uniformly and in the other differentially across banks. The model introduces a banking system with 12 heterogeneous banks that must also comply with two liquidity requirements while performing their daily activities of taking deposits and making loans. The model is applied to the Iranian banking system. Results illustrate that because banks respond differently to liquidity requirements, applying one size minimum liquidity requirements to all kinds of banks, strengthens the likelihood of a liquidity shock turns into banks' insolvency and could increase banking system instability. Thus our findings highlight that to achieve financial stability at the national level, policymakers should revise the current one size fits all approach when designing liquidity requirements.

Modern banks have shifted their function as purely administrative, economic and industrial entities into socio-political institutions that must be sensitive to the surrounding environment. This function has always been neglected. This study was conducted based on primary, secondary, and tertiary data and reviews the full text of 75 studies selected from more than 245 studies. The selected elected papers and studies addressed the following issues: (1) business models, (2) banking business models, (3) sustainability and sustainable development, and (4) business models adopting a sustainable development approach. Investigations on banking business models show that most studies have focused on the categorization of banking activities at the multi-bank level, and finally, using clustering techniques, have provided some general categorization for business models.

One of the important pillars of the policies of the resistance economy is their justice. Optimal allocation of banking resources allows individuals to play a role in the economy. The present study tries to enumerate the effective and priority factors that have a great impact on the fair allocation of banking resources and provide executive solutions. In this study, first by library study method, the principles and requirements of equitable allocation of resources based on resistance economic policies were extracted and policies and requirements of justice were calculated by comparative study of other countries. After extracting these requirements, the status quo of each of its indicators and solutions was put to the vote of the elites, and based on the two-sentence test and the Freudman test, these results were prioritized. Then, using the meta-analysis method, the most important strategies of equitable allocation of resources were identified in order of priority, which are:1. Strengthening technical supervision and improving the independence of the central bank, 2. Improving and expanding information and communication technology and expanding fintechs, 3. Reducing the ownership of government institutions, 4. Supporting banks that are developing a venture fund They help and 5. Develop guarantees accepted by the bank and accept trust-based documents.
If these priorities are implemented, the allocation of resources in banks will be fair.

One of the values emphasized by Islam is ethical values, and one of the successful experiences that has emerged in recent times in the traditional economy is an alternative banking and ethical banking that can be used for the Iranian banking system. Considering the wide range of ethical banking features, their implementation in the Iranian economy in a short term is not feasible, so it is essential to prioritize these features for Iranian banking in line with economic needs.    In this research, by using theoretical foundations and experience of ethical banking in the world and meta-analysis method, the characteristics of ethical banking with priority have been identified. Also, by benefiting from the opinions of the elites through questionnaires, the applicable cases in Iran's economy and the priority of their implementation have been determined. Based on the results of elites' opinions and their analysis according to binomial test, effective factors of ethical banking have been identified. In the next step, according to Friedman's test, these results have been prioritized and those that should be considered in Iran's economy have been accounted for and announced. In view of the results, it is suggested that all features be prepared by the central bank under the name of the Banking Code and sent to the relevant banks and all banks should be indexed accordingly. Also, based on the views of the elites, it is suggested that the central bank gradually considers the operational incentives for the first eight priorities and tries to plan in such a way that each year four of them become operational.

One of the methods to achievement to financial stability is using the deposit guarantee mechanism in financial system. Deposit guarantee fund in failing of member, repayment to depositors for compensation of loss. Based on 5th development act, the fund was stablish and running now. By considering the Sharia requirement, this research by using the multi-stage Ijtihad focus on Sharia aspect of deposit guarantee. According to this method, researcher submit his opinion to Fiqhi – financial scientist and then send to Marja’a for Istifta’a. Conclusion of research process will be in below: 1. Deposit guarantee mechanism can be categories in independence contract or insurance. 2. Guaranteeing of deposits that based on Qardh contract is correct. 3. Principal Guarantee of deposits that based on Mosharakah contract is correct but expected return is incorrect. 4. Flat and differentiate premium that members pay to the Fund is correct in the jurisprudence view.

One of the last poems by Sohrab Sepehri is "Ma Hich Ma Negah" which has a clear difference in terms of language, expression, structure, and poetic images with his other poetry collections. In his other works, he has used the instructions of the eastern religions and western schools, such as romanticism, impressionism and surrealism. In the recent book, postmodern thoughts and its influence on this kind of thinking have been fully elaborated including: thinking about science vainly, confusion in imagination and conflict in orders and reasoning, drawing poetry and narrative in a divided and reparative way, setting aside the real nature of objects in order to express dumb concepts, intricate language use, word ordering without any logical connection, content removal, elimination of traditional poetry principles, suppression of reality and meaning Finally, paranoia, which is a way of thinking and feeling, reveals itself in the form of delusions and frivolous foundations. This research intends to analyze the poem of "Ma Hich Ma Negah” to reflect the components of postmodernism.

According to the first clause of article 110 of Iranian constitution, the supreme leader of Iranian revelation imparted the resilience economic policies in 2014. These policies are complementing the policies of privatization or article 44 of constitution to achieve economic goals. The main goal of this instruction is creating stability in economy. Therefore, in this research we have measured stability of banking system as a main part of economy against macroeconomic shocks. While the resilience economic policies extend the article44, we have divided banks in to two part: public banks and private banks. Then we have used survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard models to measure resilience and bankruptcy threshold of Iranian banks. Results represent that uncertainties of inflation and interest rate have more effect of resilience of banking system. Also results show that the resilience of public banks are two years less than private banks and the resilience and survival time of Iranian banking system is about 5years. Also, the positive coefficient of uncertainty of the GDP growth rate shows that there is a reciprocal relationship between the usury free banking system and the real sector of the economy. Therefore, usury free banking in Iran, due to the lack of attention of the policymaker and the supervisor of the manufacturing sector in providing the banking facility, has failed to its main advantage is to establish a close relationship with the real sector of the economy.

The agricultural industry, which is referred to as a mothers industry, faces many risks, which has reduced investors' willingness to invest in this industry. Some of these risks, including disaster risk, are considered to be the specific risks of this industry. Developed countries use a variety of instruments, such as weather derivatives, to cover these risks. Weather derivatives, like other derivatives used in financial markets, are based on their base assets, with the difference that the base asset in weather derivatives is the temperature index, rainfall, snowfall, and etc.
This research, while reviewing the nature of the weather derivatives, has provided a juridical feasibility study for the implementation of this financial instrument. The research method used in this research is a multi-stage Ijtihadi model. The results of this research indicate that the lack of legal permission to use this instrument is due to the conflict with the principle of the prohibition of fake money and the existence of a dilemma of the underlying asset ineligibility. However fixing the drawbacks and develop Islamic financial instruments in accordance with the Imam's jurisprudence is not far from mind.

The purpose of this paper is to design a prediction system for thresholds of the bankruptcy of banks based on the business cycle and examine the effects of different approaches in defining the bankruptcy threshold in predicting bankruptcy time of Iranian banks using the Kaplan-Meier and Cox Proportional-Hazards Models. So, the data of listed banks in Tehran Stock Exchange were used from 1385-1395. The results indicate that Iranian banks are affected by five leading variables, which bank supervisors can identify risky banks using these indicators. These variables are operating profit to operating costs ratio, the ratio of total net income of interest and operating income to the total assets, the income of banking services to total income ratio, the ratio of administrative and general expenses to total expenses and bank’s size. Although, results indicate that base on AIC, Z-score approach is the best criteria for defining and identifying banks' bankruptcy thresholds in comparison with capital adequacy ratio and non-performing loans ratio. Based on this approach, at overall, banks will be on the thresholds of bankruptcy for up to 7 years and this will be reduced to 5 years in recession and during the boom, banks' bankruptcy thresholds will increase to 8 years.

Money is one of the phenomena that are used in the economic life of people for a long time. Despite the simple appearance, this phenomenon is constantly evolving. Since 2009, a new form of money has been created in the world under the title "Cryptocurrency". This exchange facility is out of reach of the banking system and the central bank and is only transmitted through cyberspace.
As this kind of money becomes widespread in the economic relations of the world, there is a serious transformation in the nature and functioning of the money. Changes in the nature and function of the economy may have different jurisprudential functions than fiat money. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately identify the jurisprudence system, the nature and economic functions of this phenomenon, and clarify the types of permissible and unlawful rulings in economic relations.
In this regard, in this research, at first the cryptocurrency is introduced and then the jurisprudential aspects of the subject were explained by two approaches of individual and governmental jurisprudence, as well as in two levels of transaction and mining. Finally, using the method of multi-stage ijtihad research and the views of the Islamic finance experts and the authorities, imitating the license terms, the use Cryptocurrency has been counted. Accordingly, one of these types of money, called Bitcoin, is adapted to those circumstances and finally the existence of the doubtful of "La Darar and La Darar" has encountered it with illegal forms.

Thirty years after establishing the Islamic Republic of Iran’s usury – free banking system, there are many ambiguities about its success. After investigating sharia-related issues of usury-free banking system based on nominate contracts, it was observed that: banking structures and mechanisms do not have the capabilities to execute the contracts; actions taken by the designers, policy makers and executives of this system to confront the mentioned challenges may be categorized into two groups: First, the continuation of the banking system based on nominate contracts and correction  of the current situation; second, moving towards a different paradigm. This article concentrates on the second solution and explains a new paradigm named “bank contract”. Also, the currency used in the early years of Islam was the real money whereas the world’s present banking system is using fiat money which has its own regulations, hence the necessity of providing new definition of the state money and analyzing the existing banking and market systems based on that.  Finally, as banking and its functions in their modern sense didn’t exist in the early years of Islam and have to be recognized as a novel issue, the relationship between depositors and the bank and the relationship between the latter and receivers of facilities need a contract definition that goes with “bank contract”. Based on this study, usury-free banking system based on nominate contracts that now act as the underlying trend in the usury-free operational law, is not suitable for executing banking operations.

In this paper, after a quick review of a summary of the financial innovation diffusion literature, with an emphasis on modern Islamic financial instruments, we address the process of Islamic financial innovation diffusion in Iran's capital market, as well as focusing on the categorization of the barriers of promotion and diffusion of modern Islamic financial instruments with providing some relevant examples. Then, according to the literature of adopting innovations and the author's practical experiences, we examine how to consider the Islamic Jurisprudence and Sharia viewpoint on the structure, components, and effects of a new financial instrument in the capital market. In this paper, we have emphasized the local design or institutional approach in Islamic financial innovations which is paid less attention by Islamic financial scholars and financial operations managers. The presented approach has some differences from the current Sharia Compliance approach in Iran's Islamic capital market, although it may include methods of eliminating jurisprudential contradictions in conventional financial instruments.

In recent years, the discussion of resistance economy has been brought to the country's economic literature by the Supreme Leader to confront the pressures and threats of the world arrogant front. The purpose of this issue is to achieve an endogenous, stable and resistant economic growth. Achieving such growth requires structures, one of which is the formation and development of virtue capital (VC) companies. Risky investments play a vital role in financing of knowledge-based companies, and knowledge-based companies are one of the main drivers of resistance economy. One of the obstacles to expanding the activities of venture capital companies is the lack of clarity of the risk assessment model of these types of activities. In this research, the relevant factors were identified by reviewing the research literature as well as the formation of a committee of 12 experts from the academic and experimental experts. Afterwards, by utilizing the interpretive-structural model, relations between the effective factors were analyzed. The result of the research showed that the 10 key risk factors of venture capital are related to each other at three different levels. Among identified factors entrepreneur character, management skills, industry related experience and product life cycle considered as the underlying factors in investment risk assessment that in the event of control, the risk of investment will be reduced to an appropriate extent.

Increasing the number and volume of banking transactions is a way for making benefits for them but occurring of fraud is a main concern that banks are confronting with. The accordance of services and products and facilities with Islamic rules is another main concern in Islamic banks. Also spending the Islamic facilities for purposes rather that what they have defined for, makes them as non-Islamic services. Following and assessing all arrived requests for using Islamic facilities is both complicated and also labor intensive. In this paper by using the hidden knowledge in historical data and documents, and also using expert opinions the normal patterns for Islamic facilities requests has been modeled. Fuzzy membership functions are used for estimating the deviation of each requests from normal patterns. This system can help Islamic bankers as a decision support system which is fast, exact and automatic

After exceeding eight years from its establishment, and despite its considerable size of dealings, Iran's Rial Interbank Market has not yet managed to develop its position in the state’s money market through creation of necessary diversities in transactional mechanisms. Application of treasury bills as a short-term monetary instrument is globally fostered. After adoption of sale of debt in the state’s monetary system, application of Islamic treasury bills was lodged in the 2014 Budget Act. Supplying these bills in the capital market one year later could result in formation and development of a secondary market for such bills. The main question of this research is posed as “How could Islamic treasury bills be used to promote the efficiency of Iran's Rial Interbank Market?” By explicating the performance and recognizing Iran's Interbank Market shortcomings, the present article intends to examine the application of Islamic treasury bills as a short-term monetary instrument in Iran's Interbank Market. Findings of this study achieved through a descriptive-analytical methodology by referring to Shiite jurisprudence and finance texts are expressive of the fact that Islamic treasury bills are capable of being applied in Iran's Rial Interbank Market.

In the past decades, a significant increase has been observed in head and face traumas bleeding during and after surgery is one of the most important and dangerous factors for patients. This study was performed to assess the bleeding amount in patients during maxillofacial surgeries and the necessity of blood transfusion.
In this cross-sectional study, 441 patients were enrolled, of which 83.2% and 16.8% were male and female, respectively. To compare the patients’ mean hemoglobin concentration before and after surgery, paired t-test was used. Furthermore, to compare the mean hemoglobin concentration and mean intraoperative bleeding between males and females, independent t-test was used. The significance level was set as 0.05 for all tests.
Results showed that the mean difference of hemoglobin concentration before and after surgery in patients of the study had a significant difference (P 0.050).
The results of this study demonstrated that there was a decrease in mean hemoglobin concentration after surgery, and also, the amount of blood loss in patients during surgery was not high enough for blood transfusion. However, it should be considered that to prevent any problem during surgery, assessing patients with anemia before surgical operations is necessary.