saeid sadeghi

The relationship between preschool children’s theory of mind (ToM) and anxiety symptoms is theoretically crucial and practically applicable. While ToM and anxiety play crucial roles in social interactions, their effects are often opposites. This study aims to examine the relationship between ToM skills and anxiety in typically developing preschoolers.

Data were collected from the parents of 93 Iranian children (50 boys and 43 girls) aged 4 to 10 between 2022 and 2023.The parents filled out the children’s social understanding scale (CSUS) and the parent-version of the Spence children’s anxiety scale (SCAS-P). 

The results indicated a significant relationship between some aspects of TOM, such as emotion, perception, belief, knowledge, and anxiety symptoms. 

These elements of TOM were reliable indicators of anxiety symptoms in typically developing preschoolers.

This study examines the developmental impact of excessive smartphone use on cognitive functioning and externalizing behaviors in elementary school children. Specifically, it examines the relationship between smartphone overuse and cognitive skills related to future thinking, as well as related mental health outcomes. A descriptive cross-sectional design was utilized. Data were collected from 200 Iranian parent-child pairs (139 boys and 61 girls) aged between 6–13 years. Parents completed the Children’s Future Thinking Questionnaire (CFTQ) to assess related cognitive functions to future thinking and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to evaluate mental health outcomes. Additionally, Smartphone overuse was measured through Child Smartphone Addiction Questioner (CSAQ).  The results revealed significant negative correlations between smartphone addiction and key cognitive functions such as episodic foresight, prospective memory, and planning. Notably, smartphone addiction was strongly correlated with increased externalizing behaviors, including aggression and rule-breaking, and other mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression. Regression analysis showed that smartphone addiction accounted for 25% of the variance in these negative outcomes, highlighting its significant impact on child development. These findings highlight the need for interventions that address smartphone addiction and focus on strengthening future-oriented cognitive skills, which are essential for the improvement or prevention of mental health and behavioral outcomes in children.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder is diagnosed based on the presence of unwanted and disturbing thoughts and repetitive behaviors. One of the treatments whose effectiveness has been confirmed in psychological disorders is the treatment based on acceptance and commitment. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy on ambiguity tolerance and cognitive flexibility in people with obsessive–compulsive disorder.

The current research was quasi–experimental and employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included people with obsessive–compulsive symptoms residing in the vocational training and occupational therapy camp of Semnan City, Iran, in 2022. Since the number of subjects in groups in the quasi–experimental studies is at least 15 people, 30 qualified volunteers were randomly entered into the study and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (each group includes 15 people). The implementation method was such that after selecting the people of the sample group and before starting the treatment program, the Ambiguity Tolerance Questionnaire (McLean, 1993) and the Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire (Dennis and Vander Wal, 2010) were distributed among both groups. After that, acceptance and commitment therapy was implemented in the experimental group (in the form of 8 sessions of 90 minutes, each session once a week), and the control group was not subjected to any treatment program. In the end, the posttest was done again from both groups. Also, after the end of the research, the treatment program was implemented for the control group to maintain the ethical standards in the research. The criteria for entering the research were as follows: 1) interview based on DSM–5 criteria and also a higher than average score on Bill Brown's Obsessive Compulsive Scale (because the statistical population of this research is people with obsessive symptoms, this measurement was carried out by a specialist in the field of clinical psychology), 2) at least a diploma level of education, 3) not participating in other psychological interventions at the same time, and 4) absence of debilitating physical and mental diseases diagnosed by the researcher using a clinical interview. The criteria for leaving the research were as follows: 1) Absence of more than three sessions, 2) non–observance of group therapy rules, and 3) suffering from a physical or mental illness that did not exist before the treatment and was identified during the implementation. Data analysis was carried out in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics, frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used, and at the level of inferential statistics, covariance analysis was used. To check the normality of the data using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and to check the homogeneity of variances using the Levene test and also the assumption of homogeneity of the slope of the regression lines by checking the effect of the group in the pretest interactions were used in the regression model. Finally, univariate analysis of covariance was used. Also, an independent t test was used to compare the averages of age variables of two groups, and a Chi–square test was used to compare the frequency of education variables. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 24, and the significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05.

The results of covariance analysis for all variables of ambiguity tolerance and psychological flexibility showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the posttest after deleting the effect of pretest (p<0.001). Also, the value of eta squared for both ambiguity tolerance and psychological flexibility indicates the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy.

It can be said that acceptance and commitment therapy can effectively increase the tolerance of ambiguity and cognitive flexibility of people with obsessions.

Computerized cognitive training (CCT) is a computer-based intervention that targets cognitive functioning that has become increasingly popular in the recent decade. We examined the effectiveness of RehaCom as a standard computerized cognitive training on the executive functions of healthy adults in this preliminary study. The study was a quasi-experimental study using a pretest-posttest experimental design without a control group. The participants included 10 healthy adults. The participants were evaluated before and after the intervention using the Trail Making Test (TMT), Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift (IED), and Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) computerized tasks. The subjects trained by RehaCom software for 45 minutes per day, one day per week, for a total of four sessions over one month. Data were analyzed in the SPSS software (version 26) using the paired t-test test. Results show significant enhancement in participants’ central executive functioning (p < 0.01), shifting (p<0.05), and planning (p<0.05). A computerized cognitive training program can improve cognitive functions of healthy adults.

The use of arts and handicrafts with the aim of education and rehabilitation for individuals with special needs has a history of about half a century. Although, the carpet industry has not yet been utilized for these purposes. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of carpet waving in improving cognitive and social skills, as well as the quality of life for individuals with autism. To achieve this goal, it is crucial to develop and validate a carpet plan according to the cognitive and behavioral characteristics of adolescents with autism.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder is diagnosed based on the presence of unwanted and disturbing thoughts and repetitive behaviors. A person suffering from obsessive–compulsive disorder shows disorders in executive functions, such as psychological flexibility, prevention from the occurrence of response, defects in visual and verbal memory and emotional processing. Cognitive flexibility is an important aspect of executive function, defined as the ability to adapt efficiently to changing demands. Research evidence shows that obsessive–compulsive disorder can affect the indecisiveness of patients. It indicates that obsessive people use a mechanism for ambiguity and potentially threatening stimuli, as well as for achieving a sense of control over stimuli. Harassers engage in behaviors that provoke ambiguity or uncertainty. One of the treatments whose effectiveness has been confirmed in psychological disorders is coping therapy. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive coping therapy on ambiguity tolerance and cognitive flexibility in people with obsessive–compulsive disorder.

The current research was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The statistical population included people with obsessive–compulsive symptoms in the vocational training and occupational therapy camp of Semnan City, Iran, in 2021. Among the statistical population, 30 qualified volunteers were randomly entered into the study and assigned to experimental and control groups (each group included 15 people). The implementation method was such that after selecting the people of the sample group and before starting the treatment program, theAmbiguity Tolerance Questionnaire (McLain, 1993) and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II (Bond et al., 2011) were distributed between both groups. After that, the therapy intervention program was implemented in the experimental group (in the form of 14 90–min sessions, one session per week) and the control group was not subjected to any treatment program. In the end, the posttest was done again from both groups by the mentioned questionnaires. Also, after the research, to maintain the ethical standards, the treatment programs were implemented in the control group. The inclusion criteria were as follows: being interviewed based on DSM–5 criteria and also a higher than average score on the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y–BOCS) (because the statistical population of this research comprised people with obsessive symptoms) which was carried out by a specialist in the field of clinical psychology, having at least a diploma level of education, not participating in other psychological interventions at the same time, lacking any debilitating physical and mental diseases diagnosed by the researcher using a clinical interview. The exclusion criteria were as follows: absence of more than three sessions, non–observance of group–therapy rules, and suffering from a physical or mental illness that did not exist before the treatment and was identified during the implementation. Data analysis was carried out in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used, and at the level of inferential statistics, multivariate covariance analysis was performed. Data analysis was done in SPSS software version 24 and the significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05.

The findings showed the significant (p<0.001) effect of cognitive coping therapy on ambiguity tolerance and cognitive flexibility in people with obsessive–compulsive disorder.

According to the findings, coping therapy focuses on the individual's coping style rather than directly affecting the tolerance of ambiguity and cognitive flexibility of obsessive–compulsive individuals. Also in the long term, by influencing these coping methods, it can affect tolerance ambiguity and cognitive flexibility.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and social communication and a range of restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behavior patterns, interests, and activities (1). The onset of ASD symptoms usually occurs in symptoms of autism in infancy and toddlers before the age of 2 years. Although new theories have been developed to explain different features of ASD core impairments in recent years,  no neuro-psychological theory has been proposed to explain all ASD aspects satisfactorily. EFs, theory of mind (ToM), and weak central coherence cognitive theories have dominated neuropsychological research into ASD (10, 11). It is assumed that the theory of mind and weak central coherence could explain many of the deficits in social interaction and social communication associated with ASD (12). However, the EFs theory may provide the best explanation for the non-social aspects of ASD, such as repetitive behaviors and restricted interests (13). EFs are a set of cognitive skills defined as an “umbrella” term that includes goal-directed and self-regulatory cognitive abilities such as inhibition, shifting, working memory, flexibility, and planning (20). Additionally, EF is the only theory that acknowledges both the motor and cognitive characteristics of ASD (e.g., perseveration, insistence on sameness, repetitive hand flapping, and rocking) (10). Deficits in behavioral flexibility have been repeatedly documented in ASD. Behavioral inflexibility in ASD is characterized by circumscribed interests, restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs), pervasive impairments in social interactions and communication. Behavioral inflexibility refers to rigid behavioral patterns that contrast with the need to adapt to the changing needs of the environment. Behavioral Inflexibility is a potential dimensional ability that can explain the RRBs domains. RRBs are a hallmark of ASD (1). The RRBS manifests across echolalia, stereotyped behaviors, self-injurious behaviors, ritualistic behaviors, sameness behaviors, restricted behaviors, compulsive behaviors, and hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory stimuli.
Despite the findings of previous studies showing a deficit in the behavioral flexibility of people with ASD, determining the degree of predictability of each of the executive functions in the behavioral flexibility of children with ASD has not yet been studied. By identifying the cognitive underpinnings of behavioral inflexibility at an early age in people with autism spectrum disorder, early and specific interventions can be designed to improve the underlying cognitive function and thus increase behavioral flexibility. Indeed, clarifying the cognitive basis of behavioral flexibility in people with autism spectrum disorder can provide clues to its pathophysiology, improve clinical evaluation, and guide the development of new interventions to address behavioral flexibility as one of the hallmarks of autism spectrum disorder. The present study seeks to answer the question of what is the relationship between the components of executive functions and behavioral flexibility and can executive functions predict behavioral flexibility as one of the hallmarks of autism.

Participants included forty-five toddlers (34 males, 11 females; mean age=26.33 months; range 16–36 months) who were referred to the autism center. Each subject was diagnosed using comprehensive evaluation that included standardized testing, behavioral observation, and extensive parent reports gathered through interviews and questionnaires. Diagnoses were based on DSM 5 guidelines (1). All subjects were evaluated by an ASD specialist with a PhD in clinical psychology and at least one assistant (with at least a master's degree in clinical psychology). The diagnosis was made based on informed clinical judgment following interaction with the child, formal testing, and review parent reports and records review. Cross-sectional data were collected from mothers of toddlers. The behavior rating inventory of executive functioning-preschool version (BRIEF-P) and the behavior flexibility rating scale-revised (BFRS-R) was administered to mothers. To participate in the current study, parents completed an informed consent form for the child’s participation, executive functions and repetitive behavior measures (described below), and a demographic information checklist. Inclusion criteria included no known comorbid psychological and medical disorders or hearing and visual deficits.

The results of the Pearson correlation test revealed that the degree of behavioral flexibility in young children was correlated with inhibition, shifting, emotional control, planning/organization, inhibitory self-control, cognitive flexibility, metacognition, and the overall score of executive functions. Only working memory had no significant relationship with children's behavioral flexibility among executive functions. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the predictive role of executive functions of defects in the behavioral flexibility of young children. Executive functions predict 18%, 15%, and 21% of the variance of children's behavioral flexibility towards objects, environment, and total behavioral flexibility score, respectively.

This study's findings showed that all executive functions studied, except working memory, have a significant relationship with behavioral flexibility in young children. The regression analysis results also showed that executive functions had the ability to significantly predict part of the variance of flexibility in children with symptoms of autism spectrum disorder to the environment and objects. At the same time, this predictive was not significant in behavioral flexibility towards individuals. According to this study’s findings, it can be concluded that the ability to shift attention between different situations and tasks and inhibit thoughts and movements are essential cognitive predictions in the amount of behavioral flexibility in young children. Also, executive function theory has the ability to predict the behavioral flexibility related to non-social stimuli. Other cognitive theories such as ToM and weak central coherence should be considered to explain social and behavioral flexibility.

Ethical Considerations

Compliance with ethical guidelines
The present study observed ethical principles, including obtaining written consent in order to participate in the research, respecting the principle of confidentiality of the participants in such a way that the names of the participants were removed for confidentiality; adequate information on how the research was conducted was provided to all participating parents and they were free to leave the research process.

Authors’ contributionsBoth authors of the present study collaborated in the design and conceptualization of the study and its final approval. The article's first author was responsible for preparing and revising the manuscript.

No financial support has been received from any organization for this research.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all the families who helped us in this research.

Conflict of interest

The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Prospection is a set of cognitive abilities that includes predicting possible future states and needs. This skill helps people to plan, overcome obstacles and achieve success. One of the novel tools for measuring the ability of future-oriented thinking in children is the Children’s Future Thinking Questionnaire (Mazachowsky & Mahy, 2020), the psychometric properties of which have not been studied for use in the Iranian child population. This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of elementary school students (139 boys and 61 girls) who were studying in the academic year 1399-1400 and the questionnaire along with the demographic checklist was provided to their parents online. Confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency of subscales, Guttman split-half, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to evaluate the psychometric properties of Children’s Future Thinking Questionnaire (CFTQ) using LISREL8.8 and SPSS24 statistical analysis software. The content analysis of the CFTQ showed that the five-factor model has a moderate fit scale and validity construct. Also, Cronbach's alpha values and, Guttman split-half for the total score of the questionnaire were 0.89 and 0.85, respectively, which indicates the appropriate reliability of this questionnaire. It can be concluded that the CFTQ has good validity and reliability in the Iranian population and the present researchers recommend Persian version of the CFTQ to assess cognitive abilities related to future-oriented in Iranian children.

The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate psychometric properties of ele-mentary school students’ smartphone and tablet addiction scale and its relationship with parenting styles. We surveyed 200 elementary school students selected by convenience sam-pling. They were evaluated by elementary school students’ smartphone addiction scale and Baumrind parenting style questionnaire. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the questi-onnaire has a main factor representing 40% of the total variance and also by calculating the correlation of subscales with the total score (p=0.01), Cronbach’s alpha (α=0.91) and split half method (r=0.88) It was indicated that this scale is properly valid and reliable. Also, family income, mothers’ education and negligent parenting style were directly and significa-ntly correlated with elementary school stu-dents’ smartphone and tablet addiction rate, and authoritative parenting style was inversely and significantly correlated with elementary school students’ smartphone and tablet addiction rate. The study of psychometric properties showed that the present scale has a favorable and correlated underlying factor and it can be used for smartphone addiction evaluation of school- age students in future research. In addition, for intervention in the use rate of smartphone and tablet in elementary school children, family elements should be considered.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience problems in motor skills which can affect other abilities such as academic and daily life skills. In this regard, the cost of interventions and the long distance from the rehabilitation centers put pressure on the family of children with ASD. Previous studies have shown the potential for using telerehabilitation as a more affordable way to provide interventions for children with ASD. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the non-attendant family-centered Sports, Play and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK) motor program intervention to develop gross motor skills in children with a high-function ASD.

The research is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. The participants were 9 families of children with high-functioning ASD referring to the rehabilitation centers in Tehran, Isfahan, Quds, and Kermanshah provinces, Iran. Telerehabilitation of SPARK motor program involves exercising and playing performed in 24 sessions of 45 minutes each (3 sessions per week) for 8 weeks applied for parents. The test of gross motor development-2 (TGMD-2) was used for data collection. The collected data were analyzed by paired t-test.

The results showed that family-based telerehabilitation of the SPARK program significantly improved gross motor skills in children with high-functioning ASD (P<0.05).

It seems that the telerehabilitation of SPARK can be helpful for families who do not have access to rehabilitation centers.

There are several techniques for implement an authentication system for computers that most commonly use the clear text password. One of the security problems is the use of a text password, the lack of choosing a complicated password by users due to forgetting, and being guessable and retrieved by attackers. One of the methods for passing text passwords is the use of graphical password authentication systems that increase the amount of forgetting passwords by using images instead of text characters. In this paper, the security challenges of using a graphical password are discussed. Then, explain a method for using the watermarking digital image for the authentication process and providing an algorithm suitable for watermarking and enhance the security of graphical password authentication system, and its quantitative and qualitative security parameters will be examined.

The purpose of this study was to "Investigate the Effect of Earnings Management Forecasting on Managers' Risk-Taking in TSE." The research method was correlational in nature and content of a research. The method of this research was descriptive and correlational based on composite data and multivariate regression statistical method was used to examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Data analysis was performed based on the method of studying composite data, regression of composite data with fixed effects (panel). The statistical population of this study was the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period from 1392 to 1397. Using elimination screening sampling method, 106 companies were studied as a statistical sample size. Data analysis and processing was performed using Eviews software and the results showed that fluctuations in management estimates of earnings have a significant effect on managers' risk-taking in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, but the release of earnings forecasts by management on Managers' risk-taking in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange has no significant effect.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that is increasing in prevalence globally. Previous studies have shown that psychological factors play a role in diabetes. This research aimed to predict blood glucose control by the use of early maladjusted schemas in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The research population consisted of all type 2 diabetic patients referring to the two centers of Alzahra school of charity hospital and Diabetes Research Institute of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and 300 patients were chosen as sample by convenience sampling method. Data gathered by the use of Young Schema questionnaire and analyzed by regression.

The results showed that among the early maladaptive schemas of social isolation/alienation, defect/shame, vulnerability to disease, obedience, emotional inhibition, endurance/over-critical criteria and inadequate self-discipline/self-discipline were significantly controlled poor blood glucose levels are significantly predicted (P <0.01).

Early maladaptive schemas as one of the psychological characteristics of individuals can predict the level of blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes and it is suggested that in preventive and therapeutic interventions for diabetes pay attention to this psychological quality.

Job stress in nursing is one of the most important issues of this century. Many of the studies have addressed the factors linked with this variable. The aim of this study was to predict nurses’ job stress based on psychological capital and job performance.

This descriptive-correlation study population consisted of all nurses in the city of Kermanshah in (2016) and 152 nurses were selected by convenience sampling method. To collect the data, job stress, psychological capital and job performance Paterson questionnaire was used. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation and regression were applied using SPSS version 22 statistical software.

The relationship between psychological capital and job stress (P<0.05) and psychological capital and job performance (P<0.001) was significant. The overall model showed that these two variables together are able to predict job stress (P<0.05) and psychological capital alone is able to predict job stress (P<0/05: β=-0/19), while job performance alone does not have the ability to predict job stress (P>0.05: β=-0.03).

Based on these findings, nurses who have rich psychological capital, experience lower stress.

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that its etiology has not been determined definitively. The studies that have been conducted on the characteristics of relatives of people with ASD have shown that relatives of people with ASD have a subthreshold of this disorder symptom.

The present study was aimed to compare executive functions among parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. The statistical population included the parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder in Sanandaj city.

The sample consisted of 30 parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (11 males and 19 females) and 30 parents of children without autism spectrum disorders (10 males and 20 females) that selected and matched by available sampling. In order to gather data, cognitive abilities questionnaire (Nejati, 2012) was used and data were analyzed by MANOVA.

The results indicated that differences in mean of inhibitory control and selective attention (P<0.05), decision making (P<0.001), planning (P<0.001), sustained attention (P<0.001) and cognitive flexibility (P<0.001) among parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder were significant.

The results of this study support the broader autism phenotype and autism spectrum disorder continuum hypothesis. In addition, findings show that pay attention to the psychological qualities of parents of children with ASD is the important.

Based on the passion of autism spectrum disorder children to social story, it is important way to handle them and learn relation to them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of social stories on increasing social skills of children was with autism spectrum disorder.

Method of study was experimental and pretest–posttest design with control group. The statistical population was 10 students with autism spectrum disorder (8–11 years, son) was born in Kermanshah (Western of Iran). They randomly selected were located in two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 35 sessions of 30–minute sessions and was conducted during two and a half months, while the control group did not receive such training. Both group were evaluated by social communication questionnaire (SCQ) in two pre–test and post–test and by use of independent samples t–test. 

The results showed that the use of social story on the experimental group has a significant effect in improving their social skills (p<0.05). 

The results of this research can be concluded that the use of social stories can be an appropriate way to improve the social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that physiological, cognitive, behavioral, emotional and social factors play a role in preventing, risk and regulating it. This research aimed to predict blood glucose control by the use of irrational health beliefs and health locus of control in patients with type 2 diabetes. The research population consisted of all type 2 diabetic patients referring to the two centers of Alzahra School of Charity Hospital and Diabetes Research Institute of Tehran University of Medical Sciences that 300 patients were chosen as sample by convenience sampling method. Data were gathered by using Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC) and Irrational Health Belief Scale (IHBS) and analyzed by regression. This study was approved in Research Ethics Committee of biomedical researches in Tehran Universiry with the code IR.ut.Rec.1395.030. There is a significant correlation between the predictive variables of irrational health beliefs (p <0.05), inner locus of control and others (p <0.05), and chance locus of control (p <0.01). The results also indicate that the health locus of control and Irrational beliefs predict significantly the changes in the amount of glucose (R=19, R2=0.037, F(4. 293)=2.80, p<0.05). Based on the findings of this study, we can say that by identifying the health locus of control and irrational health beliefs, it is possible that blood glucose level can be predicted in patients with type 2 diabetes and reduced the consequences of diabetes in people with it.

 In recent years, excessive use of digital devices had dramatically increased in young people and this extreme exposure has inappropriate physical, cognitive, emotional, social and psychological consequences, such as the disruption in the parent-child interaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional diet intervention on enriching parent-child interactions and reducing parental stress in mothers of young children excessively exposed to digital devices.  The design of this research was quasi-experimental with pre-post and follow-up test without control groups. In this study, 12 young children exposed to digital devices, which referred to the Ava autism center were selected as the sample group and participate in emotional diet intervention for 2 months. To assess the effectiveness of the intervention, a short form of parent-child interaction scale (1994) and a short form of parental stress scale (1990) were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS25.  Repeated measures ANOVA results showed that participating in emotional diet intervention decreases children exposure to digital devices, increases closeness and reduces the conflicts in parent-child interactions, reduces parental stress and distress, and parent-child dysfunctional interaction. The effect size of the intervention for digital devices exposure was large and for components of parental stress and the parent-child proximity-conflict was medium. Also, the efficacy was permanent after two months of completion of the intervention.  According to our results, training parents to the emotional enrichment of their interaction with the child who exposed to Digital Nanning was associated with reduced exposure to digital devices, improvement in parent-child interaction and reducing parental stress. Therefore, this method can be used to enrich the lifestyle of young children who were excessively exposed to digital devices.

Use of Silicate minerals and potassium solubilizing microorganisms are methods of potassium supplying to plants. Present study with the aim of isolation of potassium solubilizing fungi from rhizosphere soil and evaluation of quantitative ability of released potassium from different sources of silicate by strains, was carried out as factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Laboratory factors were including potassium sources in four levels (Biotite, Phlogopite, Illite and Muscovite), incubation time in six levels (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10) and microorganisms in four strains (A. niger, A. terreus, Trichoderma harzianum and Penicellium sp) and greenhouse factors were including potassium sources in five levels (control, soluble potassium, Phlogopite, Illite and Muscovite) and microbial inoculation in two levels (non-inoculated control and inoculation with fungi). The results showed that the highest potassium content (3. 21 µg/ml) was released after ten days incubation from biotite by strains of KSB2 that was not significantly different from other fungal strains. The microbial inoculation increased 25. 47 and 30. 37 percent plant high and root dry weight compared to control treatments, respectively. The use of silicate minerals and microbial inoculation have a significant effect on some growth indices (stem diameter and shoot dry weight) and the content of potassium. The microbial inoculation increased potassium content of shoot and root in illite 3. 37 and 1. 43 times higher than control treatment, respectively. In general, the use of fungal inoculum have significant effect on potassium release of silicate minerals and plant growth.

Nowadays, the use of digital devices such as televisions, DVDs, smartphones, tablets and computer games is increasing among children. The present study aim is to review the studies that investigate the health-related consequences of the use of media in children. The present study was conducted using a systematic review method and internal and external articles that were designed to study the effect of using digital devices on children's health (external articles published in the years 2007 to 2017) were studied. After the screening, by attention to the articles outcome variables, results in 3 categories of physical, cognitive, social-emotional-behavioral effects were analyzed and deduced. The results of this study showed that extreme use of media associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity, changes in food habits and the pattern of sleep, structural changes in the brain, motor and language delays, weaknesses in the vocabulary domain, verbal intelligence and executive functions, emotional, communicative, social and behavioral problems. According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the use of digital devices, especially in the early stages of development, should be limited and parents, by creating a lifestyle that is full of human interaction, enrich the child's environment with social, cognitive, emotional and behavioral stimulus so that the child tend less toward digital devices and prevent the harmful effects of excessive using of digital devices.

Shift work has been recognized as an important tool for organizing of work in developing countries. The disturbed depression, stress accident are the most common health‐related effects of shift work. The military personnel shift worker during work, are exposed to stress and psychological pressure that certainly affect the efficiency of their work. The aim of this study was to Investigation Effect of shift work on job burnout and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale in military personnel. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 military personnel male in Southern Iran. Respondents were divided into two groups based on their working schedule (50 shift work personnel / 50 day work personnel). Data collection tools were a Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), demographic characteristics and Maslach job burnout questionnaire. Convenience sampling was used as sampling method. Finally, Data analysis was performed with SPSS (version 20), descriptive statistics, One Way Anova test, ANCOVA and t-independent test. The results of showed that shift work has an impact on burnout and DASS-21 and mean obtained score for DASS-21 and job burnout in shift workers are more day work individuals. Analysis of variance test showed significant difference between job burnout in day workers and shift workers and job burnout were more in shift workers. Also significant difference between DASS-21 in day workers and shift workers and DASS-21 was more in shift workers. This study showed that shift work has an impact on burnout and scale DASS-21 shall is taken to Intervention actions in shift works.

In the present study, the role of irrational health beliefs, health locus of control and health-oriented lifestyle was studied in predicting the risk of diabetes.
This was a cross sectional study of 100 diabetics and healthy participants in Iranshahr, Iran. Data were collected using a number of questionnaires including the irrational health beliefs questionnaire, multidimensional health locus of control questionnaire and health-oriented lifestyle profile and were analyzed by logistic regression analysis using SPSS24 software.
The results demonstrated that the variables were able to predict diabetes in 0/92 of female (x2=45/45, df=10, p>0/001) and 0/90 of male (x2=88/70, df=10, p>0/001) with the disease. Overall, the model had a good fit according to the 0/89 correct prediction between healthy and diabetics participants.
Irrational health beliefs, health locus of control and health-oriented lifestyle have the predictive power of diabetes and it seems that by changing the irrational beliefs, the health locus of control and changes in lifestyle of individuals the probability occurrence of diabetes will reduce.

One of the qualities of today's successful companies is competitiveness power and at the same time, a blatant feature of unsuccessful ones is lack of this quality. The main aim of this research is to Identifying and prioritizing contributing factors in supply chain competitiveness in the footwear industry. Data were collected from 82 employees, experts, and managers of Payam shoe firm and examined the impact of four different factors Including green supply chain management, supply chain partnership, sustainable approach to supplier segmentation and knowledge management process capability on supply chain competitiveness. To analyze the data and testing the proposed model in the statistical phase of research, partial least squares (PLS) method, and to prioritizing contributing factors in supply chain competitiveness in the operational research phase of research, FAHP technique was used. The results of the statistical phase of research indicate that “supply chain partnership”, “knowledge management process capability”, “green supply chain management” and “sustainable approach in supplier selection and segmentation” have a significant positive effect on supply chain competitiveness. The results of prioritizing contributing factors in supply chain competitiveness by using FAHP indicate that “supply chain partnership” is the most important factor in supply chain competitiveness and after that “knowledge management process capability” was located in second priority. Finally, some practical strategies for managers are discussed and some suggestions for future research are provided.

Total Quality Management (TQM) is considered as one of the effective solutions for improving competitiveness and sustainable development. Managers need to be aware of the TQM level in their organizations. In the growing economy of Iran, TQM is one of the strongest tools and best solutions for solving problems faced by organizations in this competitive environment. The main aim of this research is to evaluate and TQM based gap analysis at Fajr Jam Gas Refinery. To this end, at first data were collected from 6 managers and experts of Fajr Jam Gas Refinery, and importance of TQM criteria, using new and efficient technique of BWM, was calculated. Then, using FAHP technique, the relative situation of each of the TQM criteria with respect to other criteria at Fajr Jam Gas refinery was measured. Finally, the gap between the ideal and current situation of each TQM criteria respect to each other at the Fajr Jam Gas Refinery using IPMA technique was analyzed, and some strategies to reduce or eliminate existing gaps were presented.