vahid riahi

Introduction:

Marketing agricultural products is a key strategy for accelerating the development of rural areas. It enhances income, well-being, and the quality of life for rural households. Tarom County, with its semi-tropical climate and the Qazal Ozan River, has unique capabilities for producing agricultural products, particularly olives. In recent years, olive production has been a significant part of the economic activities in rural areas. However, evidence suggests that the distribution network and value chain for olives in Tarom County are not efficient. Most olives produced are sold raw to neighboring counties for processing and sale. This situation, along with factors such as small-scale production units and structural weaknesses in production, sales, and supply, has led to instability and low-income levels for olive producers in rural Tarom. Furthermore, according to the Agricultural Jihad report for Tarom County in 2021, only half of the olive crop is processed locally. The structural weaknesses in production, sales, and marketing have resulted in low profitability and product value in Tarom County. Improving these conditions could enhance agricultural activities, increase product value, and boost exports in the region. Recognizing the importance of market regulation and addressing barriers to efficiency in rural economies, this study aims to achieve three objectives Identify the most common marketing networks and channels for olives in Tarom County. Analyze the profit margins and net returns for olive producers from marketing in rural Tarom. Identify factors and obstacles affecting the efficiency of olive marketing networks in rural Tarom County.

This research is classified as descriptive and survey-based. Additionally, it is quasi-experimental in terms of the ability to control variables. The study employs both quantitative and qualitative methods based on its scientific nature. Initially, a targeted interview approach is used to identify marketing factors and assess the most suitable marketing pathways for olives in the study area. The statistical population for this section includes all stakeholders involved in the olive marketing system in Tarom County. The sample size was determined based on theoretical saturation for information collection. Interviews with major olive producers were analyzed chronologically. Following this, interviews were conducted with buyers and sellers of olives, as well as others involved in the olive marketing cycle. Finally, interviews with experts and specialists were arranged to complete the information gathered. Due to the fact that most identified samples were not present in the study area except during the olive harvest season, access to targeted samples was limited. Consequently, only a few samples available in the region were selected for interviews. These interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. To further enhance the information, interviews were also conducted with experts in agriculture, horticulture, and agricultural jihad in the study area. The second section examines the factors influencing olive marketing networks. Given the breadth of the marketing topic, especially in agricultural management and economics studies, relevant indicators and factors were collected based on frequency and analysis of similar studies. For the quantitative part of the research, a researcher-designed questionnaire was used as the data collection tool.

Olive producers do not sell their products directly to consumers; instead, they sell to various marketing agents responsible for delivering the product to consumers. After purchasing olives from producers, these agents incur costs for transportation, packaging, warehouse, loading, etc. These costs, along with their profit margins, contribute to the final selling price of the product. To identify the most suitable marketing model for olives, the “marketing margin” model was utilized. Initially, the margin and final selling price of olives by each marketing agent in the study area were determined. By calculating the difference between the final selling price at the farm gate and the margins of each marketing agent, the most suitable marketing model was identified. The highest share of the final price received by olive producers (olive growers) was in the first channel, which plays a primary role in the olive marketing network. In this channel, the producer's share of the final price of olives was 49.47%. This marketing pathway includes the olive producer, private companies, retailers, and consumers. In the second section of the research, the criteria affecting olive marketing were examined. A total of 236 olive growers participated in this section. Most of them are men aged between 45 and 65 years, with education primarily at the elementary level. Their main activity is olive cultivation, typically in orchards ranging from 1 to 5 hectares. The average monthly income of the growers varies throughout the year; however, they reported an income range of 1 million to 1.5 million tomans. The daily activity of the growers in their orchard’s averages between 2 to 5 hours, with this level of activity varying throughout the year and peaking during the olive harvest season (spring and summer).

Olive products are strategically important for Zanjan Province, especially in Tarom County. Activities related to the cultivation and processing of olives engage many residents of rural areas, and numerous institutions and rural agricultural industries are involved in the processing of this product in Tarom County and Zanjan Province. Olive growers have extensive experience in cultivation, and economic motivation is the primary criterion for their production activities. Retailers, wholesalers, brokers, and private companies are the main marketing agents for olive products. Evaluating the final profit obtained by growers through these marketing channels reveals a significant margin with low profits for farmers from the final value of the product consumed. These findings align with the research conducted by Ashouri (2012) and Jazvini et al. (2012), which also examined olive products in Tarom County. However, the focal point remains the examination and identification of barriers to the efficiency of olive marketing. Asoga et al. (2012) and Faris et al. (2019) indicate that the profitability and livelihoods of farmers depend on the marketing methods and networks, with the profitability of agricultural units being a critical factor for success in agricultural marketing. Moreover, Naghipour (2015), Kumar (2015), Vadaloo and Kareen (2013), and Rahman et al. (2012) highlight that product pricing, lack of awareness, and lack of information dissemination, as well as the presence of intermediaries and lengthy marketing and product transfer routes, are the main challenges and problems in marketing. The results of these studies indicate farm-level factors that were also considered in this research, such as pricing, production, production costs, institutional criteria, and demand. Nonetheless, individual and social components are also significant influencing factors following the farm-level aspects. Education, expertise, and the limited skills of growers in marketing Activities encompass individual and social dimensions. According to the research findings, marketing activities in rural areas are often conducted traditionally, without any scientific support, including modern sales methods. Growers typically rely on buyers and brokers to whom they have previously sold their products, lacking any information about the market and the final profits they obtain from their sales. Enabestani and Tohalabinajad (2018) identify physical factors as the main challenge in marketing agricultural products. Tarom County, particularly its rural areas that produce olives, regularly suffers from inadequate agricultural services and infrastructure for agricultural development. These factors were also the focus of the research, indicating a low level of infrastructure services and long distances between orchards and farms. Undoubtedly, the development of marketing activities depends on the improvement of transportation structures and infrastructure services. Based on the research results, in rural areas of Tarom County, despite the flourishing of small and micro-enterprises related to olive processing, there is a lack of development capabilities at the county and provincial levels. The growth of these businesses is also highly dependent on the development of infrastructure components, including processing factories and the establishment of olive sales stores.

one of the most active phenomena on earth is land use change. In the last few decades, the city of Tehran and its gradual importance has given a different appearance to the surrounding rural centers and has become the basis for their change. The rural settlements of Shahryar County are not exempted from this rule and it is one of the manifestations that due to the proximity and physical-spatial dependence with the metropolis of Tehran, the significant increase in the share of the population of the rural areas of the city due to its immigrating properties, numerous industrial units and huge floods were built. Sazah has undergone many changes in land use, especially agricultural land. Based on the importance of this issue, the following article tries to investigate and understand the change of land use in rural settlements of Shahriar district during a period of 10 years (2011-2021) and also to know the internal and external factors affecting such a change. In line with the aforementioned goals, the current research tries to answer the following key questions:1) During the last decade, what changes have been made in the land use of rural settlements in Shahryar district?2) What are the most important internal and external factors affecting land use change in Shahryar County?

The present study is in the category of applied research in terms of its purpose and in terms of pragmatism approach. In this study, a set of library and documentation methods and field studies based on collaborative methods have been used. The research methodology is of a mixed type in order to achieve the goals and answer its questions. According to the type of combined methodology, the research strategy is sequential and solves problems with an explanatory-exploratory research plan. Maps and satellite images in different time frames are important tools in order to answer the first question of the research, i.e. "knowing the change of land use in the villages of Shahryar County in the spatio-temporal process". Remote sensing techniques and satellite images using ENVI and Arc GIS software have been used to investigate land use change in the villages of the study area during a 10-year period (2011-2021). In line with the second question of the research, "Determining the internal and external factors affecting land use change in the villages of Shahryar" to collect data, semi-structured interview technique was used in the form of snowball sampling and the interview was conducted among experts. After conducting 25 in-depth interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved, but for more certainty, the interviews continued up to 30 people.

Quantitative section
According to the obtained results, residential lands have experienced an upward trend during the studied period (2011-2021). The trend of garden land use is increasing with an average rate of 14%, 16% and 17% in the years 2011, 2016 and 2021, respectively. The area of agricultural land has decreased from 13% in 2011 to 10% in 2016. Of course, this downward trend continues until the year 2021, so that in this period of time, agricultural land has reached 10%. In fact, agricultural use has decreased over a decade. In addition to all these, the most significant land use is related to other land use, which has been decreasing. In general, the results of land area changes in the studied area indicate the intensification of land use changes, including the expansion of man-made lands, the reduction and loss of barren and untouched lands (other uses). The highest amount of land use changes during the last decade is related to the northern and central parts of Shahriar County, and the lowest is related to the southwestern parts.Qualitative sectionBased on the results of interviews and field visits, the following results were obtained:A) Internal factors: weak organizational interactions, spatial proximity to the metropolis, crisis in water resources management, growth of land speculation, low productivity of the agricultural sector.B) External factors: development of multi-center spatial management, power rent in the policy and planning system, oil-based economy, development of industrial economy, metropolitan creep, demographic backwardness of Tehran metropolis, low institutional capacity.

With an integrated look at the internal factors, we can see that there is a significant relationship between these factors; In other words, the internal factors provide an image of the village with influence and effectiveness, which indicates the change in land use. Among the weak factors of organizational interaction is a factor that by influencing other factors has provided a platform for land use change in the villages of Shahriar County. The discovery of the mechanism of the influence of factors on each other shows that among the external factors, low institutional capacity is the basis for the development of multi-center spatial management, power rent in the policy and planning system, the boom in the oil economy, the development of the industrial economy, and the unbridled influx of the population of Tehran metropolis. In the meantime, the desire to invest in the industrial sector and the development of the industrial economy has led to high immigration in the region. Finally, the interaction of these factors has led to the change of land use in the villages of Shahriar County. Institutions and organizations alone cannot slow down the process of land use changes, therefore, it is suggested that the government prevent the consequences of land use change by clarifying and involving local residents in the decision-making process. Also, the support of the government and banks to the farmers of the region can at least provide the basis for slowing down the process of excessive changes in land use.

A key requirement for fostering entrepreneurship is addressing the role of institutional factors in local policymaking and governance, which can enhance efficient property rights and support the development of economic enterprises in rural areas. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the institutional variables influencing entrepreneurship in the rural area of Nesa, located in Karaj County. This research is both fundamental and applied in nature, employing a descriptive survey design for data collection. The statistical population consists of residents from the rural area of Nesa in Karaj County, with a sample of 216 individuals selected using Cochran's formula and random sampling. A researcher-designed questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, one-sample t-tests, and Friedman's ranking test. The findings indicate that self-employment, primarily through small family businesses and lacking innovation, is the dominant form of entrepreneurial activity. The overall average of seven institutional factors influencing rural entrepreneurship—namely property rights, reward systems, economic stability, transaction costs, litigation costs, transparency and accountability, and the education and skills training system—was 2.16, below the expected average. Litigation costs recorded the highest average (2.37), followed by transaction costs (2.25), while economic stability had the lowest average (1.94). These findings suggest that the entrepreneurship landscape is suboptimal, necessitating the reorganization of institutional structures to align with national production and employment policies.

Rural settlements around urban centers (especially megacities) have more changes and transformations in various environmental-ecological, social-cultural, human, economic, physical and institutional-management fields and dimensions (changes in land use, composition and texture of the population, employment structure, rural activity and production system, spatial structure and spatial organization, etc.) compared to other rural settlements, which over time causes the existence of new entities and transformations in many existing identities. In recent decades, the unplanned growth and expansion of such settlements with their specific physical-spatial developments have been a kind of problem or problem that creates the basis for all kinds of crises and facility anomalies, economic damages, environmental pollution, low security pollution, degradation of rural activity foundations, etc. With scientific and documented research and knowledge of the factors of creating such spaces, it is possible to plan in order to overcome risky behaviors and prevent possible damages. From this point of view, the following article, by presenting a comprehensive and integrated approach through meta-analysis quantitative research method and reviewing the research literature in the field of understanding the transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas on the one hand, seeks to, by examining the general characteristics of these studies, their nature to It has been analyzed in terms of different dimensions in order to identify the study gaps in this field and realize the necessary platforms to eliminate these gaps and shortcomings in future researches. On the other hand, it tries to answer the following questions by carefully examining the research done:1. What transformations have rural settlements in metropolitan areas undergone in the space-time process?2. What are the effective factors in the transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas?3. What are the ways to overcome the challenges of rural settlements in metropolitan areas?

The method of this research is based on meta-analysis and a systematic search of sources based on related keywords was carried out in domestic and foreign scientific databases. In order to select suitable and quality scientific researches for meta-analysis, studies were screened and finally 40 documents were selected. Then ATLAS.ti software was used to analyze the collected data based on grounded theory.

In this section, the research findings are presented in the form of two axes, including the methodological dimension of the studies (type of research, research approach, data collection method) and the content dimension of the studies (research questions, key axes of the studies).Methodological aspect of the studies: The results of the evaluation of the articles show that mainly the studies conducted in the field of transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas, 70% have been done with a quantitative method. 18% of the studies in this field had qualitative methods and only a few studies, 12%, were based on mixed methods. A significant number (93%) have limited themselves to descriptive-analytical titles in their studies, and only a few articles (7%) have been conducted with a comparative analysis approach. Document-library method (45%) and questionnaire (31%) are the main tools in data collection and less than interview tool (24%) are used to collect information.The content dimension of the studies: in addition to exploring what metamorphoses are, all the studies have also analyzed why these metamorphoses occur. Among the mentioned studies, a small number (9%) were based on the question of how, in addition to what and why, and were limited to providing solutions and suggestions to face the developments of such rural settlements. : Based on the analyzes conducted with the help of content analysis method, a significant part of the studies (49%) have studied the variable of inefficiency of the body tissue in understanding the transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas. State-oriented variables and the high level of inter-settlement interactions (17%) have contributed the most to the transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas. The development of institutional capacity is a solution proposed by the researchers of previous studies, which was presented in order to overcome the challenges of rural settlements in metropolitan areas.

The results show that most of the researches are descriptive-analytical, which are based on quantitative methods, and less qualitative and mixed methods are used in this type of studies. In this field, qualitative and mixed methods should be increased in the methodological space of studies. The number of studies in the field of rural settlements in metropolitan areas is also associated with a decreasing trend. Perhaps the decreasing trend can be related to the nature of the difficulty of studies in this field. Most of the studies in this field have gone beyond what and considered why; But the reasons and factors governing the metamorphoses have been mainly examined superficially, and there is a need to conduct a deeper investigation of the reasons and analysis of the driving factors. So it is clear that most of the studies in this field have focused on identifying the current situation (identifying factors and processes); Without paying attention to what should be (how). Therefore, in future researches, by strengthening such weaknesses, study questions, especially the "how question", require more attention, which should be selected and investigated with great sensitivity and based on the study gaps in this field.

The goal of this research is to identify institutional variables affecting entrepreneurship in Nesa rural Area in Karaj County.

This is a fundamental, applied research that uses a descriptive survey method for data collection. The statistical population of the research comprises the residents of Nesa Rural district. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula (n = 216) and its distribution among the villages was proportional to the number of households in each village and the sampling was conducted using a simple random method. The research instrument is a researcher-designed questionnaire. In this research, the confirmatory factor analysis method was used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, and the partial least squares path analysis method was adopted to test the conceptual model of the research. The relationship between the variables was measured with the Pearson correlation test.

The findings of the research on the state of entrepreneurship suggest that self-employment driven by a small family business approach, mostly without innovation, has been the predominant entrepreneurial activity in the study area. The results of the conceptual research model showed that the institutional variables of economic stability, transparency and accountability, and educational system and skills training have the most direct impact on the state of rural entrepreneurship. The analysis of fit indices of the model revealed that the coefficient of determination for the dependent variable of the rural entrepreneurial status was 0.683. Accordingly, the independent and mediating variables of the model can explain 68.3% of the variance in the rural entrepreneurial status, indicating the explanatory power of the model.

The results of the research suggested that rural entrepreneurship is in a deplorable condition and despite the direct and indirect effects of institutional variables on rural entrepreneurship, institutional factors play a weak and inefficient role in rural areas. Hence, it is necessary to pay attention to the role of institutional factors such as political stability, enforcement of the rule of law among citizens, control of corruption, and payment of rewards in proportion to the endeavors and creativity of individuals to promote rural entrepreneurship.

Agricultural activities, as a foundation of growth and development and part of the rural development process, guarantee the economic life of many villages in the country. However, in recent years, other products' water scarcity and resource limitations have affected these activities. This issue has severely challenged the sustainability and life of rural settlements.
In this regard, organizing and developing an optimal cropping pattern is necessary to achieve the goals of sustainable agricultural and rural development in Iran. To achieve this goal, the cultivation of crops must be commensurate with the capabilities of production resources, especially water resources.
Therefore, determining the appropriate spatial distribution of agricultural lands for the cultivation of various crops is one of the primary foundations for implementing optimal cropping pattern. Accordingly, the present study seeks to identify suitable spatial zoning for wheat and barley cultivation as the main crops in agricultural lands in traditional Lenjanat regions, which are exposed to a growing water crisis.

According to the main purpose of the research, the data obtained from spatial distribution maps of current cropping patterns and spatial distribution of suitable lands for crop cultivation.
This study prepared the suitability maps of the major agricultural products at a distance of 10 km on both sides of Zayandeh Rud River in Lenjanat region using multi-criteria decision-making methods.
Thus, the agronomic-ecological needs of the two major crops in the area (wheat and barley) were determined, and a standard map for each crop was classified using ArcGIS software. Then, the digital layers were combined by allocating the weight obtained from the Analytical Hierarchy Process and the Simple Additive Weighting method. Finally, talent assessment and land zoning was performed in four categories from unsuitable to very suitable for cultivating wheat and barley crops. Using the analytical hierarchy process method and experts' opinions led to high accuracy results.

The results of the land suitability map showed that 90.6% of the agricultural lands in the study area are very suitable and relatively suitable for the cultivation of the wheat crop. The northern and eastern regions, located in Falavarjan county and the north part of Mobarakeh county, are the most suitable areas for wheat cultivation. As we move from the north and east to the west of the study area, the capability areas for wheat cultivation decrease. Limiting factors in these areas are unsuitable soil texture, low temperature, shallow soil, high slope, low rainfall and drainage.
As for barley cultivation, a large part of the area, equal to 30635.3 hectares (more than 91%), is very suitable and relatively suitable. In these areas, in the northern and eastern parts of Lenjanat, unsuitable soil texture, shallow soil, high slope and low drainage are the most critical limiting factors for barley cultivation.
A comparison of "spatial distribution of land suitability" with "spatial distribution of cropping pattern" shows that the crops in this study (wheat and barley) have been cultivated in a suitable area in terms of the ecological potential of lands.

The results of this evaluation can be used in the spatial distribution of the optimal cropping pattern to select a suitable cultivation site for these two crops and other existing and alternative crops.
Wheat and barley are the major crops usually used in planning optimal cropping patterns, regardless of the economic issues. Considering suitable spatial distribution for wheat and barley, they should be distributed in such a way with the slightest difference compared to the current cropping pattern. On the other hand, a large area of the Lenjanat region is suitable for cultivating wheat and barley. In addition, an agricultural unit may have different capacities for other crops, so it is necessary to pay attention to the ecological potential of other crops. Wheat and barley should be cultivated in lands which are unsuitable or semi-suitable for other crops.
Accordingly, it is necessary to provide spatial zoning of existing and alternative crops in the Lenjanat area with fewer water requirements and higher economic benefits to be introduced in the optimal cropping pattern.
In this study, only agronomic-ecological criteria and needs with available data were examined due to data limitations in assessing crop suitability. Therefore, completing land suitability maps by considering more evaluation criteria such as evapotranspiration and the amount of water available is recommended.
Also, to have a "spatial distribution of the optimal cropping pattern", paying attention to the ecological potential of the lands, also considering other criteria and priorities such as natural, socio-cultural, economic and political criteria is necessary. So, we can develop a cropping pattern that provides a basis for desirable space dynamics.

The most basic form of studying the stability of nomadic systems in the new structure of the network society is the way of their spatial interactions. In this direction, regional planning and dynamic networks with the analysis of the indicators of spatial flows in the form of categorization under the conceptual relationships of the elements of spatial social networks will lead to the sustainability of the productive group activity of nomadic activists in the ecosystem pairs. . The current research is based on the applied purpose and descriptive analytical research method. The required data has been obtained by documentary method. The study area of Shurab Tengzai district and the statistical population are the summer and Qashlagi systems of the Babadi tribe bio-ecosystem. Weighting of the research indicators was done using the F'ANP model process and data analysis was done using the VIKOR multi-criteria decision making method. Cluster analysis method and ARC GIS software were used to classify the studied systems in terms of stability levels, and linear regression was used to analyze the factors affecting stability. The results of the research showed that out of 65 studied systems, ten systems are at the level of "relatively" stable interactions inside and outside the realm of the ecosystem in terms of access and availability of facilities (mobile education, fuel, electricity, internet network, road network), natural resources and artificially, 15 systems are in the category of low stability interactions, and 40 systems are in the category of unstable interactions.

The analysis of the environmental impact of large projects in the vicinity of sensitive natural areas is considered vital. The establishment and deployment of a petrochemical plant in Miānkāleh, as a protected area, a global bird habitat, and a rural region with agricultural and fishery economies, is the subject of this research. The decision to build the petrochemical plant in Miānkāleh was made as a national project by the government in 2021 and 2022, and as a result, some scattered executive and operational measures were taken. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of the establishment of the petrochemical plant on the rural and natural axis. The research method was qualitative and the population consisted of 40 local experts and elites. Results showed that first, the construction of the petrochemical plant in the Miānkāleh peninsula was the subject of serious doubts. Second, it had the following consequences: structural-functional changes in the residential habitats of Miānkāleh caused by the destruction of villages, dependence on natural areas, compulsory and optional sale of land required for petrochemicals and subsequent migrations, compulsory changes in agricultural patterns, reduction of land areas, land demand, disappearance of small and local economies, destruction of the Miānkāleh area and Gorgan Gulf, and death of plant and animal life due to petrochemical pollution, creation and increase of industrial wastewater, water and soil pollution, instability and fragmentation of existing areas, and ultimately, the removal of Miānkāleh from international conventions due to petrochemical development, and the loss of its environmental characteristics as a global biosphere reserve.

Cooperatives as an organization are a system for movement and coordination of various efforts between members to gain common targets.

The purpose of the study: 

The aim of the current research is to find out the effective factors in the cooperation of villagers in Rural cooperatives companies.

The current study is applied regarding the purpose of the study, and descriptive-analytic with respect to method. To study the success rate of rural cooperative companies in the city, Central Division has been done. The study objectives include: attitude towards cooperative members, the participation rate of members of the cooperative activities of companies, studying the social, economic and individual members, mutual understanding and relations between these effects.

Geographical area of the research: 

This study has been done in the geographical area of Shahriar.

The study is descriptive and solidarity through a survey using questionnaires and interviews. The statistical community members of rural cooperative companies in Shahriar City Township had a total of 3000 people. Number 345 out of random sampling as the sample were determined. Validity of the questionnaire was also calculated.

Data analysis showed that there is a significant relationship and a strong correlation (65% = r) between trait individual satisfaction, attitude and knowledge, land and household income levels and these variables significantly associated with successful partnerships there.

Villages are the basis of the country's social life and play an important role in food security and population distribution and agricultural production. The importance of border villages due to foreign trade is twofold. Therefore, the present article assesses the status of socio-economic security indicators in the border villages (case study: Taybad city). The purpose of this research is to identify security components and assess the status of these components in the border villages of the city. The method of descriptive and analytical research and data collection is both documentary and field. The statistical population of the study is the border villages of Taybad city, which are located 15 km away from the Afghan border, which include the villages of Mohammad Abad, Mohsen Abad, Qomi, Farzaneh, Dogharun and Haji Abad. The sample was selected in a theoretical saturation and 100 questionnaires were filled out by the local community. The results of this study show that the economic index with a coefficient of 2.12 and the social index with a coefficient of 2.96. Among these, the employment component with an average of 2.65 in the economic index and the spatial affiliation component with an average of 3.56 in the social index was higher than other components. have.

Based on sustainable livelihood approach, livelihood foundations form the basis of villagers’ ability and power to interfere in their individual and social destiny because they determine and direct the perception, expectations and activities of individuals and families living in rural areas. According to the theory of sustainable livelihood, to end livelihood crises, methods such as tourism development should be adopted in rural areas. But in the present era, it is rural electronic tourism that accelerates and promotes the achievement of economic, social and environmental goals of sustainable rural development. The current research aimed to investigate and analyze the status of livelihood foundations, the e-tourism project, and villagers’ insight in the villages under study. The research is an applied, mixed (quantitative-qualitative) one. The data were collected through documentary studies (books, articles, and statistics) and field research (questionnaires and interviews). Sixteen indicators and 78 variables involved in the formation of livelihood capital were identified and based on them, a Likert-scale questionnaire was developed and given to the research sample (311 households). In the qualitative phase, phenomenological approach was used for sampling, then, in-depth interviews were conducted with 36 villagers until theoretical saturation. To analyze the data, SPSS, Excel, MAXQDA and ArcGIS software were used. In the quantitative phase, using TOPSIS model, in the first step, it was found that natural and social capitals had a favorable status compared to other assets. In the second step, the status of livelihood foundations in the villages was examined separately, based on which Shahrebijar, Shirkoh, and Halimejan were ranked first to third with coefficients of 0.654, 0.546, and 0.526, respectively. In the next step and in the qualitative phase, the villagers interpret their understanding of electronic tourism as visiting, advertising and marketing, online shopping, eliminating middlemen and new businesses. Furthermore, based on the surveys, it was found that the villagers with less livelihood capitals have a different vision than the villagers having livelihood capitals.

Today, one of the major manifestations of continued underdevelopment can be seen in the continuity and even widening of the income and wealth gap between rich and poor countries in the world. In other words, in all countries, both advanced and backward, there are areas that have less growth and development than other areas, and the people of these areas have a lower level of welfare than others for reasons beyond their control. On the other hand, the experiences of all development theories show that achieving development at any level and with any goal requires principled, efficient planning and exact implementation. But the main question is what is the reason that some areas, including rural areas, which have important resources and advantages for growth and development, not only have not made any progress, but also remain as an underdeveloped area compared to the surrounding areas. The main purpose of this study is to summarize studies on barriers, challenges and underdevelopment traps or known as poverty traps in rural development using content analysis method. This research is among the documentary and library researches. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the research approach is quantitative-qualitative with emphasis on qualitative. The statistical population of the study includes all published articles related to the research subject, used in Iranian and foreign publications. Based on the search in a valid database, 95 articles were selected and reviewed. The results of the research show that according to the content analysis of the studies, the underdevelopment trap in rural areas has been studied in 4 criteria (productivity trap, social vulnerability trap, institutional trap and environmental trap). The most indicators related to productivity trap, vulnerability trap, institutional trap and environmental trap are product price fluctuations, lack of capital and savings, weakness of institutions and lack of infrastructure and communication network compared to other indicators, respectively. Also, in general, social vulnerability traps and related indicators have received more attention than other underdeveloped traps in rural areas.

The study of the pattern of spatial justice in rural areas is one of the important scientific topics that has attracted the attention of the scientific community, policy makers and planners. Rural areas have different levels of achievement affected by spatial processes. Some of them have a good level of achievement and the others have a more inappropriate level of achievement. This feature has embodied different spatial distribution patterns of (distributive) justice. Therefore, the present article has been prepared to study and discover this model (distributive justice model) in rural areas of the south of West Azerbaijan province. the purpose of this study is Investigating and analyzing the pattern of distributive justice in rural areas of south of West Azerbaijan province. In this research, quantitative methodologyhas been used, based on the Critical Positive Approach.the research method is descriptive-analytical and the purpose of this study is practical.The statistical population of the study is 1143 inhabited villages with a total population of 418948 in 9 cities of South West Azerbaijan. This study used 8 rural service indicators and 77 indicators. A library method was used to collect the data. “IDW method” was used to identify the spatial pattern of rural services distribution, the “Getis-. Ord-Gi” method was used for spatial clustering of rural areas based on hexagonal models, and the Moran's statistic was used for confirming the spatial clustering model.Also, geographic weight regression was used to assess rural areas' need for rural services.Based on the findings, the present study achieved the following The pattern of rural servicesdistribution follows a completely clustered pattern the region. This pattern has resulted inequality for the villages.Also, the pattern of need for rural services does not match the cluster pattern of spatial distribution of services, and the increase in rural services in many low-income villages will not affect their population size.

Purpose:

 Rural-Local Marketing is a significant knowledge that has been associated with agricultural marketing, so the purpose of this concept is to separate the marketing of agricultural products and its lexical depth with a concept beyond the value chain in agriculture. Therefore, the event of rural-local marketing is not involved in production and supply and seeks to discover the dominant spatial patterns on distribution of rural products.

Design/Method/Approach: 

According to this approach, 230 scientific sources (as a sample society) have been examined from the English language sources continuously and focusing on rural-local marketing. From the evaluation of the obtained research sources, a description of the literature in the field of rural-local marketing was presented, and then the communication between rural settlements among these societies with the suburbs and the center with the periphery was explored. Among the set of sources, 22 scientific concepts with the highest frequency were obtained, which were extracted and categorized by the statistical method of confirmatory factor analysis, including: rural marketing, local marketing, spatial model, network model, and integration. In the next steps, the content of all 230 scientific sources was measured with five factors, which tells the distribution learner of time periods and their spatial distribution.

Findings: 

In abstracting the extracted concepts from the research, the details of ten-year and annual time periods, their spatial distribution on the scale of continents and countries have been dealt with in detail and can be identified by drawing the indicator spectrum on the world map, then the mentioned concepts which extracted from scientific sources were criticized and interpreted. In this regard, the leading countries in the field of rural-local marketing include India, the United States, England, and China, and in the next stage, Iran. One of the emphasis of this common study was the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC).

Spatial distinctions of the activity of nomadic activists emerged following the expansion of the infrastructure of capital relations in a way that it is more than relying on the productive resources and characteristics within the territory to serve additional value. It is strongly influenced by the types of interactions outside the territory of the ecosystem (cities-villages). In this regard, the spatial imbalance has formed that improving the communication infrastructure has provided the creative platforms for planning the sustainability of the development and the integrity of the ecosystem.

Purpose of the research:

 In the framework of the network paradigm, with an emphasis on the approach of the principles of the regional network, in order to analyze the role and functions of summer and winter pastures within the realm of the ecosystem and the relationships and links outside the realm of the ecosystem with cities and villages based on the preservation and or transforming the capital (maintenance in banks, funds and cooperatives, buying and renting property and real estate, increasing livestock and production, insurance) in order to gain more value. Among these effects, he mentioned the spatial differences of the systems and the interference of users on each other's resources.

in terms of purpose, it is practical and based on a descriptive-analytical method. According to the nature of the research, the method of data collection is a library research method and field visits based on all the systems at the ecosystem level. The required data and information have been collected from the questionnaire tool and questioning technique. Then, the spatial network analysis method (based on the social network analysis method) has been used. In the framework of this method, the primary analysis criteria are based on the classified indicators of the flows under the conceptual relationships of the adapted elements of the networks. The tool used for analysis is software (Ucinet).

Geographical area of research: 

The research location was summer pasture systems located in Shorab Tengzai village and Winter pasture systems around the villages (Lali, Andika, Gatund, Shushtar, Masjid Sulaiman) as the whole ecosystem as well as the junctions (Chama, Khoon Kalli, Zarde, Lepad, Chelo, Shimbar and Minar).

For centralized planning and investment restructuring to achieve sustainable development of the whole integrated ecosystem, it is necessary to know the spatial patterns of interactions and characteristics of relationships - visible and hidden relationships between inside and outside the territory.

The nature of the flow of capital relies on environmental resources (grazing space and pasture), supply and livestock production. With the role of the urban centers of Lali, the ecosystem is limited to three main cities in the neighborhood of the ecosystem. By following the polar spatial pattern, the financial reserves and capital are transferred to buy houses and properties near winter pastures and to buy and increase livestock in winter pastures. Therefore, the cities of Lali, Farsan, and Shahrekord took the first, second, and third places, and the resorts of Golchin, Chamdar, and Ab Bakshan took the fourth, fifth, and sixth places.

Currently the geographical spread of Covid 19 in different parts of the world is continuing rapidly. The spread of coronavirus can have negative consequences at the macro and micro levels of rural communities and involve them in economic, social and even environmental issues.The prevalence of this phenomenon has led institutions, organizations and other bodies, as a group or even individually, to take fundamental steps to prevent its spread. Therefore, with the epidemic of corona in rural areas, the economic, social and environmental dimensions have been severely affected, and the appropriate measures of rural working groups in these areas will alleviate the suffering of some villagers. In the agenda of various working groups,including government and governmental officials,specialized and non-specialized groups and organizations, spontaneous groups of people in real and virtual space, organizations and non-governmental organizations, etc. were placed and all with Intensity and weakness have taken steps towards the realization of this important. The issues that involve all areas and elements of the country are multifaceted issues and the consequences of this phenomenon are crystallized in various social, cultural, political and economic areas, and it is obvious that its management and control require accurate information and cognition. These are the effects and consequences. In this regard, the performance of institutions and organizations in the villages is very important because these are the institutions and organizations that can plan for development and guidance of the rural community in terms of structure-function, or slow or stop the development process with improper performance. There is a great variety of measures to reduce injuries and prevent coronation in rural areas, which seems to be very prominent and extensive in the face of the crisis, the role of institutions and organizations in helping and supporting the government and the people. In fact, the most optimistic ways to limit the spread of the disease (it can be the efforts of working groups) are to encourage people to minimize traffic and voluntary quarantine. Therefore, considering the position of villages, the development of which will contribute to regional and national development, the necessity and importance of examining the performance of institutions and organizations in the economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions of villages are determined.Therefore, measuring the performance of rural working groups (including institutions, organizations, grassroots groups,organizations, etc.) in dealing with the spread of coronavirus in rural areas and its effective dimensions has formed the main research question. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and its purpose is applied. Theoretical information is obtained by documentary-library method with reference to articles and other sources and quantitative data is based on first-hand information and through semi-structured interview method And has been collected using a questionnaire tool. Therefore, the instrument used in the survey method was a questionnaire based on the Likert scale, which was prepared and developed after reviewing the studies conducted in this field and interviewing experts. The statistical population corresponds to the rural households of Khoshab city. Due to the large number of villages (70 villages), first a list of villages was prepared and then 4 villages (Bulqanabad, Robat Jaz, Neshib and Qarzi) were selected as a sample based on stratified random sampling based on Cochran's formula. Of these 4 villages with 1600 households, 140 households were determined as the sample size of the study .Continuing the activities of institutions and organizations such as council, Dehyar,Jihad-e-Keshavarzi, natural resources,educational institutions, cultural institutions, rural youth organizations, donors, etc. in social, economic and environmental dimensions according to Likert 5 options It was formed with 14 indicators. All of these institutions and organizations are somehow related to the villages and are effective in counteracting the spread of the coronavirus in the villages. These effects are clear and measurable in the context of their tasks. In order to analyze the collected data according to the objectives and questions of the research, from descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (K-S test and T), from the Vickor model to prioritize villages in terms of the effectiveness of institutions and organizations. Corona was used to deal with the spread of the virus, SPSS software was used for statistical operations and data processing, and GIS software was used to map the study area. Therefore,the general performance of rural working groups in dealing with the spread of coronavirus, had a significant level of less than 0.05. In summary, the performance of institutions and organizations in the villages of Khoshab city in dealing with the corona outbreak have been effective in social, environmental and economic dimensions, respectively, and their performance has been satisfactory from the perspective of villagers. Then, in order to rank the studied villages in terms of the highest activity of institutions and organizations to deal with the corona virus, the Vicor multi-criteria prioritization model has been used.Therefore, the normalized indices are weighted by Shannon entropy matrix method and the sample rural villages are ranked based on the Victor technique. According to the question raised at the beginning of the study, the results obtained based on statistical tests indicate that, in all studied indicators, the level of significance (sig) is less than 0.05, which indicates a relatively favorable opinion of respondents about the activities of the working group. The results of the T-test also showed that among the performance indicators of organizations and institutions, the index of social distance in the first place, the index of health care in the second place and the index of infrastructure expansion Internet rankings are ranked third, finally, based on the ranking of villages, in terms of the effectiveness of institutions and organizations in combating the outbreak of coronavirus, studies indicate that the village of Bulqanabad ranks first in the service of institutions and organizations. have been allocated to themselves.

One of the main tasks of planners in rural region is to allocate land to different uses according to the function and the impact of each function on each other. The aim of this study is to investigate usage progression of rural fields. The research method is descriptive and analytical, which has been studied using a map and a questionnaire. In this land study, conversion function have been studied in four villages: Jozghan, Hosseini, Soran and Kohjeh of Kuhsangi village, during the last 20 years. Which has examined land usage changes around the villages by preparing a map in ENVI and ARC MAP software. In addition, to investigate the conversions within the rural ground and evaluate the compatibility of these changes through a questionnaire that was fulfilled by 60 endemic persons using purposive random sampling and analyzed using SPSS software. The results show that in the first 10 years of the research, the highest growth of land usage conversion occurred in residential use and the least change was in non-vegetation land and in residential usage, rangeland was with the least change in usage in the second 10 years of research unlike to others in the first 10 years. Also, by evaluating the conversion indicator of compatibility indicator with using the three components of public security, village vision and environment, the results are as follows: according to the public security and village vision, residential-religious usage are more compatible than other usages and due to environment, Greenbelt is more compatible than other usages

There is no doubt that in the coming years, rural values ​​will be more clearly defined and considered than in previous years. Because the distribution and dispersion of the population of cities and surrounding villages, which has caused many problems, and more attention should be paid to these settlements as healthy, cheap, quiet and settlements that have been the source of urban settlements. However, in relation to rural values, one issue that can be identified in this regard is the change in the functioning of rural areas, especially in areas around cities, and the values ​​of these rural areas. It is clear that if the existing values ​​in rural areas are identified and functional changes in these areas are in line with the values ​​of these areas, it can be considered as an opportunity for development in these areas. The study examined rural values ​​in rural areas of Lavasanat district. The research was applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. Functional developments were studied through documentary texts and interviews with knowledgeable people, and purposeful interviews and field observations were used to examine the most important rural values. Also, in the second part of the research, a researcher-made questionnaire was used and 9 rural points were selected as the target community and 214 households were selected as the sample. Rural areas have environmental, economic, social and historical values. Functional changes in villages close to urban areas are more due to high population and proximity to urban areas. In addition, in villages located further away from urban areas, due to low population and social change, the traditional and social context of the village during There is less time for functional changes. Therefore, in general, the rural values ​​that were studied in the studied rural areas are introduced as rural capabilities that, if we pay attention to these values ​​and functional changes that can be consistent with these values, can be a suitable approach for endogenous development in rural areas. Be.

Flood is one of the most important natural disasters in rural areas of Iran. Iran is known as a country with many risks due to the diversity of natural and human disasters, so that out of 40 known disasters, more than 30 natural disasters occur in Iran on a global scale. Also, in rural areas of Iran, the conditions are such that they face drought at the same time as floods. The present study deals with the issue of flood resilience of rural settlements with emphasis on physical dimensions. Since South Khorasan province and especially Birjand city and surrounding areas are among the important flood-prone areas of Iran, zoning of hazards and physical resilience of rural areas against floods is important. The purpose of this study is to determine the degree of flooding and the physical resilience of villages around the city of Birjand against floods. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the statistical population of the study is the villages of Bagheran rural district in the southern part of Birjand city and the foothills of Bagheran mountain range which includes 249 villages, 9042 households and 344071 people. For this purpose, the research sample population included the villages of Glian, Rakat Sofla, Gyuk Sofla, Nokand and Zini, which have a total of 160 families and 465 people. Formal data and field studies have been used to collect information. In the field studies, physical surveys were conducted from rural settlements and in addition, 28 experts in rural studies were interviewed. The results show that the northern slope of Bagheran mountain range has a high intensity of flooding. Then 2 villages of Nokand and Rakat Sofla with low flooding intensity and 3 villages of Glian, Gyuk Sofla and Zini have higher intensity of flooding. Glyans have the highest level of physical resilience.

Rural areas are important in many respects and rural planning is one of the educational trends in geography that focuses on rural-related studies in particular. In connection with this issue and due to the importance of research, the purposeful choice of the subjects of study in this field can meet part of the needs of our rural community and on the other hand, help with policy-making factors and related decisions in formulating solutions to existing problems and issues. The research applied rural planning studies to the challenges and problems of development in rural areas. The analysis unit consisted of 150 master's theses in the Faculty of Geography of Kharazmi University. Ravar Matrix was used to prepare the self-interaction matrix and lattice density, degree centrality, inter-mediate centrality, eigenvector and clustering coefficient were used for network analysis. Ucinet was used for keyword integration and Gephi was used for graphs and grids. Afrakhteh and Riahi have been key and important professors in the group's scientific network, who also have more sci-entific connections with the group professors. The topic of sustainable development has been the main topic in the dissertations, which has received more attention, but the topic under discussion has received less attention to some of the main topics in its dimensions. Rural revitalization in the economic dimension; Sustainable conservation of resources, especially water, in the environmental dimension and the issue of rural migration in the social dimension are among the most important issues that rural studies should study more on a case-by-case basis.

Today, the most important issue facing Iranian cities can be extensive changes in agricultural land use in urban peripheral spaces. Effects of changes in agricultural land use are included the prevalence of unproductive capitalism and land speculation around cities, particularly in the provincial centers.In Iranian cities, two growth scenarios can be observed: A scenario of slow horizontal growth or organic growth that is in the Pahlavi era and especially before the land reforms of the 1940s The main features of this time are the domination of the physical development and intrusion of the population to the city. Another scenario is the rapid horizontal or non-organic growth that is almost 30 years old. This scenario has caused cities to face a number of problems including the destruction of agricultural lands -gardens or farm. The rapid growth of urbanization in Birjand and consequently its physical development has affected the villages of its immediate area.The present study, after examining the changes in rural land use according to the superior plans and using satellite images in three time periods from 2005 to 2020, tries to answer the following questions:How is the trend of land use changes in the peripheral villages of Birjand?to what extent does land use development in the studied villages fit in with the standard land use indicators?  

The present research is a descriptive - analytic study. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluating land use developments in peripheral rural areas of Birjand. Data collection were done an evidence-based survey, using documents and reviewing the literature review to formulate theoretical foundations and collect research indicators. First, we used various scientific sources including books, articles, scientific reports and related documents as well as classification techniques, resource evaluation, note-taking and summarizing. In the field study, multi-time remote sensing images and GIS, direct observation and interview methods were used. ArcGIS, Excel and Envi model were used to analyze the data. In this study, this model was designed with the aim of predicting the development trend and land use changes in the year 1399 (2020) horizons. Satellite images of 2004, 2009, 2014, 2020 were used to predict and detect changes.  

In general, regarding the development of residential lands, Amirabad village with 35.14% growth has had the most change in the last 15 years. Consequently, the demographic changes of this village will be more than other villages in the study area. The most changes in agricultural lands has taken place in the villages of Amirabad and Dastgerd by 9%. However, in the village of Amirabad we see a decrease and in the village of Dastgerd we see an increase in agricultural lands. Also, in the villages of Amirabad, Hajiabad and Cheknd, non-irrigated lands have decreased and only in Dastgerd village, there is a 4% growth of non-irrigated lands. After determining the land use changes, their quality status is necessary to evaluate.Three indicators of dependence, compatibility and desirability of qualitative evaluation were utilized. They indicated a relatively appropriate and moderate situation among land uses and a similar situation in all 4 studied villages

Land use changes were evident in the studied period; nevertheless, it was more noticeable in two villages of Amirabad and Dastgerd. The quality of changes in the studied villages is different based on the three indicators of dependence, compatibility and desirability. The dependence indicator is the highest in in Amirabad village with an average of 3.36. the compatibility of land use changes in Hajiabad village was the highest with a score of 30.3. The desirability indicator in Chekand village is the highest with a score of 3.45.

Value chain development is an approach to rural economic development, which promotes the development of businesses and farmers' access to the market, reduces poverty, increases income and sustains food security in rural areas.

This study is mixed qualitative-quantitative research, and applied research and in terms of purpose. A non-probability sampling method was used in the research. The main method of collecting research data was semi-structured interviews with the selected sample. The interviews were continued until the theoretical saturation. At the end, 38 individuals participated in the interviews. Interview notes were classified and analyzed in three stages: open, central and selective coding. Ultimately, 20 respondents were selected to answer the questionnaires after reviewing the content. The data of the questionnaires were collected and combined as a direct input matrix in MICMAC.

Barriers to olive value chain efficiency were identified: 30 criteria, 10 subcategories and 5 main categories. The efficiency of the olive value chain in Tarom County depends on a proper marketing management, providing infrastructure, policymaking, planning and also the organizations and trade unions. These factors were the most important and influential factors that had high cohesion and influence among other factors. In contrast, variability of the purchase and sale price, taking advantage of buying the product below the price by the middlemen, pre-sale of the product by farmers, more product waste during storage, transferring the olives to processing factories in the county are the dependence criteria.Practical implications- Given that the olive value chain in Tarom County is not efficient, its efficiency depends on a proper marketing management, providing infrastructure, policymaking, planning and also the organizations and trade unions. Most of the mentioned factors are dependent on the institutional actors and agricultural managers, and indicates their important role in enhancing the productivity of the olive value chain.

The results of this research can be a good way to solve problems and obstacles to agricultural development in rural areas.

Statement of the Problem:

 Interactions and spatial flows are within and outside the territory among different life patterns (between cities, villages, and nomadic spatial actors) at the level of geographical areas, including nomadic ecosystems. In this regard, interactions and development of nomadic ecosystems affect both sides of heterogeneous areas form a level of spatial integration, and provide a platform for innovation and creativity for sustainable spatial development planning.

The present study, in the framework of the network paradigm with emphasis on the regional network approach, seeks to analyze the patterns of spatial interactions in the nomadic ecosystem of the Babadi Bab Bakhtiari tribe.

The present research was applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and method. The method of data collection according to the nature of the research was library and field visits based on the number of spatial actors (summer-winter quarters) at the ecological level. The required data were collected using a questionnaire and the questioning technique. Then, the spatial network analysis method (which is based on the social network analysis method) was used. In the framework of this method, the basic criteria of analysis are based on the framework of socio-spatial criteria (location, distance, scale, and power). The UCINET software was also used for data analysis.

Based on the findings and the four criteria studied by socio-spatial actors in the ecosystem, spatial interaction patterns lacked integration. In this sense, the division of spatial labor has been spontaneous (without planning) in such a way that the flow center of the people is limited. Therefore, the middle centers (Mianbandha) ranked first and the cities of Chelgard, Farsan, Lali, and Sheikh Ali Khanranks ranked second, third, fourth, and fifth in the patterns of spatial interactions inside and outside the socio-spatial bio-realm. Influenced by the type and nature of the flow of people, the daily migration of nomads is subject to the centralized pattern (single-center) and one-way spatial interactions, and the seasonal migration of nomads follows the decentralized pattern (multi-center) and two-way spatial interactions. The later migration is far from the pattern of network spatial interactions because in most spatial actors, two-way links are established apparently.

Innovation: 

In this study, the analysis of spatial interaction patterns affected by the type and nature of people within the nomadic ecosystem and the relationship of the entire ecosystem with cities and villages, was considered spatially. In addition, following the discovery of the visible and hidden relationships of spatial actors of the nomadic ecosystem, people flow indices are categorized under the conceptual relationships of the combined elements of human relationship geography and social networks in order to analyze spatial interaction patterns in a dynamic network. 

 Livestock industry is one of the economic activities in rural areas, which is tied to food security and community health, and is a dynamic and employment-generating industry that is one of the main sectors of protein and dairy production is very important in nutrition. It has humans. And it can be said that one of the most risky agricultural activities is the livestock sector, and many uncontrollable factors, such as climate change, droughts and diseases have a negative impact on this economic activity. Risks such as price changes and instability of production factors also exacerbate this in the country. Based on this, the present study has been carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and with the practical purpose of examining and identifying livestock risk management in rural areas of Golpayegan county. Data collection using official and written data was first done in the form of a library and then based on research and field studies with interviews. The statistical population of the study is the total number of livestock households in Mazraeh, Qaleghan, Asfarjan and Robat Qaleghan villages, which has 200 livestock households; Cochran's formula was used to estimate the sample size and 132 livestock families were selected as the sample. The results show that first the risk of fodder and livestock inputs in the studied villages is more important and more frequent, and then the risk of natural factors (severe cold, very hot weather and drought) and theft with equal share and frequency are more important. . And livestock activists first plant low-water forage and store inputs to reduce existing risks; Also, to reduce the risk of natural causes and theft, they build roofed shelters suitable for the cold season and spray livestock in the hot season and install cameras and alarms in their farms.

This study aims to analyze the effective factors in the optimal utilization of agricultural water resources in rural areas of  area in central Iran. Therefore, the question is, first, what is the current status of agricultural water resources in Central Iran and what approaches affect the optimal use of these resources? The rural farmers of the Buin and Miandasht County, anconstituted the statistical population of the research, which is divided to five districts: Yeylagh, Gorji, North Kerchembo, South Kerchembo and Sardsir and were selected from several villages with pre-determined criteria. The main indicators of the study were provided from literature reviews and field studies and examined via a survey and interviews. The data were normalized in MATLAB software and analyzed by the COPRAS technique. Research maps were also drawn in ArcMap software. The findings showed that first, the county is at a good level in receiving precipitation compared to other areas of Isfahan Province. Second, Social dimension approaches are more effective in the optimal use of agricultural water resources. Third, the Sardsir district ranks first among other districts. Therefore, the capacity of agricultural water resources in the northwest of the region is higher and has better conditions. Furthermore, the number of available water resources does not meet the needs of farmers with the current method of cultivation. As a result, the percentage of imported resources exceeds the region's production That It causes expanding dependence, capital loss, jobs and supply of strategic materials.